Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988

X1 Part I E+W+S Offences under the Traffic Acts

Editorial Information

X1 Sch. 2 Pt. I: due to the large number of entries contained in Sch. 2 Pt. I and the frequency with which it has been amended, no separate versions are retained in respect of amendments coming into force after 27.06.1991 until 29.1.2004 or which are not yet in force. Historic information relating to all such amendments is reflected in the relevant retained versions.

(1) Provision creating offence	(2) General nature of offence	(3) Mode of prosecution	(4) Punishment	(5) Disqualification	(6) Endorsement	(7) Penalty points
Offences under the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984
RTRA section 5	Contravention of traffic regulation order.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 8	Contravention of order regulating traffic in Greater London.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 11	Contravention of experimental traffic order.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 13	Contravention of experimental traffic scheme in Greater London.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 16 (1)	Contravention of temporary prohibition or restriction.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	[F1 Discretionary if committed in respect of a speed restriction .]	[F1 Obligatory if committed in respect of a speed restriction.]	[F1 3-6 or 3 (fixed penalty)]
[F2 RTRA section 16(C)(1). ]	[F2 Contravention of prohibition or restriction relating to relevant event. ]	[F2 Summarily. ]	[F2 Level 3 on the standard scale. ]
RTRA section 17 (4)	Use of special road contrary to scheme or regulations.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.	Discretionary if committed in respect of a motor vehicle otherwise than by unlawfully stopping or allowing the vehicle to remain at rest on a part of a special road on which vehicles are in certain circumstances permitted to remain at rest.	Obligatory if committed as mentioned in the entry in column 5.	[F3 3-6 or 3 (fixed penalty) if committed in respect of a speed restriction, 3 in any other case.]
RTRA section 18 (3)	One-way traffic on trunk road.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 20 (5)	Contravention of prohibition or restriction for roads of certain classes.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 25 (5)	Contravention of pedestrian crossing regulations.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.	Obligatory if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.	3
RTRA section 28 (3)	Not stopping at school crossing.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.	Obligatory if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.	3
RTRA section 29 (3)	Contravention of order relating to street playground.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.	Obligatory if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.	2
[F4 RTRA section 30(5) ]	[F4 As above (Greater London).]	[F4 Summarily.]	[F4 Level 3 on the standard scale.]	[F4 Discretionary if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.]	[F4 Obligatory if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.]	[F4 2]
RTRA section [F5 35A(1)]	Contravention of order as to use of parking place.	Summarily.	(a) Level 3 on the standard scale in the case of an offence committed by a person in a street parking place reserved for disabled persons’ vehicles or in an off-street parking place reserved for such vehicles, where that person would not have been guilty of that offence if the motor vehicle in respect of which it was committed had been a disabled person’s vehicle.
			(b) Level 2 on the standard scale in any other case.
RTRA section [F6 35A(2)]	[F7 Misuse of apparatus for collecting charges or of parking device or connected apparatus]	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section [F8 35A(5)]	Plying for hire in parking place.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 43 (5)	Unauthorised disclosure of information in respect of licensed parking place.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 43 (10)	Failure to comply with term or conditions of licence to operate parking place.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 43 (12)	Operation of public off-street parking place without licence.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 47 (1)	Contraventions relating to designated parking places.	Summarily.	(a) Level 3 on the standard scale in the case of an offence committed by a person in a street parking place reserved for disabled persons’ vehicles where that person would not have been guilty of that offence if the motor vehicle in respect of which it was committed had been a disabled person’s vehicle.
			(b) Level 2 in any other case.
RTRA section 47 (3)	Tampering with parking meter.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 52 (1)	Misuse of parking device.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 53 (5)	Contravention of certain provisions of designation orders.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 53 (6)	Other contraventions of designation orders.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 61 (5)	Unauthorised use of loading area.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 88 (7)	Contravention of minimum speed limit.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 89 (1)	Exceeding speed limit.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	[F9 3-6 or 3 (fixed penalty)]
RTRA section 104 (5)	Interference with notice as to immobilisation device.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 104 (6)	Interference with immobilisation device.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 105 (5)	Misuse of disabled person’s badge (immobilisation devices).	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 108 (2) (or that subsection as modified by section 109 (2) and (3)).	Non-compliance with notice (excess charge).	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 108 (3) (or that subsection as modified by section 109 (2) and (3)).	False response to notice (excess charge).	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 112 (4)	Failure to give information as to identity of driver.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 115 (1)	Mishandling or faking parking documents.	(a) Summarily.	(a) The statutory maximum.
		(b) On indictment.	(b) 2 years.
RTRA section 115 (2)	False statement for procuring authorisation.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 116 (1)	Non-delivery of suspect document or article.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 117	Wrongful use of disabled person’s badge.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTRA section 129 (3)	Failure to give evidence at inquiry.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.

