Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999

1999 CHAPTER 23

An Act to provide for the referral of offenders under 18 to youth offender panels; to make provision in connection with the giving of evidence or information for the purposes of criminal proceedings; to amend section 51 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994; to make pre-consolidation amendments relating to youth justice; and for connected purposes.

[27th July 1999]

Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

Part I Referrals to youth offender panels

Referral orders

1 Referral of young offenders to youth offender panels

(1) This section applies where a youth court or other magistrates' court is dealing with a person under the age of 18 for an offence and—

(a) neither the offence nor any associated offence is one for which the sentence is fixed by law;

(b) the court is not, in respect of the offence or any associated offence, proposing to impose a custodial sentence on the offender or make a hospital order in his case; and

(c) the court is not proposing to discharge him absolutely in respect of the offence.

(2) If—

(a) the compulsory referral conditions are satisfied in accordance with section 2, and

(b) referral is available to the court,

the court shall sentence the offender for the offence by ordering him to be referred to a youth offender panel.

(3) If—

(a) the discretionary referral conditions are satisfied in accordance with section 2, and

(b) referral is available to the court,

the court may sentence the offender for the offence by ordering him to be referred to a youth offender panel.

(4) For the purposes of this section referral is available to a court if—

(a) the court has been notified by the Secretary of State that arrangements for the implementation of referral orders are available in the area in which it appears to the court that the offender resides or will reside; and

(b) the notice has not been withdrawn.

(5) In this Part “referral order” means an order under subsection (2) or (3).

2 The referral conditions

(1) For the purposes of section 1(2) the compulsory referral conditions are satisfied in relation to an offence if the offender—

(a) pleaded guilty to the offence and to any associated offence;

(b) has never been convicted by or before a court in the United Kingdom of any offence other than the offence and any associated offence; and

(c) has never been bound over in criminal proceedings in England and Wales or Northern Ireland to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour.

(2) For the purposes of section 1(3) the discretionary referral conditions are satisfied in relation to an offence if—

(a) the offender is being dealt with by the court for the offence and one or more associated offences;

(b) although he pleaded guilty to at least one of the offences mentioned in paragraph (a), he also pleaded not guilty to at least one of them;

(c) he has never been convicted by or before a court in the United Kingdom of any offence other than the offences mentioned in paragraph (a); and

(d) he has never been bound over in criminal proceedings in England and Wales or Northern Ireland to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour.

(3) The Secretary of State may by regulations make such amendments of this section as he considers appropriate for altering in any way the descriptions of offenders in the case of which the compulsory referral conditions or the discretionary referral conditions fall to be satisfied for the purposes of section 1(2) or (3) (as the case may be).

(4) Any description of offender having effect for those purposes by virtue of such regulations may be framed by reference to such matters as the Secretary of State considers appropriate, including (in particular) one or more of the following—

(a) the offender’s age;

(b) how the offender has pleaded;

(c) the offence (or offences) of which the offender has been convicted;

(d) the offender’s previous convictions (if any);

(e) how (if at all) the offender has been previously punished or otherwise dealt with by any court; and

(f) any characteristics or behaviour of, or circumstances relating to, any person who has at any time been charged in the same proceedings as the offender (whether or not in respect of the same offence).

(5) For the purposes of this section an offender who has been convicted of an offence in respect of which he was conditionally discharged (whether by a court in England and Wales or in Northern Ireland) shall be treated, despite—

(a) section 1C(1) of the [1973 c. 62.] Powers of Criminal Courts Act 1973 (conviction of offence for which offender so discharged deemed not a conviction), or

(b) Article 6(1) of the [S.I. 1996/3160 (N.I. 24).] Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (corresponding provision for Northern Ireland),

as having been convicted of that offence.

3 Making of referral orders: general

(1) A referral order shall—

(a) specify the youth offending team responsible for implementing the order;

(b) require the offender to attend each of the meetings of a youth offender panel to be established by the team for the offender; and

(c) specify the period for which any youth offender contract taking effect between the offender and the panel under section 8 is to have effect (which must not be less than 3 nor more than 12 months).

(2) The youth offending team specified under subsection (1)(a) shall be the team having the function of implementing referral orders in the area in which it appears to the court that the offender resides or will reside.

(3) On making a referral order the court shall explain to the offender in ordinary language—

(a) the effect of the order; and

(b) the consequences which may follow—

(i) if no youth offender contract takes effect between the offender and the panel under section 8, or

(ii) if the offender breaches any of the terms of any such contract.

(4) Subsections (5) to (7) apply where, in dealing with an offender for two or more associated offences, a court makes a referral order in respect of each, or each of two or more, of the offences.

(5) The orders shall have the effect of referring the offender to a single youth offender panel; and the provision made by them under subsection (1) shall accordingly be the same in each case, except that the periods specified under subsection (1)(c) may be different.

(6) The court may direct that the period so specified in either or any of the orders is to run concurrently with or be additional to that specified in the other or any of the others; but in exercising its power under this subsection the court must ensure that the total period for which such a contract as is mentioned in subsection (1)(c) is to have effect does not exceed 12 months.

(7) Each of the orders mentioned in subsection (4) shall, for the purposes of this Part, be treated as associated with the other or each of the others.

4 Making of referral orders: effect on court’s other sentencing powers

(1) Subsections (2) to (5) apply where a court makes a referral order in respect of an offence.

(2) The court may not deal with the offender for the offence in any of the prohibited ways.

(3) The court—

(a) shall, in respect of any associated offence, either sentence the offender by making a referral order or make an order discharging him absolutely; and

(b) may not deal with the offender for any such offence in any of the prohibited ways.

(4) For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3) the prohibited ways are—

(a) imposing a community sentence (within the meaning of Part I of the [1991 c. 53.] Criminal Justice Act 1991) on the offender;

(b) ordering him to pay a fine;

(c) making a reparation order under section 67 of the [1998 c. 37.] Crime and Disorder Act 1998 in respect of him; and

(d) making an order discharging him conditionally.

(5) The court may not make, in connection with the conviction of the offender for the offence or any associated offence—

(a) an order binding him over to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour;

(b) an order under section 58 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 (binding over of parent or guardian); or

(c) a parenting order under section 8 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998.

(6) Subsections (2), (3) and (5) do not affect the exercise of any power to deal with the offender conferred by paragraph 5 (offender referred back to court by panel) or paragraph 14 (powers of a court where offender convicted while subject to referral) of Schedule 1.

(7) Where section 1(2) above requires a court to make a referral order, the court may not under section 1 of the [1973 c. 62.] Powers of Criminal Courts Act 1973 defer passing sentence on him, but section 1(2) and subsection (3)(a) above do not affect any power or duty of a magistrates' court under—

(a) section 56 of the [1933 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (remission to youth court, or another such court, for sentence),

(b) section 7(8) of the [1969 c. 54.] Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (remission to youth court for sentence),

(c) section 10(3) of the [1980 c. 43.] Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (adjournment for inquiries),

(d) section 37 of that Act (committal to Crown Court for sentence), or

(e) section 35, 38, 43 or 44 of the [1983 c. 20.] Mental Health Act 1983 (remand for reports, interim hospital orders and committal to Crown Court for restriction order).

5 Making of referral orders: attendance of parents etc

(1) A court making a referral order may make an order requiring—

(a) the appropriate person, or

(b) in a case where there are two or more appropriate persons, any one or more of them,

to attend the meetings of the youth offender panel.

(2) Where an offender is under the age of 16 when a court makes a referral order in his case—

(a) the court shall exercise its power under subsection (1) so as to require at least one appropriate person to attend meetings of the youth offender panel; and

(b) if the offender falls within subsection (6), the person or persons so required to attend those meetings shall be or include a representative of the local authority mentioned in that subsection.

(3) The court shall not under this section make an order requiring a person to attend meetings of the youth offender panel—

(a) if the court is satisfied that it would be unreasonable to do so, or

(b) to an extent which the court is satisfied would be unreasonable.

(4) Except where the offender falls within subsection (6), each person who is a parent or guardian of the offender is an “appropriate person” for the purposes of this section.

(5) Where the offender falls within subsection (6), each of the following is an “appropriate person” for the purposes of this section—

(a) a representative of the local authority mentioned in that subsection, and

(b) each person who is a parent or guardian of the offender with whom the offender is allowed to live.

(6) An offender falls within this subsection if he is (within the meaning of the [1989 c. 41.] Children Act 1989) a child who is looked after by a local authority.

(7) If, at the time when a court makes an order under this section—

(a) a person who is required by the order to attend meetings of a youth offender panel is not present in court, or

(b) a local authority whose representative is so required to attend such meetings is not represented in court,

the court must send him or (as the case may be) the authority a copy of the order forthwith.

(8) In this section “guardian” has the same meaning as in the [1993 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1933.

Youth offender panels

6 Establishment of panels

(1) Where a referral order has been made in respect of an offender (or two or more associated referral orders have been so made), it is the duty of the youth offending team specified in the order (or orders)—

(a) to establish a youth offender panel for the offender;

(b) to arrange for the first meeting of the panel to be held for the purposes of section 8; and

(c) subsequently to arrange for the holding of any further meetings of the panel required by virtue of section 10 (in addition to those required by virtue of any other provision of this Part).

(2) A youth offender panel shall—

(a) be constituted,

(b) conduct its proceedings, and

(c) discharge its functions under this Part (and in particular those arising under section 8),

in accordance with guidance given from time to time by the Secretary of State.

(3) At each of its meetings a panel shall, however, consist of at least—

(a) one member appointed by the youth offending team from among its members; and

(b) two members so appointed who are not members of the team.

(4) The Secretary of State may by regulations make provision requiring persons appointed as members of a youth offender panel to have such qualifications, or satisfy such other criteria, as are specified in the regulations.

(5) Where it appears to the court which made a referral order that, by reason of either a change or a prospective change in the offender’s place or intended place of residence, the youth offending team for the time being specified in the order (“the current team”) either does not or will not have the function of implementing referral orders in the area in which the offender resides or will reside, the court may vary the order so that it instead specifies the team which has the function of implementing such orders in that area (“the new team”).

(6) Where a court so varies a referral order—

(a) subsection (1)(a) shall apply to the new team in any event;

(b) subsection (1)(b) shall apply to the new team if no youth offender contract has (or has under paragraph (c) below been treated as having) taken effect under section 8 between the offender and a youth offender panel established by the current team;

(c) if such a contract has (or has previously under this paragraph been treated as having) so taken effect, it shall (after the variation) be treated as if it were a contract which had taken effect under section 8 between the offender and the panel being established for the offender by the new team.

(7) References in this Part to the meetings of a youth offender panel (or any such meeting) are to the following meetings of the panel (or any of them)—

(a) the first meeting held in pursuance of subsection (1)(b);

(b) any further meetings held in pursuance of section 10;

(c) any progress meeting held under section 11; and

(d) the final meeting held under section 12.

7 Attendance at panel meetings

(1) The specified team shall, in the case of each meeting of the panel established for the offender, notify—

(a) the offender, and

(b) any person to whom an order under section 5 applies,

of the time and place at which he is required to attend that meeting.

(2) If the offender fails to attend any part of such a meeting the panel may—

(a) adjourn the meeting to such time and place as it may specify; or

(b) end the meeting and refer the offender back to the appropriate court;

and subsection (1) shall apply in relation to any such adjourned meeting.

(3) One person aged 18 or over chosen by the offender, with the agreement of the panel, shall be entitled to accompany the offender to any meeting of the panel (and it need not be the same person who accompanies him to every meeting).

(4) The panel may allow to attend any such meeting—

(a) any person who appears to the panel to be a victim of, or otherwise affected by, the offence, or any of the offences, in respect of which the offender was referred to the panel;

(b) any person who appears to the panel to be someone capable of having a good influence on the offender.

(5) Where the panel allows any such person as is mentioned in subsection (4)(a) (“the victim”) to attend a meeting of the panel, the panel may allow the victim to be accompanied to the meeting by one person chosen by the victim with the agreement of the panel.

Youth offender contracts

8 First meeting: agreement of contract with offender

(1) At the first meeting of the youth offender panel established for an offender the panel shall seek to reach agreement with the offender on a programme of behaviour the aim (or principal aim) of which is the prevention of re-offending by the offender.

(2) The terms of the programme may, in particular, include provision for any of the following—

(a) the offender to make financial or other reparation to any person who appears to the panel to be a victim of, or otherwise affected by, the offence, or any of the offences, for which the offender was referred to the panel;

(b) the offender to attend mediation sessions with any such victim or other person;

(c) the offender to carry out unpaid work or service in or for the community;

(d) the offender to be at home at times specified in or determined under the programme;

(e) attendance by the offender at a school or other educational establishment or at a place of work;

(f) the offender to participate in specified activities (such as those designed to address offending behaviour, those offering education or training or those assisting with the rehabilitation of persons dependent on, or having a propensity to misuse, alcohol or drugs);

(g) the offender to present himself to specified persons at times and places specified in or determined under the programme;

(h) the offender to stay away from specified places or persons (or both);

(i) enabling the offender’s compliance with the programme to be supervised and recorded.

(3) The programme may not, however, provide—

(a) for the electronic monitoring of the offender’s whereabouts; or

(b) for the offender to have imposed on him any physical restriction on his movements.

(4) No term which provides for anything to be done to or with any such victim or other affected person as is mentioned in subsection (2)(a) may be included in the programme without the consent of that person.

(5) Where a programme is agreed between the offender and the panel, the panel shall cause a written record of the programme to be produced forthwith—

(a) in language capable of being readily understood by, or explained to, the offender, and

(b) for signature by him.

(6) Once the record has been signed—

(a) by the offender, and

(b) by a member of the panel on behalf of the panel,

the terms of the programme, as set out in the record, take effect as the terms of a “youth offender contract” between the offender and the panel; and the panel shall cause a copy of the record to be given or sent to the offender.

9 First meeting: duration of contract

(1) This section applies where a youth offender contract has taken effect under section 8 between an offender and a youth offender panel.

(2) The day on which the contract so takes effect shall be the first day of the period for which it has effect.

(3) Where the panel was established in pursuance of a single referral order, the length of the period for which the contract has effect shall be that of the period specified under section 3(1)(c) in the referral order.

