The Criminal Procedure Rules 2010

Procedure where a party is absent

37.11.—(1) This rule—

(a) applies where a party is absent; but

(b) does not apply where the defendant has served a notice of guilty plea under rule 37.8 (written guilty plea: special rules).

(2) Where the prosecutor is absent, the court may—

(a) if it has received evidence, deal with the case as if the prosecutor were present; and

(b) in any other case—

(i) enquire into the reasons for the prosecutor’s absence, and

(ii) if satisfied there is no good reason, exercise its power to dismiss the allegation.

(3) Where the defendant is absent—

(a) the general rule is that the court will proceed as if the defendant—

(i) were present, and

(ii) had pleaded not guilty (unless a plea already has been taken)

and the court must give reasons if it does not do so; but

(b) the general rule does not apply if the defendant is under 18;

(c) the general rule is subject to the court being satisfied that—

(i) any summons or requisition was served on the defendant a reasonable time before the hearing, or

(ii) in a case in which the hearing has been adjourned, the defendant had reasonable notice of where and when it would resume;

(d) the general rule is subject also to rule 37.10(10)(a) (restrictions on passing sentence in the defendant’s absence); and

(e) the hearing must be treated as if it had not taken place at all if—

(i) the case started with a summons or requisition,

(ii) the defendant makes a statutory declaration of not having found out about the case until after the hearing began, and

(iii) the defendant serves that declaration on the court officer not more than 21 days after the date of finding out about the case, unless the court extends that time limit.

(4) Where the defendant is absent, the court—

(a) must exercise its power to issue a warrant for the defendant’s arrest, if it passes a custodial sentence; and

(b) may exercise its power to do so in any other case, if it does not apply the general rule in paragraph (3)(a) of this rule about proceeding in the defendant’s absence.

[Note. See sections 11, 14, 15 and 16 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980(1).

Under section 27 of the 1980 Act, where a magistrates’ court dismisses an allegation of an offence classified as one that can be tried either in a magistrates’ court or in the Crown Court (in other legislation, described as triable either way), that dismissal has the same effect as an acquittal in the Crown Court.

Under section 14(3) of the 1980 Act, a single justice of the peace may extend the time limit for serving a declaration to which rule 37.11(3)(e) applies.

Under section 11 of the 1980 Act, the court may pass a custodial sentence in the defendant’s absence if the case started with the defendant’s arrest and charge (and not with a summons or requisition). Section 11(3A) requires that, in that event, the defendant must be brought before the court before being taken to a prison or other institution to begin serving that sentence. Under section 7(1) of the Bail Act 1976(2), the court has power to issue a warrant for the arrest of a defendant released on bail who has failed to attend court when due to do so.

Under section 13 of the 1980 Act(3), the court has power to issue a warrant for the arrest of an absent defendant, instead of proceeding, where—

(1) the case started with—

(a) the defendant’s arrest and charge, or

(b) a summons or requisition, if—

(i) the court is satisfied that that summons or requisition was served on the defendant a reasonable time before the hearing, or

(ii) the defendant was present when the hearing was arranged; and

(2) the offence is punishable with imprisonment; or

(3) the defendant has been convicted and the court considers imposing a disqualification.

The Practice Direction sets out a form of declaration for use in connection with rule 37.11(3)(e)(ii).]

(1)

1980 c. 43; section 14 was amended by section 109 of, and paragraph 205 of Schedule 8 to, the Courts Act 2003 (c. 39).

(2)

1976 c. 63.

(3)

1980 c. 43; section 13 was amended by section 45 of, and paragraph 3 of Schedule 5 to, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33), section 48 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25), section 3 of the Magistrates’ Courts (Procedure) Act 1998 (c. 15), sections 31 and 332 of, and Part 12 of Schedule 37 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) and sections 54 and 149 of, and Part 4 of Schedule 28 to, the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4).