Textual Amendments

F1 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 2; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F2 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (3.5.1994) by 1994 c. 11, s. 1(2).

F3 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 3; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F4 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I repealed (1.11.1991 for E.W. and 1.1.1993 for S.) by New Roads and Street Works Act 1991 (c. 22, SIF 59), ss. 168(2), 170, Sch. 9 (with s. 25(2) ); S.I. 1991/2288, art. 2(2), Sch.; S.I. 1992/2990, art. 2(2), Sch.

F5 “35A(1)" substituted by Parking Act 1989 (c. 16, SIF 107:1), s. 4, Sch. para. 11(a)

F6 “35A(2)" substituted by Parking Act 1989 (c. 16, SIF 107:1), s. 4, Sch. para. 11(b)(i)

F7 Words substituted by Parking Act 1989 (c. 16, SIF 107:1), s. 4, Sch. para. 11(b)(ii)

F8 “35A(5)" substituted by Parking Act 1989 (c. 16, SIF 107:1), s. 4, Sch. para. 11(c)

F9 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 4; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

Offences under the Road Traffic Act 1988
RTA section 1	Causing death by [F10 dangerous] driving.	On indictment.	[F11 14 years]	Obligatory.	Obligatory.	[F12 3-11]
RTA section 2	[F13 Dangerous] driving.	(a) Summarily.	(a) 6 months or the statutory maximum or both.	(i) [F14 Obligatory]	Obligatory.	(i) [F15 3-11]
				(ii) [F14 Obligatory]		(ii) [F15 3-11]
		(b) On indictment.	(b) 2 years or a fine or both.
RTA section 3	Careless, and inconsiderate, driving.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	3–9
[F16 RTA section 3A ]	[F16 Causing death by careless driving when under influence of drink or drugs.]	[F16 On indictment.]	[F16 [F17 [F18 14 years] or a fine or both.]]	[F16 Obligatory.]	[F16 Obligatory.]	[F16 3-11.]
RTA section 4(1)	Driving or attempting to drive when unfit to drive through drink or drugs.	Summarily.	6 months or level 5 on the standard scale or both.	Obligatory.	Obligatory.	[F19 3-11]
RTA section 4(2)	Being in charge of a [F20 mechanically propelled vehicle] when unfit to drive through drink or drugs.	Summarily.	3 months or level 4 on the standard scale or both.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	10
RTA section 5(1)(a)	Driving or attempting to drive with excess alcohol in breath, blood or urine.	Summarily.	6 months or level 5 on the standard scale or both.	Obligatory.	Obligatory.	[F21 3-11]
RTA section 5(1)(b)	Being in charge of a motor vehicle with excess alcohol in breath, blood or urine.	Summarily.	3 months or level 4 on the standard scale or both.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	10
RTA section 6	[F22 Failing to co-operate with a preliminary test]	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	4
RTA section 7	Failing to provide specimen for analysis or laboratory test.	Summarily.	(a) Where the specimen was required to ascertain ability to drive or proportion of alcohol at the time offender was driving or attempting to drive, 6 months or level 5 on the standard scale or both.	(a) Obligatory in case mentioned in column 4(a).	Obligatory.	(a) [F23 3-11 in case] mentioned in column 4(a).
			(b) In any other case, 3 months or level 4 on the standard scale or both.	(b) Discretionary in any other case.		(b) 10 in any other case.
[F24 RTA section 7A	Failing to allow specimen to be subjected to laboratory test	Summarily	(a) Where the test would be for ascertaining ability to drive or proportion of alcohol at the time offender was driving or attempting to drive, 6 months or level 5 on the standard scale or both. (b) In any other case, 3 months or level 4 on the standard scale or both	(a) Obligatory in the case mentioned in column 4(a) (b) Discretionary in any other case	Obligatory	3-11, in case ment-ioned in column 4(a) 10, in any other case.]
RTA section 12	Motor racing and speed trials on public ways.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.	Obligatory.	Obligatory.	[F25 3-11]
RTA section 13	Other unauthorised or irregular competitions or trials on public ways.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 14	Driving or riding in a motor vehicle in contravention of regulations requiring wearing of seat belts.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTA section 15(2)	Driving motor vehicle with child in front not wearing seat belt.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTA section 15(4)	Driving motor vehicle with child in rear not wearing seat belt.	Summarily.	Level 1 on the standard scale.
[F26 RTA section 15A(3) or (4)]	[F26 Selling etc. in certain circumstances equipment as conducive to the safety of children in motor vehicles. ]	[F26 Summarily .]	[F26 Level 3 on the standard scale.]