(4) Where the panel was established in pursuance of two or more associated referral orders, the length of the period for which the contract has effect shall be that resulting from the court’s directions under section 3(6).

(5) Subsections (3) and (4) have effect subject to—

(a) any order under paragraph 11 or 12 of Schedule 1 extending the length of the period for which the contract has effect; and

(b) subsection (6).

(6) If the referral order, or each of the associated referral orders, is revoked (whether under paragraph 5(2) of Schedule 1 or by virtue of paragraph 14(2) of that Schedule), the period for which the contract has effect expires at the time when the order or orders is or are revoked unless it has already expired.

10 First meeting: failure to agree contract

(1) Where it appears to a youth offender panel to be appropriate to do so, the panel may—

(a) end the first meeting (or any further meeting held in pursuance of paragraph (b)) without having reached agreement with the offender on a programme of behaviour of the kind mentioned in section 8(1), and

(b) resume consideration of the offender’s case at a further meeting of the panel.

(2) If, however, it appears to the panel at the first meeting or any such further meeting that there is no prospect of agreement being reached with the offender within a reasonable period after the making of the referral order (or orders)—

(a) subsection (1)(b) shall not apply; and

(b) instead the panel shall refer the offender back to the appropriate court.

(3) If at a meeting of the panel—

(a) agreement is reached with the offender but he does not sign the record produced in pursuance of section 8(5), and

(b) his failure to do so appears to the panel to be unreasonable,

the panel shall end the meeting and refer the offender back to the appropriate court.

11 Progress meetings

(1) At any time—

(a) after a youth offender contract has taken effect under section 8, but

(b) before the end of the period for which the contract has effect,

the specified team shall, if so requested by the panel, arrange for the holding of a meeting of the panel under this section (“a progress meeting”).

(2) The panel may make a request under subsection (1) if it appears to the panel to be expedient to review—

(a) the offender’s progress in implementing the programme of behaviour contained in the contract, or

(b) any other matter arising in connection with the contract.

(3) The panel shall make such a request if—

(a) the offender has notified the panel that—

(i) he wishes to seek the panel’s agreement to a variation in the terms of the contract, or

(ii) he wishes the panel to refer him back to the appropriate court with a view to the referral order (or orders) being revoked on account of a significant change in his circumstances (such as his being taken to live abroad) making compliance with any youth offender contract impractical; or

(b) it appears to the panel that the offender is in breach of any of the terms of the contract.

(4) At a progress meeting the panel shall do such one or more of the following things as it considers appropriate in the circumstances, namely—

(a) review the offender’s progress or any such other matter as is mentioned in subsection (2);

(b) discuss with the offender any breach of the terms of the contract which it appears to the panel that he has committed;

(c) consider any variation in the terms of the contract sought by the offender or which it appears to the panel to be expedient to make in the light of any such review or discussion;

(d) consider whether to accede to any request by the offender that he be referred back to the appropriate court.

(5) Where the panel has discussed with the offender such a breach as is mentioned in subsection (4)(b)—

(a) the panel and the offender may agree that the offender is to continue to be required to comply with the contract (either in its original form or with any agreed variation in its terms) without being referred back to the appropriate court; or

(b) the panel may decide to end the meeting and refer the offender back to that court.

(6) Where a variation in the terms of the contract is agreed between the offender and the panel, the panel shall cause a written record of the variation to be produced forthwith—

(a) in language capable of being readily understood by, or explained to, the offender; and

(b) for signature by him.

(7) Any such variation shall take effect once the record has been signed—

(a) by the offender, and

(b) by a member of the panel on behalf of the panel;

and the panel shall cause a copy of the record to be given or sent to the offender.

(8) If at a progress meeting—

(a) any such variation is agreed but the offender does not sign the record produced in pursuance of subsection (6), and

(b) his failure to do so appears to the panel to be unreasonable,

the panel may end the meeting and refer the offender back to the appropriate court.

(9) Section 8(2) to (4) shall apply in connection with what may be provided for by the terms of the contract as varied under this section as they apply in connection with what may be provided for by the terms of a programme of behaviour of the kind mentioned in section 8(1).

(10) Where the panel has discussed with the offender such a request as is mentioned in subsection (4)(d), the panel may, if it is satisfied that there is (or is soon to be) such a change in circumstances as is mentioned in subsection (3)(a)(ii), decide to end the meeting and refer the offender back to the appropriate court.

12 Final meeting

(1) Where the compliance period in the case of a youth offender contract is due to expire, the specified team shall arrange for the holding, before the end of that period, of a meeting of the panel under this section (“the final meeting”).

(2) At the final meeting the panel shall—

(a) review the extent of the offender’s compliance to date with the terms of the contract; and

(b) decide, in the light of that review, whether his compliance with those terms has been such as to justify the conclusion that, by the time the compliance period expires, he will have satisfactorily completed the contract;

and the panel shall give the offender written confirmation of its decision.

(3) Where the panel decides that the offender’s compliance with the terms of the contract has been such as to justify that conclusion, the panel’s decision shall have the effect of discharging the referral order (or orders) as from the end of the compliance period.

(4) Otherwise the panel shall refer the offender back to the appropriate court.

(5) Nothing in section 7(2) prevents the panel from making the decision mentioned in subsection (3) in the offender’s absence if it appears to the panel to be appropriate to do that instead of exercising either of its powers under section 7(2).

(6) Section 7(2)(a) does not permit the final meeting to be adjourned (or re-adjourned) to a time falling after the end of the compliance period.

(7) In this section “the compliance period” in relation to a youth offender contract means the period for which the contract has effect in accordance with section 9.

Further court proceedings

13 Offender referred back to court or convicted while subject to referral order

Schedule 1, which—

(a) in Part I makes provision for what is to happen when a youth offender panel refers an offender back to the appropriate court, and

(b) in Part II makes provision for what is to happen when an offender is convicted of further offences while for the time being subject to a referral order,

shall have effect.

Supplementary

14 Functions of youth offending teams

(1) The functions of a youth offending team responsible for implementing a referral order include, in particular, arranging for the provision of such administrative staff, accommodation or other facilities as are required by the youth offender panel established in pursuance of the order.

(2) During the period for which a youth offender contract between a youth offender panel and an offender has effect—

(a) the specified team shall make arrangements for supervising the offender’s compliance with the terms of the contract; and

(b) the person who is the member of the panel referred to in section 6(3)(a) shall ensure that records are kept of the offender’s compliance (or non-compliance) with those terms.

(3) In implementing referral orders a youth offending team shall have regard to any guidance given from time to time by the Secretary of State.

15 Interpretation of Part I

(1) In this Part—

• “the appropriate court” shall be construed in accordance with paragraph 1(2) of Schedule 1;

• “custodial sentence” means a sentence of detention in a young offender institution, a secure training order under section 1 of the [1994 c. 33.] Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, a detention and training order within the meaning given by section 73(3) of the [1998 c. 37.] Crime and Disorder Act 1998 or a sentence of detention under section 53(3) of the [1933 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1933;

• “hospital order” has the meaning given in section 37 of the [1983 c. 20.] Mental Health Act 1983;

• “meeting”, in relation to a youth offender panel, shall be construed in accordance with section 6(7);

• “referral order” means (in accordance with section 1(5)) an order under section 1(2) or (3);

• “the specified team”, in relation to an offender to whom a referral order applies (or two or more associated referral orders apply), means the youth offending team for the time being specified in the order (or orders);

• “youth offending team” means a team established under section 39 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998.

(2) For the purposes of this Part an offence is associated with another if the offender falls to be dealt with for it at the same time as he is dealt with for the other offence (whether or not he is convicted of the offences at the same time or by or before the same court).

(3) References in this Part to a referral order being associated with another shall be construed in accordance with section 3(7).

Part II Giving of evidence or information for purposes of criminal proceedings

Chapter I Special measures directions in case of vulnerable and intimidated witnesses

Preliminary

16 Witnesses eligible for assistance on grounds of age or incapacity

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter a witness in criminal proceedings (other than the accused) is eligible for assistance by virtue of this section—

(a) if under the age of 17 at the time of the hearing; or

(b) if the court considers that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of any circumstances falling within subsection (2).

(2) The circumstances falling within this subsection are—

(a) that the witness—

(i) suffers from mental disorder within the meaning of the [1983 c. 20.] Mental Health Act 1983, or

(ii) otherwise has a significant impairment of intelligence and social functioning;

(b) that the witness has a physical disability or is suffering from a physical disorder.

(3) In subsection (1)(a) “the time of the hearing”, in relation to a witness, means the time when it falls to the court to make a determination for the purposes of section 19(2) in relation to the witness.

(4) In determining whether a witness falls within subsection (1)(b) the court must consider any views expressed by the witness.

(5) In this Chapter references to the quality of a witness’s evidence are to its quality in terms of completeness, coherence and accuracy; and for this purpose “coherence” refers to a witness’s ability in giving evidence to give answers which address the questions put to the witness and can be understood both individually and collectively.

17 Witnesses eligible for assistance on grounds of fear or distress about testifying

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter a witness in criminal proceedings (other than the accused) is eligible for assistance by virtue of this subsection if the court is satisfied that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of fear or distress on the part of the witness in connection with testifying in the proceedings.

(2) In determining whether a witness falls within subsection (1) the court must take into account, in particular—

(a) the nature and alleged circumstances of the offence to which the proceedings relate;

(b) the age of the witness;

(c) such of the following matters as appear to the court to be relevant, namely—

(i) the social and cultural background and ethnic origins of the witness,

(ii) the domestic and employment circumstances of the witness, and

(iii) any religious beliefs or political opinions of the witness;

(d) any behaviour towards the witness on the part of—

(i) the accused,

(ii) members of the family or associates of the accused, or

(iii) any other person who is likely to be an accused or a witness in the proceedings.

(3) In determining that question the court must in addition consider any views expressed by the witness.

(4) Where the complainant in respect of a sexual offence is a witness in proceedings relating to that offence (or to that offence and any other offences), the witness is eligible for assistance in relation to those proceedings by virtue of this subsection unless the witness has informed the court of the witness' wish not to be so eligible by virtue of this subsection.

18 Special measures available to eligible witnesses

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter—

(a) the provision which may be made by a special measures direction by virtue of each of sections 23 to 30 is a special measure available in relation to a witness eligible for assistance by virtue of section 16; and

(b) the provision which may be made by such a direction by virtue of each of sections 23 to 28 is a special measure available in relation to a witness eligible for assistance by virtue of section 17;

but this subsection has effect subject to subsection (2).

(2) Where (apart from this subsection) a special measure would, in accordance with subsection (1)(a) or (b), be available in relation to a witness in any proceedings, it shall not be taken by a court to be available in relation to the witness unless—

(a) the court has been notified by the Secretary of State that relevant arrangements may be made available in the area in which it appears to the court that the proceedings will take place, and

(b) the notice has not been withdrawn.

(3) In subsection (2) “relevant arrangements” means arrangements for implementing the measure in question which cover the witness and the proceedings in question.

(4) The withdrawal of a notice under that subsection relating to a special measure shall not affect the availability of that measure in relation to a witness if a special measures direction providing for that measure to apply to the witness’s evidence has been made by the court before the notice is withdrawn.

(5) The Secretary of State may by order make such amendments of this Chapter as he considers appropriate for altering the special measures which, in accordance with subsection (1)(a) or (b), are available in relation to a witness eligible for assistance by virtue of section 16 or (as the case may be) section 17, whether—

(a) by modifying the provisions relating to any measure for the time being available in relation to such a witness,

(b) by the addition—

(i) (with or without modifications) of any measure which is for the time being available in relation to a witness eligible for assistance by virtue of the other of those sections, or

(ii) of any new measure, or

(c) by the removal of any measure.

Special measures directions

19 Special measures direction relating to eligible witness

(1) This section applies where in any criminal proceedings—

(a) a party to the proceedings makes an application for the court to give a direction under this section in relation to a witness in the proceedings other than the accused, or

(b) the court of its own motion raises the issue whether such a direction should be given.

(2) Where the court determines that the witness is eligible for assistance by virtue of section 16 or 17, the court must then—

(a) determine whether any of the special measures available in relation to the witness (or any combination of them) would, in its opinion, be likely to improve the quality of evidence given by the witness; and

(b) if so—

(i) determine which of those measures (or combination of them) would, in its opinion, be likely to maximise so far as practicable the quality of such evidence; and

(ii) give a direction under this section providing for the measure or measures so determined to apply to evidence given by the witness.

(3) In determining for the purposes of this Chapter whether any special measure or measures would or would not be likely to improve, or to maximise so far as practicable, the quality of evidence given by the witness, the court must consider all the circumstances of the case, including in particular—

(a) any views expressed by the witness; and

(b) whether the measure or measures might tend to inhibit such evidence being effectively tested by a party to the proceedings.

(4) A special measures direction must specify particulars of the provision made by the direction in respect of each special measure which is to apply to the witness’s evidence.

(5) In this Chapter “special measures direction” means a direction under this section.

(6) Nothing in this Chapter is to be regarded as affecting any power of a court to make an order or give leave of any description (in the exercise of its inherent jurisdiction or otherwise)—

(a) in relation to a witness who is not an eligible witness, or

(b) in relation to an eligible witness where (as, for example, in a case where a foreign language interpreter is to be provided) the order is made or the leave is given otherwise than by reason of the fact that the witness is an eligible witness.

20 Further provisions about directions: general

(1) Subject to subsection (2) and section 21(8), a special measures direction has binding effect from the time it is made until the proceedings for the purposes of which it is made are either—

(a) determined (by acquittal, conviction or otherwise), or

(b) abandoned,

in relation to the accused or (if there is more than one) in relation to each of the accused.

(2) The court may discharge or vary (or further vary) a special measures direction if it appears to the court to be in the interests of justice to do so, and may do so either—

(a) on an application made by a party to the proceedings, if there has been a material change of circumstances since the relevant time, or

(b) of its own motion.

(3) In subsection (2) “the relevant time” means—

(a) the time when the direction was given, or

(b) if a previous application has been made under that subsection, the time when the application (or last application) was made.