RTA section 16	Driving or riding motor cycles in contravention of regulations requiring wearing of protective headgear.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTA section 17	Selling, etc., helmet not of the prescribed type as helmet for affording protection for motor cyclists.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 18(3)	Contravention of regulations with respect to use of head-worn appliances on motor cycles.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTA section 18(4)	Selling, etc., appliance not of prescribed type as approved for use on motor cycles.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 19	Prohibition of parking of heavy commercial vehicles on verges, etc.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F27 RTA section 19A]	[F27 Prohibition of parking of vehicles other than heavy commercial vehicles on verges, etc.]	[F27 Summarily]	[F27 Level 3 on the standard scale.]
RTA section 21	Driving or parking on cycle track.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 22	Leaving vehicles in dangerous positions.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.	Obligatory if committed in respect of a motor vehicle.	3
[F28 RTA section 22A ]	[F28 Causing danger to road-users.]	[F28 (a) Summarily.]	[F28 (a) 6 months or the statutory maximum or both.]	_	_	_
		[F28 (b) On indictment.]	[F28 (b) 7 years or a fine or both.]
RTA section 23	Carrying passenger on motor-cycle contrary to section 23.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	[F29 3]
RTA section 24	Carrying passenger on bicycle contrary to section 24.	Summarily.	Level 1 on the standard scale.
RTA section 25	Tampering with motor vehicles.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 26	Holding or getting on to vehicle, etc., in order to be towed or carried.	Summarily.	Level 1 on the standard scale.
RTA section 27	Dogs on designated roads without being held on lead.	Summarily.	Level 1 on the standard scale.
RTA section 28	[F30 dangerous] cycling.	Summarily.	[F31 Level 4] on the standard scale.
RTA section 29	Careless, and inconsiderate, cycling.	Summarily.	[F32 Level 3] on the standard scale.
RTA section 30	Cycling when unfit through drink or drugs.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 31	Unauthorised or irregular cycle racing or trials of speed on public ways.	Summarily.	Level 1 on the standard scale.
RTA section 32	Contravening prohibition on persons under 14 driving electrically assisted pedal cycles.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
RTA section 33	Unauthorised motor vehicle trial on footpaths or bridleways.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 34	Driving [F33 mechanically propelled] vehicles elsewhere than on roads.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 35	Failing to comply with traffic directions.	Summarily	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary, if committed in respect of a motor vehicle by failure to comply with a direction of a constable [F34 , traffic officer] or traffic warden.	Obligatory if committed as described in column 5.	3
RTA section 36	Failing to comply with traffic signs.	Summarily	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary, if committed in respect of a motor vehicle by failure to comply with an indication given by a sign specified for the purposes of this paragraph in regulations under RTA section 36.	Obligatory if committed as described in column 5.	3
RTA section 37	Pedestrian failing to stop when directed [F35 by constable regulating traffic].	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F36 RTA section 40A ]	[F36 Using vehicle in dangerous condition etc.]	[F36 Summarily.]	[F36 (a) Level 5 on the standard scale if committed in respect of a goods vehicle or a vehicle adapted to carry more than eight passengers.]	[F36 Discretionary.]	[F36 Obligatory.]	[F36 3]
			[F36 (b) Level 4 on the standard scale in any other case.]
[F36 RTA section 41A ]	[F36 Breach of requirement as to brakes, steering-gear or tyres.]	[F36 Summarily.]	[F36 (a) Level 5 on the standard scale if committed in respect of a goods vehicle or a vehicle adapted to carry more than eight passengers.]	[F36 Discretionary.]	[F36 Obligatory.]	[F36 3]
			[F36 (b) Level 4 on the standard scale in any other case.]
[F36 RTA section 41B ]	[F36 Breach of requirement as to weight: goods and passenger vehicles.]	[F36 Summarily.]	[F36 Level 5 on the standard scale .]	_	_	_
[F36 RTA section 42 ]	[F36 Breach of other construction and use requirements.]	[F36 Summarily.]	[F36 (a) Level 4 on the standard scale if committed in respect of a goods vehicle or a vehicle adapted to carry more than eight passengers.]	_	_
			[F36 Level 3 on the standard scale in any other case.]	_	_
RTA section 47	Using, etc., vehicle without required test certificate being in force.	Summarily.	(a) Level 4 on the standard scale in the case of a vehicle adapted to carry more than eight passengers.
			(b) Level 3 on the standard scale in any other case.
Regulations under RTA section 49 made by virtue of section 51(2)	Contravention of requirement of regulations (which is declared by regulations to be an offence) that driver of goods vehicle being tested be present throughout test or drive, etc., vehicle as and when directed.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 53(1)	Using, etc., goods vehicle without required plating certificate being in force.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 53(2)	Using, etc., goods vehicle without required goods vehicle test certificate being in force.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
RTA section 53(3)	Using, etc., goods vehicle where Secretary of State is required by regulations under section 49 to be notified of an alteration to the vehicle or its equipment but has not been notified.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
Regulations under RTA section 61 made by virtue of subsection (4).	Contravention of requirement of regulations (which is declared by regulations to be an offence) that driver of goods vehicle being tested after notifiable alteration be present throughout test and drive, etc., vehicle as and when directed.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 63(1)	Using, etc., goods vehicle without required certificate being in force showing that it complies with type approval requirements applicable to it.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
RTA section 63(2)	Using, etc., certain goods vehicles for drawing trailer when plating certificate does not specify maximum laden weight for vehicle and trailer.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 63(3)	Using, etc., goods vehicle where Secretary of State is required to be notified under section 59 of alteration to it or its equipment but has not been notified.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 64	Using goods vehicle with unauthorised weights as well as authorised weights marked on it.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F37 RTA section 64A ]	Failure to hold EC certificate of conformity for unregistered light passenger vehicle [F38 or motor cycle].	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 65	Supplying vehicle or vehicle part without required certificate being in force showing that it complies with type approval requirements applicable to it.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
[F39 RTA section 65A ]	Light passenger vehicles [F40 and motor cycles] not to be sold without EC certificate of conformity.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
RTA section 67	Obstructing testing of vehicle by examiner on road or failing to comply with requirements of RTA section 67 or Schedule 2.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F41 RTA section 67A(including application by section 67B(4)). ]	[F41 Failure of owner of apparently defective vehicle to give required certificate or declaration, or failure of person in charge of vehicle being tested to give information.]	[F41 Summarily.]	[F41 Level 3 on the standard scale.]
[F41 RTA section 67B ]	[F41 Obstructing further testing of vehicle by Secretary of State’s officer or failing to comply with requirements of RTA section 67B or paragraph 3 or 4 of Schedule 2. ]	[F41 Summarily.]	[F41 Level 3 on the standard scale.]
RTA section 68	Obstructing inspection, etc., of [F42 goods] vehicle by examiner or failing to comply with requirement to take [F42 goods] vehicle for inspection.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 71	Driving, etc., [F42 goods] vehicle in contravention of prohibition on driving it as being unfit for service, or refusing, neglecting or otherwise failing to comply with direction to remove a [F42 goods] vehicle found overloaded.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
RTA section 74	Contravention of regulations requiring goods vehicle operator to inspect, and keep records of inspection of, goods vehicles.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 75	Selling, etc., unroadworthy vehicle or trailer or altering vehicle or trailer so as to make it unroadworthy.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
RTA section 76(1)	Fitting of defective or unsuitable vehicle parts.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
RTA section 76(3)	Supplying defective or unsuitable vehicle parts.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
RTA section 76(8)	Obstructing examiner testing vehicles to ascertain whether defective or unsuitable part has been fitted, etc.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 77	Obstructing examiner testing condition of used vehicles at sale rooms, etc.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 78	Failing to comply with requirement about weighing motor vehicle or obstructing authorised person.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
RTA section 81	Selling, etc., pedal cycle in contravention of regulations as to brakes, bells, etc.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 83	Selling, etc., wrongly made tail lamps or reflectors.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.
[F43 RTA section 87(1) ]	[F43 Driving otherwise than in accordance with a licence.]	[F43 Summarily.]	[F43 Level 3 on the standard scale.]	[F43 Discretionary in a case where the offender’s driving would not have been in accordance with any licence that could have been granted to him.]	[F43 Obligatory in the case mentioned in column 5.]	[F43 3-6]