(4) Nothing in section 24(2) and (3), 27(4) to (7) or 28(4) to (6) is to be regarded as affecting the power of the court to vary or discharge a special measures direction under subsection (2).

(5) The court must state in open court its reasons for—

(a) giving or varying,

(b) refusing an application for, or for the variation or discharge of, or

(c) discharging,

a special measures direction and, if it is a magistrates' court, must cause them to be entered in the register of its proceedings.

(6) Rules of court may make provision—

(a) for uncontested applications to be determined by the court without a hearing;

(b) for preventing the renewal of an unsuccessful application for a special measures direction except where there has been a material change of circumstances;

(c) for expert evidence to be given in connection with an application for, or for varying or discharging, such a direction;

(d) for the manner in which confidential or sensitive information is to be treated in connection with such an application and in particular as to its being disclosed to, or withheld from, a party to the proceedings.

21 Special provisions relating to child witnesses

(1) For the purposes of this section—

(a) a witness in criminal proceedings is a “child witness” if he is an eligible witness by reason of section 16(1)(a) (whether or not he is an eligible witness by reason of any other provision of section 16 or 17);

(b) a child witness is “in need of special protection” if the offence (or any of the offences) to which the proceedings relate is—

(i) an offence falling within section 35(3)(a) (sexual offences etc.), or

(ii) an offence falling within section 35(3)(b), (c) or (d) (kidnapping, assaults etc.); and

(c) a “relevant recording”, in relation to a child witness, is a video recording of an interview of the witness made with a view to its admission as evidence in chief of the witness.

(2) Where the court, in making a determination for the purposes of section 19(2), determines that a witness in criminal proceedings is a child witness, the court must—

(a) first have regard to subsections (3) to (7) below; and

(b) then have regard to section 19(2);

and for the purposes of section 19(2), as it then applies to the witness, any special measures required to be applied in relation to him by virtue of this section shall be treated as if they were measures determined by the court, pursuant to section 19(2)(a) and (b)(i), to be ones that (whether on their own or with any other special measures) would be likely to maximise, so far as practicable, the quality of his evidence.

(3) The primary rule in the case of a child witness is that the court must give a special measures direction in relation to the witness which complies with the following requirements—

(a) it must provide for any relevant recording to be admitted under section 27 (video recorded evidence in chief); and

(b) it must provide for any evidence given by the witness in the proceedings which is not given by means of a video recording (whether in chief or otherwise) to be given by means of a live link in accordance with section 24.

(4) The primary rule is subject to the following limitations—

(a) the requirement contained in subsection (3)(a) or (b) has effect subject to the availability (within the meaning of section 18(2)) of the special measure in question in relation to the witness;

(b) the requirement contained in subsection (3)(a) also has effect subject to section 27(2); and

(c) the rule does not apply to the extent that the court is satisfied that compliance with it would not be likely to maximise the quality of the witness’s evidence so far as practicable (whether because the application to that evidence of one or more other special measures available in relation to the witness would have that result or for any other reason).

(5) However, subsection (4)(c) does not apply in relation to a child witness in need of special protection.

(6) Where a child witness is in need of special protection by virtue of subsection (1)(b)(i), any special measures direction given by the court which complies with the requirement contained in subsection (3)(a) must in addition provide for the special measure available under section 28 (video recorded cross-examination or re-examination) to apply in relation to—

(a) any cross-examination of the witness otherwise than by the accused in person, and

(b) any subsequent re-examination.

(7) The requirement contained in subsection (6) has effect subject to the following limitations—

(a) it has effect subject to the availability (within the meaning of section 18(2)) of that special measure in relation to the witness; and

(b) it does not apply if the witness has informed the court that he does not want that special measure to apply in relation to him.

(8) Where a special measures direction is given in relation to a child witness who is an eligible witness by reason only of section 16(1)(a), then—

(a) subject to subsection (9) below, and

(b) except where the witness has already begun to give evidence in the proceedings,

the direction shall cease to have effect at the time when the witness attains the age of 17.

(9) Where a special measures direction is given in relation to a child witness who is an eligible witness by reason only of section 16(1)(a) and—

(a) the direction provides—

(i) for any relevant recording to be admitted under section 27 as evidence in chief of the witness, or

(ii) for the special measure available under section 28 to apply in relation to the witness, and

(b) if it provides for that special measure to so apply, the witness is still under the age of 17 when the video recording is made for the purposes of section 28,

then, so far as it provides as mentioned in paragraph (a)(i) or (ii) above, the direction shall continue to have effect in accordance with section 20(1) even though the witness subsequently attains that age.

22 Extension of provisions of section 21 to certain witnesses over 17

(1) For the purposes of this section—

(a) a witness in criminal proceedings (other than the accused) is a “qualifying witness” if he—

(i) is not an eligible witness at the time of the hearing (as defined by section 16(3)), but

(ii) was under the age of 17 when a relevant recording was made;

(b) a qualifying witness is “in need of special protection” if the offence (or any of the offences) to which the proceedings relate is—

(i) an offence falling within section 35(3)(a) (sexual offences etc.), or

(ii) an offence falling within section 35(3)(b), (c) or (d) (kidnapping, assaults etc.); and

(c) a “relevant recording”, in relation to a witness, is a video recording of an interview of the witness made with a view to its admission as evidence in chief of the witness.

(2) Subsections (2) to (7) of section 21 shall apply as follows in relation to a qualifying witness—

(a) subsections (2) to (4), so far as relating to the giving of a direction complying with the requirement contained in subsection (3)(a), shall apply to a qualifying witness in respect of the relevant recording as they apply to a child witness (within the meaning of that section);

(b) subsection (5), so far as relating to the giving of such a direction, shall apply to a qualifying witness in need of special protection as it applies to a child witness in need of special protection (within the meaning of that section); and

(c) subsections (6) and (7) shall apply to a qualifying witness in need of special protection by virtue of subsection (1)(b)(i) above as they apply to such a child witness as is mentioned in subsection (6).

Special measures

23 Screening witness from accused

(1) A special measures direction may provide for the witness, while giving testimony or being sworn in court, to be prevented by means of a screen or other arrangement from seeing the accused.

(2) But the screen or other arrangement must not prevent the witness from being able to see, and to be seen by—

(a) the judge or justices (or both) and the jury (if there is one);

(b) legal representatives acting in the proceedings; and

(c) any interpreter or other person appointed (in pursuance of the direction or otherwise) to assist the witness.

(3) Where two or more legal representatives are acting for a party to the proceedings, subsection (2)(b) is to be regarded as satisfied in relation to those representatives if the witness is able at all material times to see and be seen by at least one of them.

24 Evidence by live link

(1) A special measures direction may provide for the witness to give evidence by means of a live link.

(2) Where a direction provides for the witness to give evidence by means of a live link, the witness may not give evidence in any other way without the permission of the court.

(3) The court may give permission for the purposes of subsection (2) if it appears to the court to be in the interests of justice to do so, and may do so either—

(a) on an application by a party to the proceedings, if there has been a material change of circumstances since the relevant time, or

(b) of its own motion.

(4) In subsection (3) “the relevant time” means—

(a) the time when the direction was given, or

(b) if a previous application has been made under that subsection, the time when the application (or last application) was made.

(5) Where in proceedings before a magistrates' court—

(a) evidence is to be given by means of a live link in accordance with a special measures direction, but

(b) suitable facilities for receiving such evidence are not available at any petty-sessional court-house in which that court can (apart from this subsection) lawfully sit,

the court may sit for the purposes of the whole or any part of those proceedings at a place where such facilities are available and which has been appointed for the purposes of this subsection by the justices acting for the petty sessions area for which the court acts.

(6) A place appointed under subsection (5) may be outside the petty sessions area for which it is appointed; but (if so) it is to be regarded as being in that area for the purpose of the jurisdiction of the justices acting for that area.

(7) In this section “petty-sessional court-house” has the same meaning as in the [1980 c. 43.] Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 and “petty sessions area” has the same meaning as in the [1997 c. 25.] Justices of the Peace Act 1997.

(8) In this Chapter “live link” means a live television link or other arrangement whereby a witness, while absent from the courtroom or other place where the proceedings are being held, is able to see and hear a person there and to be seen and heard by the persons specified in section 23(2)(a) to (c).

25 Evidence given in private

(1) A special measures direction may provide for the exclusion from the court, during the giving of the witness’s evidence, of persons of any description specified in the direction.

(2) The persons who may be so excluded do not include—

(a) the accused,

(b) legal representatives acting in the proceedings, or

(c) any interpreter or other person appointed (in pursuance of the direction or otherwise) to assist the witness.

(3) A special measures direction providing for representatives of news gathering or reporting organisations to be so excluded shall be expressed not to apply to one named person who—

(a) is a representative of such an organisation, and

(b) has been nominated for the purpose by one or more such organisations,

unless it appears to the court that no such nomination has been made.

(4) A special measures direction may only provide for the exclusion of persons under this section where—

(a) the proceedings relate to a sexual offence; or

(b) it appears to the court that there are reasonable grounds for believing that any person other than the accused has sought, or will seek, to intimidate the witness in connection with testifying in the proceedings.

(5) Any proceedings from which persons are excluded under this section (whether or not those persons include representatives of news gathering or reporting organisations) shall nevertheless be taken to be held in public for the purposes of any privilege or exemption from liability available in respect of fair, accurate and contemporaneous reports of legal proceedings held in public.

26 Removal of wigs and gowns

A special measures direction may provide for the wearing of wigs or gowns to be dispensed with during the giving of the witness’s evidence.

27 Video recorded evidence in chief

(1) A special measures direction may provide for a video recording of an interview of the witness to be admitted as evidence in chief of the witness.

(2) A special measures direction may, however, not provide for a video recording, or a part of such a recording, to be admitted under this section if the court is of the opinion, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, that in the interests of justice the recording, or that part of it, should not be so admitted.

(3) In considering for the purposes of subsection (2) whether any part of a recording should not be admitted under this section, the court must consider whether any prejudice to the accused which might result from that part being so admitted is outweighed by the desirability of showing the whole, or substantially the whole, of the recorded interview.

(4) Where a special measures direction provides for a recording to be admitted under this section, the court may nevertheless subsequently direct that it is not to be so admitted if—

(a) it appears to the court that—

(i) the witness will not be available for cross-examination (whether conducted in the ordinary way or in accordance with any such direction), and

(ii) the parties to the proceedings have not agreed that there is no need for the witness to be so available; or

(b) any rules of court requiring disclosure of the circumstances in which the recording was made have not been complied with to the satisfaction of the court.

(5) Where a recording is admitted under this section—

(a) the witness must be called by the party tendering it in evidence, unless—

(i) a special measures direction provides for the witness’s evidence on cross-examination to be given otherwise than by testimony in court, or

(ii) the parties to the proceedings have agreed as mentioned in subsection (4)(a)(ii); and

(b) the witness may not give evidence in chief otherwise than by means of the recording—

(i) as to any matter which, in the opinion of the court, has been dealt with adequately in the witness’s recorded testimony, or

(ii) without the permission of the court, as to any other matter which, in the opinion of the court, is dealt with in that testimony.

(6) Where in accordance with subsection (2) a special measures direction provides for part only of a recording to be admitted under this section, references in subsections (4) and (5) to the recording or to the witness’s recorded testimony are references to the part of the recording or testimony which is to be so admitted.

(7) The court may give permission for the purposes of subsection (5)(b)(ii) if it appears to the court to be in the interests of justice to do so, and may do so either—

(a) on an application by a party to the proceedings, if there has been a material change of circumstances since the relevant time, or

(b) of its own motion.

(8) In subsection (7) “the relevant time” means—

(a) the time when the direction was given, or

(b) if a previous application has been made under that subsection, the time when the application (or last application) was made.

(9) The court may, in giving permission for the purposes of subsection (5)(b)(ii), direct that the evidence in question is to be given by the witness by means of a live link; and, if the court so directs, subsections (5) to (7) of section 24 shall apply in relation to that evidence as they apply in relation to evidence which is to be given in accordance with a special measures direction.

(10) A magistrates' court inquiring into an offence as examining justices under section 6 of the [1980 c. 43.] Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 may consider any video recording in relation to which it is proposed to apply for a special measures direction providing for it to be admitted at the trial in accordance with this section.

(11) Nothing in this section affects the admissibility of any video recording which would be admissible apart from this section.

28 Video recorded cross-examination or re-examination

(1) Where a special measures direction provides for a video recording to be admitted under section 27 as evidence in chief of the witness, the direction may also provide—

(a) for any cross-examination of the witness, and any re-examination, to be recorded by means of a video recording; and

(b) for such a recording to be admitted, so far as it relates to any such cross-examination or re-examination, as evidence of the witness under cross-examination or on re-examination, as the case may be.

(2) Such a recording must be made in the presence of such persons as rules of court or the direction may provide and in the absence of the accused, but in circumstances in which—

(a) the judge or justices (or both) and legal representatives acting in the proceedings are able to see and hear the examination of the witness and to communicate with the persons in whose presence the recording is being made, and

(b) the accused is able to see and hear any such examination and to communicate with any legal representative acting for him.

(3) Where two or more legal representatives are acting for a party to the proceedings, subsection (2)(a) and (b) are to be regarded as satisfied in relation to those representatives if at all material times they are satisfied in relation to at least one of them.

(4) Where a special measures direction provides for a recording to be admitted under this section, the court may nevertheless subsequently direct that it is not to be so admitted if any requirement of subsection (2) or rules of court or the direction has not been complied with to the satisfaction of the court.

(5) Where in pursuance of subsection (1) a recording has been made of any examination of the witness, the witness may not be subsequently cross-examined or re-examined in respect of any evidence given by the witness in the proceedings (whether in any recording admissible under section 27 or this section or otherwise than in such a recording) unless the court gives a further special measures direction making such provision as is mentioned in subsection (1)(a) and (b) in relation to any subsequent cross-examination, and re-examination, of the witness.

(6) The court may only give such a further direction if it appears to the court—

(a) that the proposed cross-examination is sought by a party to the proceedings as a result of that party having become aware, since the time when the original recording was made in pursuance of subsection (1), of a matter which that party could not with reasonable diligence have ascertained by then, or

(b) that for any other reason it is in the interests of justice to give the further direction.