RTA section 87(2)	Causing or permitting a person to drive [F44 otherwise than in accordance with] a licence.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F45 RTA section 92(7C) ]	[F45 Failure to deliver licence revoked by virtue of section 92(7A) [F46 and counterpart] to Secretary of State.]	[F45 Summarily.]	[F45 Level 3 on the standard scale.]
[F47 RTA section 92(10) ]	[F47 Driving after making false declaration as to physical fitness.]	[F47 Summarily.]	[F47 Level 4 on the standard scale.]	[F47 Discretionary.]	[F47 Obligatory.]	[F47 3-6]
[F45 RTA section 93(3) ]	[F45 Failure to deliver revoked licence [F48 and counterpart] to Secretary of State.]	[F45 Summarily.]	[F45 Level 3 on the standard scale.]
RTA [F49 Section 94(3)]	Failure to notify Secretary of State of onset of, or deterioration in, relevant or prospective disability [F50 and that subsection as applied by RTA section 99D .]	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F51 RTA section 94(3A) ]	[F51 Driving after such a failure ] [F50 and that subsection as applied by RTA section 99D(b) ]	[F51 Summarily.]	[F51 Level 3 on the standard scale.]	[F51 Discretionary.]	[F51 Obligatory.]	[F51 3-6]
[F51 RTA section 94A ]	[F51 Driving after refusal of licence under section 92(3) ][F52 , revocation under section 93 or service of a notice under section 99C ]	[F51 Summarily.]	[F51 6 months or level 5 on the standard scale or both.]	[F51 Discretionary.]	[F51 Obligatory.]	[F51 3-6]
RTA section 96	Driving with uncorrected defective eyesight, or refusing to submit to test of eyesight.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	[F53 3]
[F54 RTA section 97 ]	[F54 Failing to comply with any conditions prescribed for driving under provisional licence.]	[F54 Summarily.]	[F54 Level 3 on the standard scale.]	[F54 Discretionary.]	[F54 Obligatory.]	[F54 2]
[F54 RTA section 98 ]	[F54 Failing to comply with any conditions prescribed for driving under provisional licence where conditions applicable to driving under full licence.]	[F54 Summarily.]	[F54 Level 3 on the standard scale.]	[F54 Discretionary.]	[F54 Obligatory.]	[F54 2]
RTA section 99 [F55 (5)]	Driving licence holder failing [F56 to surrender licence and counterpart].	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F50 RTA section 99B(11) ]	[F50 Driving after failure to comply with a requirement under section 99B(6), (7) or (10). ]	[F50 Summarily. ]	[F50 Level 3 on the standard scale. ]	'	'	'
[F50 RTA section 99(C)(4) ]	[F50 Failure to deliver Community licence to Secretary of State when required by notice under section 99C. ]	[F50 Summarily. ]	[F50 Level 3 on the standard scale.]	'	'	'
RTA section 103(1)(a)	Obtaining driving licence while disqualified.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 103(1)(b)	Driving while disqualified.	(a) Summarily, in England and Wales.	(a) 6 months or level 5 on the standard scale or both.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	[F57 6]
		(b) Summarily, in Scotland.	(b) 6 months or the statutory maximum or both.
		(c) On indictment, in Scotland.	(c) 12 months or a fine or both.
RTA section 109	Failing to produce to court Northern Ireland driving licence [F58 and counterpart].	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F59 RTA section 114 ]	[F59 Failing to comply with conditions of LGV] [F52 PCV licence or LGV Community licence [F60 and counterpart ] , or causing or permitting person under 21 to drive LGV or PCV in contravention of such conditions. ]	[F59 Summarily.]	[F59 Level 3 on the standard scale.]
[F50 RTA section 115A(4), ]	[F50 Failure to deliver LGV or PCV Community licence when required by notice under section 115A. ]	[F50 Summarily. ]	[F50 Level 3 on the standard scale. ]
[F59 RTA section 118 ]	[F59 Failing to surrender revoked or suspended LGV or PCV licence [F60 and counterpart].]	[F59 Summarily.]	[F59 Level 3 on the standard scale.]
F61 F61 F61 F61 F61 F61 F61 F61 Regulations made by virtue of RTA [F62 section 120(5)]	Contravention of provision of regulations (which is declared by regulations to be an offence) about [F63 LGV or PCV]drivers’ licences [F50 or LGV or PCV Community licence .]	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 123(4)	Giving of paid driving instruction by unregistered and unlicensed persons or their employers.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
RTA section 123(6)	Giving of paid instruction without there being exhibited on the motor car a certificate of registration or a licence under RTA Part V.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F64 RTA section 125A(4) ]	[F64 Failure, on application for registration as disabled driving instructor, to notify Registrar of onset of, or deterioration in, relevant or prospective disability. ]	[F64 Summarily.]	[F64 Level 3 on the standard scale. ]
[F64 RTA section 133C(4) ]	[F64 Failure by registered or licensed disabled driving instructor to notify Registrar of onset of, or deterioration in, relevant or prospective disability. ]	[F64 Summarily. ]	[F64 Level 3 on the standard scale. ]
[F64 RTA section 133D ]	[F64 Giving of paid driving instruction by disabled persons or their employees without emergency control certificate or in unauthorised motor car.]	[F64 Summarily.]	[F64 Level 3 on the standard scale. ]
RTA section 135	Unregistered instructor using title or displaying badge, etc., prescribed for registered instructor, or employer using such title, etc., in relation to his unregistered instructor or issuing misleading advertisement, etc.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
RTA section 136	Failure of instructor to surrender to Registrar certificate or licence.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 137	Failing to produce certificate of registration or licence as driving instructor.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 143	Using motor vehicle while uninsured or unsecured against third-party risks.	Summarily.	[F65 Level 5]on the standard scale.	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	6–8
RTA section 147	Failing to surrender certificate of insurance or security to insurer on cancellation or to make statutory declaration of loss or destruction.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 154	Failing to give information, or wilfully making a false statement, as to insurance or security when claim made.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
RTA section 163	Failing to stop motor vehicle or cycle when required [F35 by constable].	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 164	Failing to produce driving licence [F66 and counterpart][F67 etc] or to state date of birth, or failing to provide the Secretary of State with evidence of date of birth, etc.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 165	Failing to give [F68 constable] certain names and addresses or to produce certain documents.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 168	Refusing to give, or giving false, name and address in case of reckless, careless or inconsiderate driving or cycling.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 169	Pedestrian failing to give constable his name and address after failing to stop when directed by constable controlling traffic.	Summarily.	Level 1 on the standard scale.
RTA section 170(4)	Failing to stop after accident and give particulars or report accident.	Summarily.	[F69 Six months or level 5 on the standard scale or both]	Discretionary.	Obligatory.	[F70 5-10]
RTA section 170(7)	Failure by driver, in case of accident involving injury to another, to produce evidence of insurance or security or to report accident.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 171	Failure by owner of motor vehicle to give police information for verifying compliance with requirement of compulsory insurance or security.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
RTA section 172	Failure of person keeping vehicle and others to give police information as to identity of driver, etc., in the case of certain offences.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.	[F71 Discretionary, if committed otherwise than by virtue of subsection (5) or (11).]	[F71 Obligatory, if committed otherwise than by virtue of subsection (5) or (11).]	[F71 3]
RTA section 173	Forgery, etc., of licences, [F50 counterparts of Community licences, test certificates, certificates of insurance and other documents and things.]	(a) Summarily.	(a) The statutory maximum.
		(b) On indictment.	(b) 2 years.
RTA section 174	Making certain false statements, etc., and withholding certain material information.	[F72 (a) Summarily	[F72 (a) 6 months or the statutory maximum or both
		(b) On indictment]	(b) 2 years or a fine or both.]
RTA section [F73 175 ] [F73 175(1) ]	Issuing false documents.	Summarily.	Level 4 on the standard scale.
[F74 RTA section 175(2) ]	[F75 Falsely amending certificate of conformity.]	[F75 Summarily.]	[F76 Level 4 on the standard scale]			[F77 . . .]
RTA section 177	Impersonation of, or of person employed by, authorised examiner.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 178	Taking, etc. , in Scotland a motor vehicle without authority or, knowing that it has been so taken, driving it or allowing oneself to be carried in it without authority.	(a) Summarily.	(a) 3 months or the statutory maximum or both.	Discretionary.	[F78 Obligatory.]	[F78 8]
		(b) On indictment.	(b) 12 months or a fine or both.
RTA section 180	Failing to attend, give evidence or produce documents to, inquiry held by Secretary of State, etc.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA section 181	Obstructing inspection of vehicles after accident.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
RTA Schedule 1 paragraph 6	Applying warranty to [F79 equipment, protective helmet, appliance or information in defending proceedings under RTA section 15A, ] 17 or 18(4) where no warranty given, or applying false warranty.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.