(7) Nothing in this section shall be read as applying in relation to any cross-examination of the witness by the accused in person (in a case where the accused is to be able to conduct any such cross-examination).

29 Examination of witness through intermediary

(1) A special measures direction may provide for any examination of the witness (however and wherever conducted) to be conducted through an interpreter or other person approved by the court for the purposes of this section (“an intermediary”).

(2) The function of an intermediary is to communicate—

(a) to the witness, questions put to the witness, and

(b) to any person asking such questions, the answers given by the witness in reply to them,

and to explain such questions or answers so far as necessary to enable them to be understood by the witness or person in question.

(3) Any examination of the witness in pursuance of subsection (1) must take place in the presence of such persons as rules of court or the direction may provide, but in circumstances in which—

(a) the judge or justices (or both) and legal representatives acting in the proceedings are able to see and hear the examination of the witness and to communicate with the intermediary, and

(b) (except in the case of a video recorded examination) the jury (if there is one) are able to see and hear the examination of the witness.

(4) Where two or more legal representatives are acting for a party to the proceedings, subsection (3)(a) is to be regarded as satisfied in relation to those representatives if at all material times it is satisfied in relation to at least one of them.

(5) A person may not act as an intermediary in a particular case except after making a declaration, in such form as may be prescribed by rules of court, that he will faithfully perform his function as intermediary.

(6) Subsection (1) does not apply to an interview of the witness which is recorded by means of a video recording with a view to its admission as evidence in chief of the witness; but a special measures direction may provide for such a recording to be admitted under section 27 if the interview was conducted through an intermediary and—

(a) that person complied with subsection (5) before the interview began, and

(b) the court’s approval for the purposes of this section is given before the direction is given.

(7) Section 1 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (perjury) shall apply in relation to a person acting as an intermediary as it applies in relation to a person lawfully sworn as an interpreter in a judicial proceeding; and for this purpose, where a person acts as an intermediary in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of that section, that proceeding shall be taken to be part of the judicial proceeding in which the witness’s evidence is given.

30 Aids to communication

A special measures direction may provide for the witness, while giving evidence (whether by testimony in court or otherwise), to be provided with such device as the court considers appropriate with a view to enabling questions or answers to be communicated to or by the witness despite any disability or disorder or other impairment which the witness has or suffers from.

Supplementary

31 Status of evidence given under Chapter I

(1) Subsections (2) to (4) apply to a statement made by a witness in criminal proceedings which, in accordance with a special measures direction, is not made by the witness in direct oral testimony in court but forms part of the witness’s evidence in those proceedings.

(2) The statement shall be treated as if made by the witness in direct oral testimony in court; and accordingly—

(a) it is admissible evidence of any fact of which such testimony from the witness would be admissible;

(b) it is not capable of corroborating any other evidence given by the witness.

(3) Subsection (2) applies to a statement admitted under section 27 or 28 which is not made by the witness on oath even though it would have been required to be made on oath if made by the witness in direct oral testimony in court.

(4) In estimating the weight (if any) to be attached to the statement, the court must have regard to all the circumstances from which an inference can reasonably be drawn (as to the accuracy of the statement or otherwise).

(5) Nothing in this Chapter (apart from subsection (3)) affects the operation of any rule of law relating to evidence in criminal proceedings.

(6) Where any statement made by a person on oath in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of section 1 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (perjury) is received in evidence in pursuance of a special measures direction, that proceeding shall be taken for the purposes of that section to be part of the judicial proceeding in which the statement is so received in evidence.

(7) Where in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of that Act—

(a) a person wilfully makes a false statement otherwise than on oath which is subsequently received in evidence in pursuance of a special measures direction, and

(b) the statement is made in such circumstances that had it been given on oath in any such judicial proceeding that person would have been guilty of perjury,

he shall be guilty of an offence and liable to any punishment which might be imposed on conviction of an offence under section 57(2) (giving of false unsworn evidence in criminal proceedings).

(8) In this section “statement” includes any representation of fact, whether made in words or otherwise.

32 Warning to jury

Where on a trial on indictment evidence has been given in accordance with a special measures direction, the judge must give the jury such warning (if any) as the judge considers necessary to ensure that the fact that the direction was given in relation to the witness does not prejudice the accused.

33 Interpretation etc. of Chapter I

(1) In this Chapter—

• “eligible witness” means a witness eligible for assistance by virtue of section 16 or 17;

• “live link” has the meaning given by section 24(8);

• “quality”, in relation to the evidence of a witness, shall be construed in accordance with section 16(5);

• “special measures direction” means (in accordance with section 19(5)) a direction under section 19.

(2) In this Chapter references to the special measures available in relation to a witness shall be construed in accordance with section 18.

(3) In this Chapter references to a person being able to see or hear, or be seen or heard by, another person are to be read as not applying to the extent that either of them is unable to see or hear by reason of any impairment of eyesight or hearing.

(4) In the case of any proceedings in which there is more than one accused—

(a) any reference to the accused in sections 23 to 28 may be taken by a court, in connection with the giving of a special measures direction, as a reference to all or any of the accused, as the court may determine, and

(b) any such direction may be given on the basis of any such determination.

Chapter II Protection of witnesses from cross-examination by accused in person

General prohibitions

34 Complainants in proceedings for sexual offences

No person charged with a sexual offence may in any criminal proceedings cross-examine in person a witness who is the complainant, either—

(a) in connection with that offence, or

(b) in connection with any other offence (of whatever nature) with which that person is charged in the proceedings.

35 Child complainants and other child witnesses

(1) No person charged with an offence to which this section applies may in any criminal proceedings cross-examine in person a protected witness, either—

(a) in connection with that offence, or

(b) in connection with any other offence (of whatever nature) with which that person is charged in the proceedings.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) a “protected witness” is a witness who—

(a) either is the complainant or is alleged to have been a witness to the commission of the offence to which this section applies, and

(b) either is a child or falls to be cross-examined after giving evidence in chief (whether wholly or in part)—

(i) by means of a video recording made (for the purposes of section 27) at a time when the witness was a child, or

(ii) in any other way at any such time.

(3) The offences to which this section applies are—

(a) any offence under—

(i) the [1956 c. 69.] Sexual Offences Act 1956,

(ii) the [1960 c. 33.] Indecency with Children Act 1960,

(iii) the [1967 c. 60.] Sexual Offences Act 1967,

(iv) section 54 of the [1977 c. 45.] Criminal Law Act 1977, or

(v) the [1978 c. 37.] Protection of Children Act 1978;

(b) kidnapping, false imprisonment or an offence under section 1 or 2 of the [1984 c. 37.] Child Abduction Act 1984;

(c) any offence under section 1 of the [1933 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1933;

(d) any offence (not within any of the preceding paragraphs) which involves an assault on, or injury or a threat of injury to, any person.

(4) In this section “child” means—

(a) where the offence falls within subsection (3)(a), a person under the age of 17; or

(b) where the offence falls within subsection (3)(b), (c) or (d), a person under the age of 14.

(5) For the purposes of this section “witness” includes a witness who is charged with an offence in the proceedings.

Prohibition imposed by court

36 Direction prohibiting accused from cross-examining particular witness

(1) This section applies where, in a case where neither of sections 34 and 35 operates to prevent an accused in any criminal proceedings from cross-examining a witness in person—

(a) the prosecutor makes an application for the court to give a direction under this section in relation to the witness, or

(b) the court of its own motion raises the issue whether such a direction should be given.

(2) If it appears to the court—

(a) that the quality of evidence given by the witness on cross-examination—

(i) is likely to be diminished if the cross-examination (or further cross-examination) is conducted by the accused in person, and

(ii) would be likely to be improved if a direction were given under this section, and

(b) that it would not be contrary to the interests of justice to give such a direction,

the court may give a direction prohibiting the accused from cross-examining (or further cross-examining) the witness in person.

(3) In determining whether subsection (2)(a) applies in the case of a witness the court must have regard, in particular, to—

(a) any views expressed by the witness as to whether or not the witness is content to be cross-examined by the accused in person;

(b) the nature of the questions likely to be asked, having regard to the issues in the proceedings and the defence case advanced so far (if any);

(c) any behaviour on the part of the accused at any stage of the proceedings, both generally and in relation to the witness;

(d) any relationship (of whatever nature) between the witness and the accused;

(e) whether any person (other than the accused) is or has at any time been charged in the proceedings with a sexual offence or an offence to which section 35 applies, and (if so) whether section 34 or 35 operates or would have operated to prevent that person from cross-examining the witness in person;

(f) any direction under section 19 which the court has given, or proposes to give, in relation to the witness.

(4) For the purposes of this section—

(a) “witness”, in relation to an accused, does not include any other person who is charged with an offence in the proceedings; and

(b) any reference to the quality of a witness’s evidence shall be construed in accordance with section 16(5).

37 Further provisions about directions under section 36

(1) Subject to subsection (2), a direction has binding effect from the time it is made until the witness to whom it applies is discharged.

• In this section “direction” means a direction under section 36.

(2) The court may discharge a direction if it appears to the court to be in the interests of justice to do so, and may do so either—

(a) on an application made by a party to the proceedings, if there has been a material change of circumstances since the relevant time, or

(b) of its own motion.

(3) In subsection (2) “the relevant time” means—

(a) the time when the direction was given, or

(b) if a previous application has been made under that subsection, the time when the application (or last application) was made.

(4) The court must state in open court its reasons for—

(a) giving, or

(b) refusing an application for, or for the discharge of, or

(c) discharging,

a direction and, if it is a magistrates' court, must cause them to be entered in the register of its proceedings.

(5) Rules of court may make provision—

(a) for uncontested applications to be determined by the court without a hearing;

(b) for preventing the renewal of an unsuccessful application for a direction except where there has been a material change of circumstances;

(c) for expert evidence to be given in connection with an application for, or for discharging, a direction;

(d) for the manner in which confidential or sensitive information is to be treated in connection with such an application and in particular as to its being disclosed to, or withheld from, a party to the proceedings.

Cross-examination on behalf of accused

38 Defence representation for purposes of cross-examination

(1) This section applies where an accused is prevented from cross-examining a witness in person by virtue of section 34, 35 or 36.

(2) Where it appears to the court that this section applies, it must—

(a) invite the accused to arrange for a legal representative to act for him for the purpose of cross-examining the witness; and

(b) require the accused to notify the court, by the end of such period as it may specify, whether a legal representative is to act for him for that purpose.

(3) If by the end of the period mentioned in subsection (2)(b) either—

(a) the accused has notified the court that no legal representative is to act for him for the purpose of cross-examining the witness, or

(b) no notification has been received by the court and it appears to the court that no legal representative is to so act,

the court must consider whether it is necessary in the interests of justice for the witness to be cross-examined by a legal representative appointed to represent the interests of the accused.

(4) If the court decides that it is necessary in the interests of justice for the witness to be so cross-examined, the court must appoint a qualified legal representative (chosen by the court) to cross-examine the witness in the interests of the accused.

(5) A person so appointed shall not be responsible to the accused.

(6) Rules of court may make provision—

(a) as to the time when, and the manner in which, subsection (2) is to be complied with;

(b) in connection with the appointment of a legal representative under subsection (4), and in particular for securing that a person so appointed is provided with evidence or other material relating to the proceedings.

(7) Rules of court made in pursuance of subsection (6)(b) may make provision for the application, with such modifications as are specified in the rules, of any of the provisions of—

(a) Part I of the [1996 c. 25.] Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (disclosure of material in connection with criminal proceedings), or

(b) the [1997 c. 39.] Sexual Offences (Protected Material) Act 1997.

(8) For the purposes of this section—

(a) any reference to cross-examination includes (in a case where a direction is given under section 36 after the accused has begun cross-examining the witness) a reference to further cross-examination; and

(b) “qualified legal representative” means a legal representative who has a right of audience (within the meaning of the [1990 c. 41.] Courts and Legal Services Act 1990) in relation to the proceedings before the court.

39 Warning to jury

(1) Where on a trial on indictment an accused is prevented from cross-examining a witness in person by virtue of section 34, 35 or 36, the judge must give the jury such warning (if any) as the judge considers necessary to ensure that the accused is not prejudiced—

(a) by any inferences that might be drawn from the fact that the accused has been prevented from cross-examining the witness in person;

(b) where the witness has been cross-examined by a legal representative appointed under section 38(4), by the fact that the cross-examination was carried out by such a legal representative and not by a person acting as the accused’s own legal representative.

(2) Subsection (8)(a) of section 38 applies for the purposes of this section as it applies for the purposes of section 38.

40 Funding of defence representation

(1) In section 19(3) of the [1985 c. 23.] Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 (regulations authorising payments out of central funds), after paragraph (d) there shall be inserted—

“(e) to cover the proper fee or costs of a legal representative appointed under section 38(4) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (defence representation for purposes of cross-examination) and any expenses properly incurred in providing such a person with evidence or other material in connection with his appointment.”

(2) In section 21(3) of the [1988 c. 34.] Legal Aid Act 1988 (cases where, subject to means, representation must be granted), after paragraph (d) there shall be inserted—

“(e) where a person is prevented from conducting any cross-examination as mentioned in section 38(1) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (defence representation for purposes of cross-examination), for conducting the cross-examination on behalf of that person (otherwise than as a person appointed under section 38(4) of that Act).”

Chapter III Protection of complainants in proceedings for sexual offences

41 Restriction on evidence or questions about complainant’s sexual history

(1) If at a trial a person is charged with a sexual offence, then, except with the leave of the court—

(a) no evidence may be adduced, and

(b) no question may be asked in cross-examination,

by or on behalf of any accused at the trial, about any sexual behaviour of the complainant.

(2) The court may give leave in relation to any evidence or question only on an application made by or on behalf of an accused, and may not give such leave unless it is satisfied—

(a) that subsection (3) or (5) applies, and

(b) that a refusal of leave might have the result of rendering unsafe a conclusion of the jury or (as the case may be) the court on any relevant issue in the case.