Textual Amendments

F10 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 5(a); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F11 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (27.2.2004) by Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), ss. 285(2)(3), 336(3)(4) (with s. 285(8)); S.I. 2004/81, art. 5(1)(2)(b)

F12 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26 , Sch. 2 para. 5(b); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F13 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 6(a); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F14 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 6(b); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F15 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 6(c); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F16 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 7; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F17 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (16.8.1993) by 1993 c. 36, s. 67(1); (E.W.) S.I. 1993/1968, art. 2(1) Sch. 1 and (S.) 1993/2035, art. 2(1) (by art. 2(2) of that S.I. it is provided that the substituting enactment shall not apply in relation to any offence committed before 16.8.1993).

F18 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (27.2.2004) by Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), ss. 285(2)(4), 336(3)(4) (with s. 285(8)); S.I. 2004/81, art. 5(1)(2)(b)

F19 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para.8; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F20 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 9; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F21 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 10; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F22 Words in Sch. 2 substituted (30.3.2004) by Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (c. 20), Sch. 7 para. 8; S.I. 2004/827, art. 3(ii)

F23 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 11; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F24 Sch 2 Pt. I: words in entry inserted (1.10.2002) by 2002 c. 30, s. 56(5); S.I. 2002/2306, art. 2(d)(v)

F25 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 12; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F26 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted by Motor Vehicles (Safety Equipment for Children) Act 1991 (c. 14, SIF 107:1), s. 3(2) .

F27 Entry inserted ( prosp. ) by Road Traffic (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (c. 54, SIF 107:1), ss. 4 , 8(3)(b), Sch. 2 Pt. II para. 22(4), which Pt. II para. 22 is repealed (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), ss. 49, 83, Sch. 8; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F28 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 13; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F29 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 14; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F30 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 15(a); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F31 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 15(b); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F32 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 16; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F33 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (E.W.) (30.1.2001) by 2000 c. 37, ss. 67, 103(2), Sch. 7 para. 8

F34 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (4.10.2004 for E., 1.5.2009 for W.) by Traffic Management Act 2004 (c. 18), ss. 6(5), 99(1); S.I. 2004/2380, art. 2(a); S.I. 2009/1095, art. 2(a)

F35 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I repealed (4.10.2004 for E., 26.10.2006 for W.) by Traffic Management Act 2004 (c. 18), s. 99(1), Sch. 12 Pt. 2; S.I. 2004/2380, art. 2(h); S.I. 2006/2826, art. 2(1)(2)(e)

F36 Entries in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 17; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F37 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.1.1996) by S.I. 1992/3107, reg. 16, Sch. 2 para. 7

F38 Sch. 2 Pt. I: words in entry inserted (30.11.1999) by S.I. 1999/2920, reg. 19, Sch. 2 para. 5(2)

F39 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.1.1996) by S.I. 1992/3107, reg. 16, Sch. 2 para. 7

F40 Sch. 2 Pt. I: words in entry inserted (30.11.1999) by S.I. 1999/2920, reg. 19, Sch. 2 para. 5(3)

F41 Entry inserted ( prosp. ) by Road Traffic (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (c. 54, SIF 107:1), ss. 4, 8(3)(c), Sch. 2 Pt. III para. 30, which Pt. III para. 30 is repealed (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), ss. 49, 83, Sch. 8; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F42 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I repealed (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, 83, Sch. 2 para. 18, Sch. 8; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch. Appendix.

F43 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 19; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F44 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 20; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F45 Entry inserted by Road Traffic (Driver Licensing and Information Systems) Act 1989 (c. 22, SIF 107:1), s. 7, Sch. 3 para. 28(a)

F46 Words inserted by virtue of S.I. 1990/144, regs. 2(3), 3, Sch. 3 para. 3(5)(a)(i)

F47 Entry in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 21; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F48 Words inserted by virtue of S.I. 1990/144, regs. 2(3), 3, Sch. 3 para. 3(5)(a)(ii)

F49 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 22; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F50 Words and entries in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.1.1997) by S.I. 1996/1974, reg. 3, Sch. 2 para. 8(a)(b)(d)(f)-(h)

F51 Entries in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 23; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F52 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.1.1997) by S.I. 1996/1974, reg. 3, Sch. 2 para. 8(c)(e)

F53 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 24; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F54 Entries in Sch. 2 Pt. I repealed (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 83, Sch. 8; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch. Appendix.

F55 “(5)" inserted by Road Traffic (Driver Licensing and Information Systems) Act 1989 (c. 22, SIF 107:1), s. 7, Sch. 3 para. 28(b)(i)

F56 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1998) by S.I. 1998/1420, reg. 16(3)

F57 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 25; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F58 Words inserted by S.I. 1990/144, regs. 2(2), 3, Sch. 2 para. 27(b)

F59 Entries inserted (1.4.1991) by Road Traffic (Driver Licensing and Information Systems) Act 1989 (c. 22, SIF 107:1), s. 7, Sch. 3 para. 28(c)

F60 Words inserted by virtue of S.I. 1990/144, regs. 2(3), 3, Sch. 3 para. 3(5)(c)