(3) This subsection applies if the evidence or question relates to a relevant issue in the case and either—

(a) that issue is not an issue of consent; or

(b) it is an issue of consent and the sexual behaviour of the complainant to which the evidence or question relates is alleged to have taken place at or about the same time as the event which is the subject matter of the charge against the accused; or

(c) it is an issue of consent and the sexual behaviour of the complainant to which the evidence or question relates is alleged to have been, in any respect, so similar—

(i) to any sexual behaviour of the complainant which (according to evidence adduced or to be adduced by or on behalf of the accused) took place as part of the event which is the subject matter of the charge against the accused, or

(ii) to any other sexual behaviour of the complainant which (according to such evidence) took place at or about the same time as that event,

that the similarity cannot reasonably be explained as a coincidence.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (3) no evidence or question shall be regarded as relating to a relevant issue in the case if it appears to the court to be reasonable to assume that the purpose (or main purpose) for which it would be adduced or asked is to establish or elicit material for impugning the credibility of the complainant as a witness.

(5) This subsection applies if the evidence or question—

(a) relates to any evidence adduced by the prosecution about any sexual behaviour of the complainant; and

(b) in the opinion of the court, would go no further than is necessary to enable the evidence adduced by the prosecution to be rebutted or explained by or on behalf of the accused.

(6) For the purposes of subsections (3) and (5) the evidence or question must relate to a specific instance (or specific instances) of alleged sexual behaviour on the part of the complainant (and accordingly nothing in those subsections is capable of applying in relation to the evidence or question to the extent that it does not so relate).

(7) Where this section applies in relation to a trial by virtue of the fact that one or more of a number of persons charged in the proceedings is or are charged with a sexual offence—

(a) it shall cease to apply in relation to the trial if the prosecutor decides not to proceed with the case against that person or those persons in respect of that charge; but

(b) it shall not cease to do so in the event of that person or those persons pleading guilty to, or being convicted of, that charge.

(8) Nothing in this section authorises any evidence to be adduced or any question to be asked which cannot be adduced or asked apart from this section.

42 Interpretation and application of section 41

(1) In section 41—

(a) “relevant issue in the case” means any issue falling to be proved by the prosecution or defence in the trial of the accused;

(b) “issue of consent” means any issue whether the complainant in fact consented to the conduct constituting the offence with which the accused is charged (and accordingly does not include any issue as to the belief of the accused that the complainant so consented);

(c) “sexual behaviour” means any sexual behaviour or other sexual experience, whether or not involving any accused or other person, but excluding (except in section 41(3)(c)(i) and (5)(a)) anything alleged to have taken place as part of the event which is the subject matter of the charge against the accused; and

(d) subject to any order made under subsection (2), “sexual offence” shall be construed in accordance with section 62.

(2) The Secretary of State may by order make such provision as he considers appropriate for adding or removing, for the purposes of section 41, any offence to or from the offences which are sexual offences for the purposes of this Act by virtue of section 62.

(3) Section 41 applies in relation to the following proceedings as it applies to a trial, namely—

(a) proceedings before a magistrates' court inquiring into an offence as examining justices,

(b) the hearing of an application under paragraph 5(1) of Schedule 6 to the [1991 c. 53.] Criminal Justice Act 1991 (application to dismiss charge following notice of transfer of case to Crown Court),

(c) the hearing of an application under paragraph 2(1) of Schedule 3 to the [1998 c. 37.] Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (application to dismiss charge by person sent for trial under section 51 of that Act),

(d) any hearing held, between conviction and sentencing, for the purpose of determining matters relevant to the court’s decision as to how the accused is to be dealt with, and

(e) the hearing of an appeal,

and references (in section 41 or this section) to a person charged with an offence accordingly include a person convicted of an offence.

43 Procedure on applications under section 41

(1) An application for leave shall be heard in private and in the absence of the complainant.

• In this section “leave” means leave under section 41.

(2) Where such an application has been determined, the court must state in open court (but in the absence of the jury, if there is one)—

(a) its reasons for giving, or refusing, leave, and

(b) if it gives leave, the extent to which evidence may be adduced or questions asked in pursuance of the leave,

and, if it is a magistrates' court, must cause those matters to be entered in the register of its proceedings.

(3) Rules of court may make provision—

(a) requiring applications for leave to specify, in relation to each item of evidence or question to which they relate, particulars of the grounds on which it is asserted that leave should be given by virtue of subsection (3) or (5) of section 41;

(b) enabling the court to request a party to the proceedings to provide the court with information which it considers would assist it in determining an application for leave;

(c) for the manner in which confidential or sensitive information is to be treated in connection with such an application, and in particular as to its being disclosed to, or withheld from, parties to the proceedings.

Chapter IV Reporting restrictions

Reports relating to persons under 18

44 Restrictions on reporting alleged offences involving persons under 18

(1) This section applies (subject to subsection (3)) where a criminal investigation has begun in respect of—

(a) an alleged offence against the law of—

(i) England and Wales, or

(ii) Northern Ireland; or

(b) an alleged civil offence (other than an offence falling within paragraph (a)) committed (whether or not in the United Kingdom) by a person subject to service law.

(2) No matter relating to any person involved in the offence shall while he is under the age of 18 be included in any publication if it is likely to lead members of the public to identify him as a person involved in the offence.

(3) The restrictions imposed by subsection (2) cease to apply once there are proceedings in a court (whether a court in England and Wales, a service court or a court in Northern Ireland) in respect of the offence.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (2) any reference to a person involved in the offence is to—

(a) a person by whom the offence is alleged to have been committed; or

(b) if this paragraph applies to the publication in question by virtue of subsection (5)—

(i) a person against or in respect of whom the offence is alleged to have been committed, or

(ii) a person who is alleged to have been a witness to the commission of the offence;

except that paragraph (b)(i) does not include a person in relation to whom section 1 of the [1992 c. 34.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992 (anonymity of victims of certain sexual offences) applies in connection with the offence.

(5) Subsection (4)(b) applies to a publication if—

(a) where it is a relevant programme, it is transmitted, or

(b) in the case of any other publication, it is published,

on or after such date as may be specified in an order made by the Secretary of State.

(6) The matters relating to a person in relation to which the restrictions imposed by subsection (2) apply (if their inclusion in any publication is likely to have the result mentioned in that subsection) include in particular—

(a) his name,

(b) his address,

(c) the identity of any school or other educational establishment attended by him,

(d) the identity of any place of work, and

(e) any still or moving picture of him.

(7) Any appropriate criminal court may by order dispense, to any extent specified in the order, with the restrictions imposed by subsection (2) in relation to a person if it is satisfied that it is necessary in the interests of justice to do so.

(8) However, when deciding whether to make such an order dispensing (to any extent) with the restrictions imposed by subsection (2) in relation to a person, the court shall have regard to the welfare of that person.

(9) In subsection (7) “appropriate criminal court” means—

(a) in a case where this section applies by virtue of subsection (1)(a)(i) or (ii), any court in England and Wales or (as the case may be) in Northern Ireland which has any jurisdiction in, or in relation to, any criminal proceedings (but not a service court unless the offence is alleged to have been committed by a person subject to service law);

(b) in a case where this section applies by virtue of subsection (1)(b), any court falling within paragraph (a) or a service court.

(10) The power under subsection (7) of a magistrates' court in England and Wales may be exercised by a single justice.

(11) In the case of a decision of a magistrates' court in England and Wales, or a court of summary jurisdiction in Northern Ireland, to make or refuse to make an order under subsection (7), the following persons, namely—

(a) any person who was a party to the proceedings on the application for the order, and

(b) with the leave of the Crown Court, any other person,

may, in accordance with rules of court, appeal to the Crown Court against that decision or appear or be represented at the hearing of such an appeal.

(12) On such an appeal the Crown Court—

(a) may make such order as is necessary to give effect to its determination of the appeal; and

(b) may also make such incidental or consequential orders as appear to it to be just.

(13) In this section—

(a) “civil offence” means an act or omission which, if committed in England and Wales, would be an offence against the law of England and Wales;

(b) any reference to a criminal investigation, in relation to an alleged offence, is to an investigation conducted by police officers, or other persons charged with the duty of investigating offences, with a view to it being ascertained whether a person should be charged with the offence;

(c) any reference to a person subject to service law is to—

(i) a person subject to military law, air-force law or the [1957 c. 53.] Naval Discipline Act 1957, or

(ii) any other person to whom provisions of Part II of the [1955 c. 18.] Army Act 1955, Part II of the [1955 c. 19.] Air Force Act 1955 or Parts I and II of the [1957 c. 53.] Naval Discipline Act 1957 apply (whether with or without any modifications).

45 Power to restrict reporting of criminal proceedings involving persons under 18

(1) This section applies (subject to subsection (2)) in relation to—

(a) any criminal proceedings in any court (other than a service court) in England and Wales or Northern Ireland; and

(b) any proceedings (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere) in any service court.

(2) This section does not apply in relation to any proceedings to which section 49 of the [1933 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1933 applies.

(3) The court may direct that no matter relating to any person concerned in the proceedings shall while he is under the age of 18 be included in any publication if it is likely to lead members of the public to identify him as a person concerned in the proceedings.

(4) The court or an appellate court may by direction (“an excepting direction”) dispense, to any extent specified in the excepting direction, with the restrictions imposed by a direction under subsection (3) if it is satisfied that it is necessary in the interests of justice to do so.

(5) The court or an appellate court may also by direction (“an excepting direction”) dispense, to any extent specified in the excepting direction, with the restrictions imposed by a direction under subsection (3) if it is satisfied—

(a) that their effect is to impose a substantial and unreasonable restriction on the reporting of the proceedings, and

(b) that it is in the public interest to remove or relax that restriction;

but no excepting direction shall be given under this subsection by reason only of the fact that the proceedings have been determined in any way or have been abandoned.

(6) When deciding whether to make—

(a) a direction under subsection (3) in relation to a person, or

(b) an excepting direction under subsection (4) or (5) by virtue of which the restrictions imposed by a direction under subsection (3) would be dispensed with (to any extent) in relation to a person,

the court or (as the case may be) the appellate court shall have regard to the welfare of that person.

(7) For the purposes of subsection (3) any reference to a person concerned in the proceedings is to a person—

(a) against or in respect of whom the proceedings are taken, or

(b) who is a witness in the proceedings.

(8) The matters relating to a person in relation to which the restrictions imposed by a direction under subsection (3) apply (if their inclusion in any publication is likely to have the result mentioned in that subsection) include in particular—

(a) his name,

(b) his address,

(c) the identity of any school or other educational establishment attended by him,

(d) the identity of any place of work, and

(e) any still or moving picture of him.

(9) A direction under subsection (3) may be revoked by the court or an appellate court.

(10) An excepting direction—

(a) may be given at the time the direction under subsection (3) is given or subsequently; and

(b) may be varied or revoked by the court or an appellate court.

(11) In this section “appellate court”, in relation to any proceedings in a court, means a court dealing with an appeal (including an appeal by way of case stated) arising out of the proceedings or with any further appeal.

Reports relating to adult witnesses

46 Power to restrict reports about certain adult witnesses in criminal proceedings

(1) This section applies where—

(a) in any criminal proceedings in any court (other than a service court) in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, or

(b) in any proceedings (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere) in any service court,

a party to the proceedings makes an application for the court to give a reporting direction in relation to a witness in the proceedings (other than the accused) who has attained the age of 18.

• In this section “reporting direction” has the meaning given by subsection (6).

(2) If the court determines—

(a) that the witness is eligible for protection, and

(b) that giving a reporting direction in relation to the witness is likely to improve—

(i) the quality of evidence given by the witness, or

(ii) the level of co-operation given by the witness to any party to the proceedings in connection with that party’s preparation of its case,

the court may give a reporting direction in relation to the witness.

(3) For the purposes of this section a witness is eligible for protection if the court is satisfied—

(a) that the quality of evidence given by the witness, or

(b) the level of co-operation given by the witness to any party to the proceedings in connection with that party’s preparation of its case,

is likely to be diminished by reason of fear or distress on the part of the witness in connection with being identified by members of the public as a witness in the proceedings.

(4) In determining whether a witness is eligible for protection the court must take into account, in particular—

(a) the nature and alleged circumstances of the offence to which the proceedings relate;

(b) the age of the witness;

(c) such of the following matters as appear to the court to be relevant, namely—

(i) the social and cultural background and ethnic origins of the witness,

(ii) the domestic and employment circumstances of the witness, and

(iii) any religious beliefs or political opinions of the witness;

(d) any behaviour towards the witness on the part of—

(i) the accused,

(ii) members of the family or associates of the accused, or

(iii) any other person who is likely to be an accused or a witness in the proceedings.

(5) In determining that question the court must in addition consider any views expressed by the witness.

(6) For the purposes of this section a reporting direction in relation to a witness is a direction that no matter relating to the witness shall during the witness’s lifetime be included in any publication if it is likely to lead members of the public to identify him as being a witness in the proceedings.

(7) The matters relating to a witness in relation to which the restrictions imposed by a reporting direction apply (if their inclusion in any publication is likely to have the result mentioned in subsection (6)) include in particular—

(a) the witness’s name,

(b) the witness’s address,

(c) the identity of any educational establishment attended by the witness,

(d) the identity of any place of work, and

(e) any still or moving picture of the witness.

(8) In determining whether to give a reporting direction the court shall consider—

(a) whether it would be in the interests of justice to do so, and

(b) the public interest in avoiding the imposition of a substantial and unreasonable restriction on the reporting of the proceedings.

(9) The court or an appellate court may by direction (“an excepting direction”) dispense, to any extent specified in the excepting direction, with the restrictions imposed by a reporting direction if—

(a) it is satisfied that it is necessary in the interests of justice to do so, or

(b) it is satisfied—

(i) that the effect of those restrictions is to impose a substantial and unreasonable restriction on the reporting of the proceedings, and

(ii) that it is in the public interest to remove or relax that restriction;

but no excepting direction shall be given under paragraph (b) by reason only of the fact that the proceedings have been determined in any way or have been abandoned.

(10) A reporting direction may be revoked by the court or an appellate court.