F61 Entries repealed (1.4.1991) by Road Traffic (Driver Licensing and Information Systems) Act 1989 (c. 22, SIF 107:1), s. 16, Sch. 6

F62 Words “section 120(5)" substituted (1.4.1991) by Road Traffic (Driver Licensing and Information Systems) Act 1989 (c. 22, SIF 107:1), s. 7, Sch. 3 para. 28(d)(i)

F63 Words “LGV or PCV" substituted (1.4.1991) by Road Traffic (Driver Licensing and Information Systems) Act 1989 (c. 22, SIF 107:1), s. 7, Sch. 3 para. 28(d)(ii)

F64 Entries in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (9.9.1996) by 1993 c. 31, s. 6, Sch. para. 11; S.I. 1996/1980, art. 2.

F65 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 26; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F66 Words inserted by S.I. 1990/144, regs. 2(2), 3, Sch. 2 para. 27(c)

F67 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 27; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F68 Word in Sch. 2 Pt. I repealed (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, 83, Sch. 2 para. 28, Sch. 8; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch. Appendix.

F69 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 29(a); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F70 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 29(b); S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch.

F71 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I inserted (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, Sch. 2 para. 30; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2(2), Sch.

F72 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted (29.1.2004) by Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), ss. 286, 336(3)(4); S.I. 2004/81, art. 4(1)(2)(l)

F73 "175(1)" substituted ( prosp. ) for "175" by Transport Act 1982 (c. 49, SIF 107:1), ss. 24(3)(a), 76(2) (as amended (15.5.1989) by Road Traffic Act (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (c. 54, SIF 107:1), s. 4, Sch. 2 Pt. I para. 13(c)(i)(iii)

F74 Words substituted (15.5.1989) by Road Traffic (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (c. 54, SIF 107:1), s. 4, Sch. 2 Pt. I para. 13(c)(i)(iii).

F75 Entry inserted ( prosp. ) by Transport Act 1982 (c. 49, SIF 107:1), ss. 24(3)(b), 76(2) (as amended (15. 5. 1989) by Road Traffic Act (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (c. 54, SIF 107:1), s. 4, Sch. 2 Pt. I para. 13(c)(i)(iii))

F76 Words substituted by virtue of (E.W.) Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48, SIF 39:1), s. 46 and (S.) Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1975 (c. 21, SIF 39:1), s. 289G

F77 Words repealed (15.5.1989) by Road Traffic (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (c. 54, SIF 107:1), ss. 3, 4, 5, Sch. 1 Pt. I, Sch. 2 Pt. I para. 13(c)(i)(iii), Sch. 4 paras. 1-3

F78 Entries in Sch. 2 Pt. I repealed (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 26, 83, Sch. 2 para. 31, Sch. 8; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch. Appendix.

F79 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I substituted by Motor Vehicles (Safety Equipment for Children) Act 1991 (c. 14, SIF 107:1), s. 3(3).

Offences under this Act

Section 25 of this Act.	Failing to give information as to date of birth or sex to court or to provide Secretary of State with evidence of date of birth, etc.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
Section 26 of this Act.	Failing to produce driving licence [F80 and counterpart ] to court making order for interim disqualification [F81 on committal for sentence etc.]	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
Section 27 of this Act.	Failing to produce licence [F82 and counterpart ] to court for endorsement on conviction of offence involving obligatory endorsement or on committal for sentence, etc. , for offence involving obligatory or discretionary disqualification when no interim disqualification ordered.	Summarily.	Level 3 on the standard scale.
[F83 . . .]
Section 62 of this Act.	Removing fixed penalty notice fixed to vehicle.	Summarily.	Level 2 on the standard scale.
Section 67 of this Act.	False statement in response to notice to owner.	Summarily.	Level 5 on the standard scale.

Textual Amendments

F80 Words inserted by S.I. 1990/144, regs. 2(2), 3, Sch. 2 para. 27(d)

F81 Words in Sch. 2 Pt. I repealed (1.7.1992) by Road Traffic Act 1991 (c. 40, SIF 107:1), s. 83, Sch. 8; S.I. 1992/1286, art. 2, Sch. Appendix.

F82 Words inserted by S.I. 1990/144, regs. 2(2), 3, Sch. 2 para. 27(e)

F83 Entry repealed by Road Traffic (Driver Licensing and Information Systems) Act 1989 (c. 22, SIF 107:1), s. 16, Sch. 6

F84 ...

Textual Amendments

F84 Sch. 2 Pt. I entries repealed (22.7.2004) by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2004 (c. 14), Sch. 1 Pt. 14