(11) An excepting direction—

(a) may be given at the time the reporting direction is given or subsequently; and

(b) may be varied or revoked by the court or an appellate court.

(12) In this section—

(a) “appellate court”, in relation to any proceedings in a court, means a court dealing with an appeal (including an appeal by way of case stated) arising out of the proceedings or with any further appeal;

(b) references to the quality of a witness’s evidence are to its quality in terms of completeness, coherence and accuracy (and for this purpose “coherence” refers to a witness’s ability in giving evidence to give answers which address the questions put to the witness and can be understood both individually and collectively);

(c) references to the preparation of the case of a party to any proceedings include, where the party is the prosecution, the carrying out of investigations into any offence at any time charged in the proceedings.

Reports relating to directions under Chapter I or II

47 Restrictions on reporting directions under Chapter I or II

(1) Except as provided by this section, no publication shall include a report of a matter falling within subsection (2).

(2) The matters falling within this subsection are—

(a) a direction under section 19 or 36 or an order discharging, or (in the case of a direction under section 19) varying, such a direction;

(b) proceedings—

(i) on an application for such a direction or order, or

(ii) where the court acts of its own motion to determine whether to give or make any such direction or order.

(3) The court dealing with a matter falling within subsection (2) may order that subsection (1) is not to apply, or is not to apply to a specified extent, to a report of that matter.

(4) Where—

(a) there is only one accused in the relevant proceedings, and

(b) he objects to the making of an order under subsection (3),

the court shall make the order if (and only if) satisfied after hearing the representations of the accused that it is in the interests of justice to do so; and if the order is made it shall not apply to the extent that a report deals with any such objections or representations.

(5) Where—

(a) there are two or more accused in the relevant proceedings, and

(b) one or more of them object to the making of an order under subsection (3),

the court shall make the order if (and only if) satisfied after hearing the representations of each of the accused that it is in the interests of justice to do so; and if the order is made it shall not apply to the extent that a report deals with any such objections or representations.

(6) Subsection (1) does not apply to the inclusion in a publication of a report of matters after the relevant proceedings are either—

(a) determined (by acquittal, conviction or otherwise), or

(b) abandoned,

in relation to the accused or (if there is more than one) in relation to each of the accused.

(7) In this section “the relevant proceedings” means the proceedings to which any such direction as is mentioned in subsection (2) relates or would relate.

(8) Nothing in this section affects any prohibition or restriction by virtue of any other enactment on the inclusion of matter in a publication.

Other restrictions

48 Amendments relating to other reporting restrictions

Schedule 2, which contains amendments relating to reporting restrictions under—

(a) the [1933 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1933,

(b) the [1976 c. 82.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976,

(c) the [S.I 1978/460 (N.I. 15).] Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1978,

(d) the [1992 c. 34.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992, and

(e) the [S.I. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15).] Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994,

shall have effect.

Offences

49 Offences under Chapter IV

(1) This section applies if a publication—

(a) includes any matter in contravention of section 44(2) or of a direction under section 45(3) or 46(2); or

(b) includes a report in contravention of section 47.

(2) Where the publication is a newspaper or periodical, any proprietor, any editor and any publisher of the newspaper or periodical is guilty of an offence.

(3) Where the publication is a relevant programme—

(a) any body corporate or Scottish partnership engaged in providing the programme service in which the programme is included, and

(b) any person having functions in relation to the programme corresponding to those of an editor of a newspaper,

is guilty of an offence.

(4) In the case of any other publication, any person publishing it is guilty of an offence.

(5) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.

(6) Proceedings for an offence under this section in respect of a publication falling within subsection (1)(b) may not be instituted—

(a) in England and Wales otherwise than by or with the consent of the Attorney General, or

(b) in Northern Ireland otherwise than by or with the consent of the Attorney General for Northern Ireland.

50 Defences

(1) Where a person is charged with an offence under section 49 it shall be a defence to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect, that the publication included the matter or report in question.

(2) Where—

(a) a person is charged with an offence under section 49, and

(b) the offence relates to the inclusion of any matter in a publication in contravention of section 44(2),

it shall be a defence to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect, that the criminal investigation in question had begun.

(3) Where—

(a) paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (2) apply, and

(b) the contravention of section 44(2) does not relate to either—

(i) the person by whom the offence mentioned in that provision is alleged to have been committed, or

(ii) (where that offence is one in relation to which section 1 of the [1992 c. 34.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992 applies) a person who is alleged to be a witness to the commission of the offence,

it shall be a defence to show to the satisfaction of the court that the inclusion in the publication of the matter in question was in the public interest on the ground that, to the extent that they operated to prevent that matter from being so included, the effect of the restrictions imposed by section 44(2) was to impose a substantial and unreasonable restriction on the reporting of matters connected with that offence.

(4) Subsection (5) applies where—

(a) paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (2) apply, and

(b) the contravention of section 44(2) relates to a person (“the protected person”) who is neither—

(i) the person mentioned in subsection (3)(b)(i), nor

(ii) a person within subsection (3)(b)(ii) who is under the age of 16.

(5) In such a case it shall be a defence, subject to subsection (6), to prove that written consent to the inclusion of the matter in question in the publication had been given—

(a) by an appropriate person, if at the time when the consent was given the protected person was under the age of 16, or

(b) by the protected person, if that person was aged 16 or 17 at that time,

and (where the consent was given by an appropriate person) that written notice had been previously given to that person drawing to his attention the need to consider the welfare of the protected person when deciding whether to give consent.

(6) The defence provided by subsection (5) is not available if—

(a) (where the consent was given by an appropriate person) it is proved that written or other notice withdrawing the consent—

(i) was given to the appropriate recipient by any other appropriate person or by the protected person, and

(ii) was so given in sufficient time to enable the inclusion in the publication of the matter in question to be prevented; or

(b) subsection (8) applies.

(7) Where—

(a) a person is charged with an offence under section 49, and

(b) the offence relates to the inclusion of any matter in a publication in contravention of a direction under section 46(2),

it shall be a defence, unless subsection (8) applies, to prove that the person in relation to whom the direction was given had given written consent to the inclusion of that matter in the publication.

(8) Written consent is not a defence if it is proved that any person interfered—

(a) with the peace or comfort of the person giving the consent, or

(b) (where the consent was given by an appropriate person) with the peace or comfort of either that person or the protected person,

with intent to obtain the consent.

(9) In this section—

• “an appropriate person” means (subject to subsections (10) to (12))—

  (a)

  in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, a person who is a parent or guardian of the protected person, or

  (b)

  in Scotland, a person who has parental responsibilities (within the meaning of section 1(3) of the [1995 c. 36.] Children (Scotland) Act 1995) in relation to the protected person;

• “guardian”, in relation to the protected person, means any person who is not a parent of the protected person but who has parental responsibility for the protected person within the meaning of—

  (a)

  (in England and Wales) the [1989 c. 41.] Children Act 1989, or

  (b)

  (in Northern Ireland) the [S.I. 1995/755 (N.I. 2.).] Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995.

(10) Where the protected person is (within the meaning of the Children Act 1989) a child who is looked after by a local authority, “an appropriate person” means a person who is—

(a) a representative of that authority, or

(b) a parent or guardian of the protected person with whom the protected person is allowed to live.

(11) Where the protected person is (within the meaning of the [S.I. 1995/755 (N.I. 2.).] Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995) a child who is looked after by an authority, “an appropriate person” means a person who is—

(a) an officer of that authority, or

(b) a parent or guardian of the protected person with whom the protected person is allowed to live.

(12) Where the protected person is (within the meaning of section 17(6) of the [1995 c. 36.] Children (Scotland) Act 1995) a child who is looked after by a local authority, “an appropriate person” means a person who is—

(a) a representative of that authority, or

(b) a person who has parental responsibilities (within the meaning of section 1(3) of that Act) in relation to the protected person and with whom the protected person is allowed to live.

(13) However, no person by whom the offence mentioned in section 44(2) is alleged to have been committed is, by virtue of subsections (9) to (12), an appropriate person for the purposes of this section.

(14) In this section “the appropriate recipient”, in relation to a notice under subsection (6)(a), means—

(a) the person to whom the notice giving consent was given,

(b) (if different) the person by whom the matter in question was published, or

(c) any other person exercising, on behalf of the person mentioned in paragraph (b), any responsibility in relation to the publication of that matter;

and for this purpose “person” includes a body of persons and a partnership.

51 Offences committed by bodies corporate or Scottish partnerships

(1) If an offence under section 49 committed by a body corporate is proved—

(a) to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or

(b) to be attributable to any neglect on the part of,

an officer, the officer as well as the body corporate is guilty of the offence and liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

(2) In subsection (1) “officer” means a director, manager, secretary or other similar officer of the body, or a person purporting to act in any such capacity.

(3) If the affairs of a body corporate are managed by its members, “director” in subsection (2) means a member of that body.

(4) Where an offence under section 49 is committed by a Scottish partnership and is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of a partner, he as well as the partnership shall be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

Supplementary

52 Decisions as to public interest for purposes of Chapter IV

(1) Where for the purposes of any provision of this Chapter it falls to a court to determine whether anything is (or, as the case may be, was) in the public interest, the court must have regard, in particular, to the matters referred to in subsection (2) (so far as relevant).

(2) Those matters are—

(a) the interest in each of the following—

(i) the open reporting of crime,

(ii) the open reporting of matters relating to human health or safety, and

(iii) the prevention and exposure of miscarriages of justice;

(b) the welfare of any person in relation to whom the relevant restrictions imposed by or under this Chapter apply or would apply (or, as the case may be, applied); and

(c) any views expressed—

(i) by an appropriate person on behalf of a person within paragraph (b) who is under the age of 16 (“the protected person”), or

(ii) by a person within that paragraph who has attained that age.

(3) In subsection (2) “an appropriate person”, in relation to the protected person, has the same meaning as it has for the purposes of section 50.

Chapter V Competence of witnesses and capacity to be sworn

Competence of witnesses

53 Competence of witnesses to give evidence

(1) At every stage in criminal proceedings all persons are (whatever their age) competent to give evidence.

(2) Subsection (1) has effect subject to subsections (3) and (4).

(3) A person is not competent to give evidence in criminal proceedings if it appears to the court that he is not a person who is able to—

(a) understand questions put to him as a witness, and

(b) give answers to them which can be understood.

(4) A person charged in criminal proceedings is not competent to give evidence in the proceedings for the prosecution (whether he is the only person, or is one of two or more persons, charged in the proceedings).

(5) In subsection (4) the reference to a person charged in criminal proceedings does not include a person who is not, or is no longer, liable to be convicted of any offence in the proceedings (whether as a result of pleading guilty or for any other reason).

54 Determining competence of witnesses

(1) Any question whether a witness in criminal proceedings is competent to give evidence in the proceedings, whether raised—

(a) by a party to the proceedings, or

(b) by the court of its own motion,

shall be determined by the court in accordance with this section.

(2) It is for the party calling the witness to satisfy the court that, on a balance of probabilities, the witness is competent to give evidence in the proceedings.

(3) In determining the question mentioned in subsection (1) the court shall treat the witness as having the benefit of any directions under section 19 which the court has given, or proposes to give, in relation to the witness.

(4) Any proceedings held for the determination of the question shall take place in the absence of the jury (if there is one).

(5) Expert evidence may be received on the question.

(6) Any questioning of the witness (where the court considers that necessary) shall be conducted by the court in the presence of the parties.

Giving of sworn or unsworn evidence

55 Determining whether witness to be sworn

(1) Any question whether a witness in criminal proceedings may be sworn for the purpose of giving evidence on oath, whether raised—

(a) by a party to the proceedings, or

(b) by the court of its own motion,

shall be determined by the court in accordance with this section.

(2) The witness may not be sworn for that purpose unless—

(a) he has attained the age of 14, and

(b) he has a sufficient appreciation of the solemnity of the occasion and of the particular responsibility to tell the truth which is involved in taking an oath.

(3) The witness shall, if he is able to give intelligible testimony, be presumed to have a sufficient appreciation of those matters if no evidence tending to show the contrary is adduced (by any party).

(4) If any such evidence is adduced, it is for the party seeking to have the witness sworn to satisfy the court that, on a balance of probabilities, the witness has attained the age of 14 and has a sufficient appreciation of the matters mentioned in subsection (2)(b).

(5) Any proceedings held for the determination of the question mentioned in subsection (1) shall take place in the absence of the jury (if there is one).

(6) Expert evidence may be received on the question.

(7) Any questioning of the witness (where the court considers that necessary) shall be conducted by the court in the presence of the parties.

(8) For the purposes of this section a person is able to give intelligible testimony if he is able to—

(a) understand questions put to him as a witness, and

(b) give answers to them which can be understood.

56 Reception of unsworn evidence

(1) Subsections (2) and (3) apply to a person (of any age) who—

(a) is competent to give evidence in criminal proceedings, but

(b) (by virtue of section 55(2)) is not permitted to be sworn for the purpose of giving evidence on oath in such proceedings.

(2) The evidence in criminal proceedings of a person to whom this subsection applies shall be given unsworn.

(3) A deposition of unsworn evidence given by a person to whom this subsection applies may be taken for the purposes of criminal proceedings as if that evidence had been given on oath.

(4) A court in criminal proceedings shall accordingly receive in evidence any evidence given unsworn in pursuance of subsection (2) or (3).

(5) Where a person (“the witness”) who is competent to give evidence in criminal proceedings gives evidence in such proceedings unsworn, no conviction, verdict or finding in those proceedings shall be taken to be unsafe for the purposes of any of sections 2(1), 13(1) and 16(1) of the [1968 c. 19.] Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (grounds for allowing appeals) by reason only that it appears to the Court of Appeal that the witness was a person falling within section 55(2) (and should accordingly have given his evidence on oath).

57 Penalty for giving false unsworn evidence

(1) This section applies where a person gives unsworn evidence in criminal proceedings in pursuance of section 56(2) or (3).

(2) If such a person wilfully gives false evidence in such circumstances that, had the evidence been given on oath, he would have been guilty of perjury, he shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to—

(a) imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months, or

(b) a fine not exceeding £1,000,

or both.

(3) In relation to a person under the age of 14, subsection (2) shall have effect as if for the words following “on summary conviction” there were substituted “to a fine not exceeding £250”.

Chapter VI Restrictions on use of evidence

Additional restrictions

58 Inferences from silence not permissible where no prior access to legal advice

(1) Sections 34 and 36 to 38 of the [1994 c. 33.] Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (inferences from accused’s silence) shall be amended as follows.

(2) In section 34 (effect of accused’s failure to mention facts when questioned or charged), after subsection (2) there shall be inserted—

“(2A) Where the accused was at an authorised place of detention at the time of the failure, subsections (1) and (2) above do not apply if he had not been allowed an opportunity to consult a solicitor prior to being questioned, charged or informed as mentioned in subsection (1) above.”

(3) In section 36 (effect of accused’s failure or refusal to account for objects, substances or marks), after subsection (4) there shall be inserted—

“(4A) Where the accused was at an authorised place of detention at the time of the failure or refusal, subsections (1) and (2) above do not apply if he had not been allowed an opportunity to consult a solicitor prior to the request being made.”

(4) In section 37 (effect of accused’s failure or refusal to account for presence at a particular place), after subsection (3) there shall be inserted—

“(3A) Where the accused was at an authorised place of detention at the time of the failure or refusal, subsections (1) and (2) do not apply if he had not been allowed an opportunity to consult a solicitor prior to the request being made.”

(5) In section 38 (interpretation), after subsection (2) there shall be inserted—

“(2A) In each of sections 34(2A), 36(4A) and 37(3A) “authorised place of detention” means—

(a) a police station; or

(b) any other place prescribed for the purposes of that provision by order made by the Secretary of State;

and the power to make an order under this subsection shall be exercisable by statutory instrument which shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.”

59 Restriction on use of answers etc. obtained under compulsion

Schedule 3, which amends enactments providing for the use of answers and statements given under compulsion so as to restrict in criminal proceedings their use in evidence against the persons giving them, shall have effect.

Removal of restriction

60 Removal of restriction on use of evidence from computer records

Section 69 of the [1984 c. 60.] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (evidence from computer records inadmissible unless conditions relating to proper use and operation of computer shown to be satisfied) shall cease to have effect.

Chapter VII General

61 Application of Part II to service courts

(1) The Secretary of State may by order direct that any provision of—

(a) Chapters I to III and V, or

(b) sections 62, 63 and 65 so far as having effect for the purposes of any of those Chapters,

shall apply, subject to such modifications as he may specify, to any proceedings before a service court.

(2) Chapter IV (and sections 62, 63 and 65 so far as having effect for the purposes of that Chapter) shall have effect for the purposes of proceedings before a service court subject to any modifications which the Secretary of State may by order specify.

(3) The power to make an order under section 39 of the [1994 c. 33.] Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (power to apply sections 34 to 38 to the armed forces) in relation to any provision of sections 34 to 38 of that Act shall be exercisable in relation to any provision of those sections as amended by section 58 above.

62 Meaning of “sexual offence” and other references to offences

(1) In this Part “sexual offence” means—

(a) rape or burglary with intent to rape;

(b) an offence under any of sections 2 to 12 and 14 to 17 of the [1956 c. 69.] Sexual Offences Act 1956 (unlawful intercourse, indecent assault, forcible abduction etc.);

(c) an offence under section 128 of the [1959 c. 72.] Mental Health Act 1959 (unlawful intercourse with person receiving treatment for mental disorder by member of hospital staff etc.);

(d) an offence under section 1 of the [1960 c. 33.] Indecency with Children Act 1960 (indecent conduct towards child under 14);

(e) an offence under section 54 of the [1977 c. 45.] Criminal Law Act 1977 (incitement of child under 16 to commit incest).

(2) In this Part any reference (including a reference having effect by virtue of this subsection) to an offence of any description (“the substantive offence”) is to be taken to include a reference to an offence which consists of attempting or conspiring to commit, or of aiding, abetting, counselling, procuring or inciting the commission of, the substantive offence.

63 General interpretation etc. of Part II

(1) In this Part (except where the context otherwise requires)—

• “accused”, in relation to any criminal proceedings, means any person charged with an offence to which the proceedings relate (whether or not he has been convicted);

• “the complainant”, in relation to any offence (or alleged offence), means a person against or in relation to whom the offence was (or is alleged to have been) committed;

• “court” (except in Chapter IV or V or subsection (2)) means a magistrates' court, the Crown Court or the criminal division of the Court of Appeal;

• “legal representative” means any authorised advocate or authorised litigator (as defined by section 119(1) of the [1990 c. 41.] Courts and Legal Services Act 1990);

• “picture” includes a likeness however produced;

• “the prosecutor” means any person acting as prosecutor, whether an individual or body;

• “publication” includes any speech, writing, relevant programme or other communication in whatever form, which is addressed to the public at large or any section of the public (and for this purpose every relevant programme shall be taken to be so addressed), but does not include an indictment or other document prepared for use in particular legal proceedings;

• “relevant programme” means a programme included in a programme service, within the meaning of the [1990 c. 42.] Broadcasting Act 1990;

• “service court” means—

  (a)

  a court-martial constituted under the [1955 c. 18.] Army Act 1955, the [1955 c. 19.] Air Force Act 1955 or the [1957 c. 53.] Naval Discipline Act 1957 or a disciplinary court constituted under section 52G of the Naval Discipline Act 1957,

  (b)

  the Courts-Martial Appeal Court, or

  (c)

  a Standing Civilian Court;

• “video recording” means any recording, on any medium, from which a moving image may by any means be produced, and includes the accompanying sound-track;

• “witness”, in relation to any criminal proceedings, means any person called, or proposed to be called, to give evidence in the proceedings.

(2) Nothing in this Part shall affect any power of a court to exclude evidence at its discretion (whether by preventing questions being put or otherwise) which is exercisable apart from this Part.

Part III Final provisions

64 Regulations and orders

(1) Any power of the Secretary of State to make any regulations or order under this Act shall be exercised by statutory instrument.

(2) A statutory instrument containing any regulations or order under section 6(4) or 61(1) or (2) shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

(3) No regulations or order shall be made under—

(a) section 2(3), 18(5), 42(2) or 44(5), or

(b) paragraph 13(8) of Schedule 1,

unless a draft of the regulations or order has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, each House of Parliament.

(4) Any regulations or order made by the Secretary of State under this Act may make different provision for different cases, circumstances or areas and may contain such incidental, supplemental, saving or transitional provisions as the Secretary of State thinks fit.

65 General supplementary provisions

(1) Rules of court may make such provision as appears to the authority making them to be necessary or expedient for the purposes of this Act (and nothing in this Act shall be taken to affect the generality of any enactment conferring power to make such rules).

(2) In this Act “rules of court” means—

(a) Magistrates' Courts Rules;

(b) Crown Court Rules;

(c) Criminal Appeal Rules.

(3) For the purposes of this Act the age of a person shall be taken to be that which it appears to the court to be after considering any available evidence.

66 Corresponding provisions for Northern Ireland

(1) An Order in Council under section 85 of the [1998 c. 47.] Northern Ireland Act 1998 (provision dealing with certain reserved matters) which contains a statement that it is made only for purposes corresponding to the purposes of any of the relevant provisions of this Act—

(a) shall not be subject to the procedures set out in subsections (3) to (8) of that section; but

(b) shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

(2) In subsection (1) “the relevant provisions of this Act” means—

(a) Chapters I to III of Part II;

(b) section 47;

(c) sections 49 to 51 so far as having effect for the purposes of section 47;

(d) Chapters V to VII of Part II (other than section 59); and

(e) this Part.

(3) Until the day appointed under section 3 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 for the commencement of Parts II and III of that Act, this section shall have effect with the substitution for subsection (1) of the following—

“(1) An Order in Council under paragraph 1(1)(b) of Schedule 1 to the [1974 c. 28.] Northern Ireland Act 1974 (legislation for Northern Ireland in the interim period) which contains a statement that it is made only for purposes corresponding to the purposes of any of the relevant provisions of this Act—

(a) shall not be subject to paragraph 1(4) and (5) of that Schedule (affirmative resolution of both Houses of Parliament), but

(b) shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.”

67 Minor, consequential and pre-consolidation amendments, repeals and transitional provisions

(1) The minor and consequential amendments specified in Schedule 4 shall have effect.

(2) Schedule 5 (which contains pre-consolidation amendments relating to youth justice) shall have effect.

(3) The enactments specified in Schedule 6 (which include certain spent enactments) are repealed or revoked to the extent specified.

(4) The transitional provisions and savings in Schedule 7 shall have effect.

68 Short title, commencement and extent

(1) This Act may be cited as the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999.

(2) For the purposes of the [1998 c. 46.] Scotland Act 1998, any provision of this Act which extends to Scotland shall be taken to be a pre-commencement enactment within the meaning of that Act.

(3) Subject to subsection (4), this Act shall not come into force until such day as the Secretary of State may by order appoint; and different days may be appointed for different purposes or different areas.

(4) The following provisions come into force on the day on which this Act is passed—

(a) section 6(4);

(b) the provisions of Chapters I to IV of Part II for the purpose only of the exercise of any power to make rules of court;

(c) section 40(1);

(d) sections 58(5) and 61(2) for the purpose only of the exercise of any power to make an order;

(e) section 61(1) and (3), sections 62 to 66 and this section.

(5) Subject to subsections (6) to (9) this Act extends to England and Wales only.

(6) Subject to subsection (9), the following provisions extend also to Scotland and Northern Ireland—

(a) the provisions of Chapter IV of Part II and section 63 so far as having effect for the purposes of those provisions;

(b) the provisions of paragraph 6 of Schedule 7 and paragraph 1 of that Schedule so far as having effect for the purposes of those provisions; and

(c) sections 59, 61 and 64 and this section.

(7) Paragraph 3(4) of Schedule 1 extends also to Scotland.

(8) Section 66 extends to Northern Ireland only.

(9) The extent of any amendment, repeal or revocation made by this Act is the same as that of the enactment amended, repealed or revoked, except that—

(a) the amendments made by Schedule 2 in section 49 of the [1933 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1933 and in the [1992 c. 34.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992 extend to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland;

(b) the repeal by Schedule 6 of section 62 of the [1996 c. 25.] Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 does not extend to Northern Ireland.

(10) The following provisions, namely—

(a) Chapter IV of Part II, so far as it relates to proceedings before a service court (within the meaning of Part II), and

(b) section 61,

apply to such proceedings wherever they may take place (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere).

SCHEDULES

Section 13.

SCHEDULE 1 Youth offender panels: further court proceedings

Part I Referral back to appropriate court

Introductory

1 (1) This Part of this Schedule applies where a youth offender panel refers an offender back to the appropriate court under section 7(2), 10(2) or (3), 11(5), (8) or (10) or 12(4).

(2) For the purposes of this Part of this Schedule and the provisions mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) the appropriate court is—

(a) in the case of an offender under the age of 18 at the time when (in pursuance of the referral back) he first appears before the court, a youth court acting for the petty sessions area in which it appears to the youth offender panel that the offender resides or will reside; and

(b) otherwise, a magistrates' court (other than a youth court) acting for that area.

Mode of referral back to court

2 The panel shall make the referral by sending a report to the appropriate court explaining why the offender is being referred back to it.

Bringing the offender before the court

3 (1) Where the appropriate court receives such a report, the court shall cause the offender to appear before it.

(2) For the purpose of securing the attendance of the offender before the court, a justice acting for the petty sessions area for which the court acts may—

(a) issue a summons requiring the offender to appear at the place and time specified in it, or

(b) if the report is substantiated on oath, issue a warrant for the offender’s arrest.

(3) Any summons or warrant issued under sub-paragraph (2) shall direct the offender to appear or be brought before the appropriate court.

(4) Section 4 of the [1881 c. 24.] Summary Jurisdiction (Process) Act 1881 (execution of process of English courts in Scotland) shall apply to any process issued under sub-paragraph (2) as it applies to process issued under the [1980 c. 43.] Magistrates' Courts Act 1980.

Detention and remand of arrested offender

4 (1) Where the offender is arrested in pursuance of a warrant under paragraph 3(2) and cannot be brought immediately before the appropriate court—

(a) the person in whose custody he is may make arrangements for his detention in a place of safety (within the meaning given by section 107(1) of the [1933 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1933) for a period of not more than 72 hours from the time of the arrest (and it shall be lawful for him to be detained in pursuance of the arrangements); and

(b) that person shall within that period bring him before a court which—

(i) if he is under the age of 18 when he is brought before the court, shall be a youth court, and

(ii) if he has then attained that age, shall be a magistrates' court other than a youth court.

(2) Sub-paragraphs (3) to (5) apply where the court before which the offender is brought under sub-paragraph (1)(b) (“the alternative court”) is not the appropriate court.

(3) The alternative court may direct that he is to be released forthwith or remand him.

(4) Section 128 of the [1980 c. 43.] Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (remand in custody or on bail) shall have effect where the alternative court has power under sub-paragraph (3) to remand the offender as if the court referred to in subsections (1)(a), (3), (4)(a) and (5) were the appropriate court.

(5) That section shall have effect where the alternative court has power to so remand him, or the appropriate court has (by virtue of sub-paragraph (4)) power to further remand him, as if in subsection (1) there were inserted after paragraph (c) “or

(d) if he is under the age of 18, remand him to accommodation provided by or on behalf of a local authority (within the meaning of the [1989 c. 41.] Children Act 1989) and, if it does so, shall designate as the authority who are to receive him the local authority for the area in which it appears to the court that he resides or will reside;”.

Power of court where it upholds panel’s decision

5 (1) If it is proved to the satisfaction of the appropriate court as regards any decision of the panel which resulted in the offender being referred back to the court—

(a) that, so far as the decision relied on any finding of fact by the panel, the panel was entitled to make that finding in the circumstances, and

(b) that, so far as the decision involved any exercise of discretion by the panel, the panel reasonably exercised that discretion in the circumstances,

the court may exercise the power conferred by sub-paragraph (2).

(2) That power is a power to revoke the referral order (or each of the referral orders).

(3) The revocation under sub-paragraph (2) of a referral order has the effect of revoking any related order under paragraph 11 or 12.

(4) Where any order is revoked under sub-paragraph (2) or by virtue of sub-paragraph (3), the appropriate court may deal with the offender in accordance with sub-paragraph (5) for the offence in respect of which the revoked order was made.

(5) In so dealing with the offender for such an offence, the appropriate court—

(a) may deal with him in any manner in which (assuming section 1 had not applied) he could have been dealt with for that offence by the court which made the order; and

(b) shall have regard to—

(i) the circumstances of his referral back to the court; and

(ii) where a contract has taken effect under section 8 between the offender and the panel, the extent of his compliance with the terms of the contract.

(6) The appropriate court may not exercise the powers conferred by sub-paragraph (2) or (4) unless the offender is present before it; but those powers are exercisable even if, in a case where a contract has taken effect under section 8, the period for which the contract has effect has expired (whether before or after the referral of the offender back to the court).

(7) Where, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-paragraph (4), the appropriate court deals with the offender for an offence by committing him to the Crown Court for sentence, sub-paragraph (5) applies in relation to his being dealt with by the Crown Court, but as if—

(a) the reference to the appropriate court were to the Crown Court; and

(b) the reference in paragraph (b)(i) to the court were to the appropriate court.

Appeal

6 Where the court in exercise of the power conferred by paragraph 5(4) deals with the offender for an offence, the offender may appeal to the Crown Court against the sentence.

Court not revoking referral order or orders

7 (1) This paragraph applies—

(a) where the appropriate court decides that the matters mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of paragraph 5(1) have not been proved to its satisfaction; or

(b) where, although by virtue of paragraph 5(1) the appropriate court—

(i) is able to exercise the power conferred by paragraph 5(2), or

(ii) would be able to do so if the offender were present before it,

the court (for any reason) decides not to exercise that power.

(2) If either—

(a) no contract has taken effect under section 8 between the offender and the panel, or

(b) a contract has taken effect under that section but the period for which it has effect has not expired,

the offender shall continue to remain subject to the referral order (or orders) in all respects as if he had not been referred back to the court.

(3) If—

(a) a contract had taken effect under section 8, but

(b) the period for which it has effect has expired (otherwise than by virtue of section 9(6)),

the court shall make an order declaring that the referral order (or each of the referral orders) is discharged.

Exception where court satisfied as to completion of contract

8 If, in a case where the offender is referred back to the court under section 12(4), the court decides (contrary to the decision of the panel) that the offender’s compliance with the terms of the contract has, or will have, been such as to justify the conclusion that he has satisfactorily completed the contract, the court shall make an order declaring that the referral order (or each of the referral orders) is discharged.

Discharge of extension orders

9 The discharge under paragraph 7(3) or 8 of a referral order has the effect of discharging any related order under paragraph 11 or 12.

Part II Further convictions during referral

Extension of referral for further offences

10 (1) Paragraphs 11 and 12 apply where, at a time when an offender under the age of 18 is subject to referral, a youth court or other magistrates' court (“the relevant court”) is dealing with him for an offence in relation to which paragraphs (a) to (c) of section 1(1) are applicable.

(2) But paragraphs 11 and 12 do not apply unless the offender’s compliance period is less than 12 months.

Extension where further offences committed pre-referral

11. If—

(a) the occasion on which the offender was referred to the panel is the only other occasion on which it has fallen to a court in the United Kingdom to deal with the offender for any offence or offences, and

(b) the offender committed the offence mentioned in paragraph 10, and any associated offence, before he was referred to the panel,

the relevant court may sentence the offender for the offence by making an order extending his compliance period.

Extension where further offence committed after referral

12 (1) If—

(a) paragraph 11(a) applies, but

(b) the offender committed the offence mentioned in paragraph 10, or any associated offence, after he was referred to the panel,

the relevant court may sentence the offender for the offence by making an order extending his compliance period, but only if the requirements of sub-paragraph (2) are complied with.

(2) Those requirements are that the court must—

(a) be satisfied, on the basis of a report made to it by the relevant body, that there are exceptional circumstances which indicate that, even though the offender has re-offended since being referred to the panel, extending his compliance period is likely to help prevent further re-offending by him; and

(b) state in open court that it is so satisfied and why it is.

(3) In sub-paragraph (2) “the relevant body” means the panel to which the offender has been referred or, if no contract has yet taken effect between the offender and the panel under section 8, the specified team.

Provisions supplementary to paragraphs 11 and 12

13 (1) An order under paragraph 11 or 12, or two or more orders under one or other of those paragraphs made in respect of associated offences, must not so extend the offender’s compliance period as to cause it to exceed twelve months.

(2) Sub-paragraphs (3) to (5) apply where the relevant court makes an order under paragraph 11 or 12 in respect of the offence mentioned in paragraph 10; but sub-paragraphs (3) to (5) do not affect the exercise of any power to deal with the offender conferred by paragraph 5 or 14.

(3) The relevant court may not deal with the offender for that offence in any of the prohibited ways specified in section 4(4).

(4) The relevant court—

(a) shall, in respect of any associated offence, either—

(i) sentence the offender by making an order under the same paragraph, or

(ii) make an order discharging him absolutely; and

(b) may not deal with the offender for any associated offence in any of those prohibited ways.

(5) The relevant court may not, in connection with the conviction of the offender for the offence or any associated offence, make any such order as is mentioned in section 4(5).

(6) For the purposes of paragraphs 11 and 12 any occasion on which the offender was discharged absolutely in respect of the offence, or each of the offences, for which he was being dealt with shall be disregarded.

(7) Any occasion on which, in criminal proceedings in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, the offender was bound over to keep the peace or to be of good behaviour shall be regarded for those purposes as an occasion on which it fell to a court in the United Kingdom to deal with the offender for an offence.

(8) The Secretary of State may by regulations make such amendments of paragraphs 10 to 12 and this paragraph as he considers appropriate for altering in any way the descriptions of offenders in the case of which an order extending the compliance period may be made; and subsection (4) of section 2 shall apply in relation to regulations under this sub-paragraph as it applies in relation to regulations under subsection (3) of that section.

Further convictions which lead to revocation of referral

14 (1) This paragraph applies where, at a time when an offender is subject to referral, a court in England and Wales deals with him for an offence (whether committed before or after he was referred to the panel) by making an order other than—

(a) an order under paragraph 11 or 12, or

(b) an order discharging him absolutely.

(2) In such a case the order of the court shall have the effect of revoking—

(a) the referral order (or orders), and

(b) any related order or orders under paragraph 11 or 12.

(3) Where any order is revoked by virtue of sub-paragraph (2), the court may, if appears to the court that it would be in the interests of justice to do so, deal with the offender for the offence in respect of which the revoked order was made in any manner in which (assuming section 1 had not applied) he could have been dealt with for that offence by the court which made the order.

(4) When dealing with the offender under sub-paragraph (3) the court shall, where a contract has taken effect between the offender and the panel under section 8, have regard to the extent of his compliance with the terms of the contract.

(5) Where, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-paragraph (3), a magistrates' court deals with the offender for an offence by committing him to the Crown Court for sentence, the Crown Court—

(a) may deal with him for the offence in any manner in which (assuming section 1 had not applied) he could have been dealt with for that offence by the court which made the revoked order; and

(b) shall, where a contract has taken effect as mentioned in sub-paragraph (4), have regard to the extent of his compliance with the terms of the contract.

Interpretation

15 (1) For the purposes of this Part of this Schedule an offender is for the time being subject to referral if—

(a) a referral order has been made in respect of him and that order has not, or

(b) two or more referral orders have been made in respect of him and any of those orders has not,

been discharged (whether by virtue of section 12(3) or under paragraph 7(3) or 8) or revoked (whether under paragraph 5(2) or by virtue of paragraph 14(2)).

(2) In this Part of this Schedule “compliance period”, in relation to an offender who is for the time being subject to referral, means the period for which (in accordance with section 9) any youth offender contract taking effect in his case under section 8 has (or would have) effect.

Section 48.

SCHEDULE 2 Reporting restrictions: miscellaneous amendments

Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (c. 12)

1 The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 has effect subject to the following amendments.

2 (1) In section 39 (power of court in any proceedings to restrict reporting about children and young persons concerned in the proceedings), after subsection (2) insert—

“(3) In this section “proceedings” means proceedings other than criminal proceedings.”

(2) Sub-paragraph (1) shall not affect the continued operation of section 39 in relation to any criminal proceedings instituted (within the meaning given by paragraph 1(2) of Schedule 7 to this Act) before the day on which sub-paragraph (1) comes into force.

3 (1) Section 49 (restrictions on reports of proceedings in which children or young persons concerned) is amended as follows.

(2) For subsection (1) substitute—

“(1) No matter relating to any child or young person concerned in proceedings to which this section applies shall while he is under the age of 18 be included in any publication if it is likely to lead members of the public to identify him as someone concerned in the proceedings.”

(3) For subsection (3) substitute—

“(3) In this section “publication” includes any speech, writing, relevant programme or other communication in whatever form, which is addressed to the public at large or any section of the public (and for this purpose every relevant programme shall be taken to be so addressed), but does not include an indictment or other document prepared for use in particular legal proceedings.

(3A) The matters relating to a person in relation to which the restrictions imposed by subsection (1) above apply (if their inclusion in any publication is likely to have the result mentioned in that subsection) include in particular—

(a) his name,

(b) his address,

(c) the identity of any school or other educational establishment attended by him,

(d) the identity of any place of work, and

(e) any still or moving picture of him.”

(4) In subsection (4), for the words from “whether as being” onwards substitute “if he is—

(a) a person against or in respect of whom the proceedings are taken, or

(b) a person called, or proposed to be called, to give evidence in the proceedings.”

(5) In subsection (4A), for “requirements of this section” substitute “restrictions imposed by subsection (1) above”.

(6) In subsection (8), after “subsection” insert “(4A) or”.

(7) For subsection (9) substitute—

“(9) If a publication includes any matter in contravention of subsection (1) above, the following persons shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale—

(a) where the publication is a newspaper or periodical, any proprietor, any editor and any publisher of the newspaper or periodical;

(b) where the publication is a relevant programme—

(i) any body corporate or Scottish partnership engaged in providing the programme service in which the programme is included; and

(ii) any person having functions in relation to the programme corresponding to those of an editor of a newspaper;

(c) in the case of any other publication, any person publishing it.

(9A) Where a person is charged with an offence under subsection (9) above it shall be a defence to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect, that the publication included the matter in question.

(9B) If an offence under subsection (9) above committed by a body corporate is proved—

(a) to have been committed with the consent or connivance of, or

(b) to be attributable to any neglect on the part of,

an officer, the officer as well as the body corporate is guilty of the offence and liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

(9C) In subsection (9B) above “officer” means a director, manager, secretary or other similar officer of the body, or a person purporting to act in any such capacity.

(9D) If the affairs of a body corporate are managed by its members, “director” in subsection (9C) above means a member of that body.

(9E) Where an offence under subsection (9) above is committed by a Scottish partnership and is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of a partner, he as well as the partnership shall be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.”

(8) In subsection (11), for the definition of “programme” and “programme service” substitute—

““picture” includes a likeness however produced;

“relevant programme” means a programme included in a programme service, within the meaning of the [1990 c. 42.] Broadcasting Act 1990;”.

(9) After subsection (11) insert—

“(12) This section extends to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, but no reference in this section to any court includes a court in Scotland.

(13) In its application to Northern Ireland, this section has effect as if—

(a) in subsection (1) for the reference to the age of 18 there were substituted a reference to the age of 17;

(b) subsection (2)(c) and (d) were omitted;

(c) in subsection (4A)—

(i) in paragraph (d) for the reference to section 16(3) of the [1982 c. 48.] Criminal Justice Act 1982 there were substituted a reference to Article 50(3) of the [S.I. 1998/1504 (N.I. 9).] Criminal Justice (Children) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998; and

(ii) in paragraph (e) for the references to a detention and training order and to section 76(6)(b) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 there were substituted references to a juvenile justice centre order and to Article 40(2) of the [1998 c. 37.] Criminal Justice (Children) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998;

(d) in subsection (5) for references to a court (other than the reference in paragraph (b)) there were substituted references to a court or the Secretary of State;

(e) in subsection (7)—

(i) for the references to the Director of Public Prosecutions there were substituted references to the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland; and

(ii) in paragraph (b) for the reference to any legal representative of the child or young person there were substituted a reference to any barrister or solicitor acting for the child or young person;

(f) subsections (8) and (10) were omitted; and

(g) in subsection (11)—

(i) the definition of “legal representative” were omitted; and

(ii) for the references to section 31(1) of the [1991 c. 53.] Criminal Justice Act 1991 there were substituted references to Article 2(2) of the [S.I. 1996/3160 (N.I. 24).] Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1996.

(14) References in this section to a young person concerned in proceedings are, where the proceedings are in a court in Northern Ireland, to a person who has attained the age of 14 but is under the age of 17.”

(10) The amendments made by this paragraph do not apply to the inclusion of matter in a publication if—

(a) where the publication is a relevant programme, it is transmitted, or

(b) in the case of any other publication, it is published,

before the coming into force of this paragraph.

Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 (c. 82)

4 (1) The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 has effect subject to the following amendments.

(2) Omit sections 4 and 5 (which provide for the anonymity of complainants in rape etc. cases and are superseded by the amendments made by this Schedule to the [1992 c. 34.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992).

(3) In section 7(6) (extent), for the words after “Scotland” substitute “or Northern Ireland.”

Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1978 (N.I.15)

5 In the [S.I. 1978/460.] Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1978, omit Articles 6 and 7 (which provide for the anonymity of complainants in rape offence cases and are superseded by the amendments made by this Schedule to the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992).

Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992 (c. 34)

6 The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992 has effect subject to the following amendments.

7 (1) Section 1 (anonymity of victims of certain sexual offences) is amended as follows.

(2) In subsection (1), for the words from “neither the name” to the end of paragraph (b) substitute “no matter relating to that person shall during that person’s lifetime be included in any publication”.

(3) In subsection (2), for the words after “complainant’s lifetime” substitute “be included in any publication.”

(4) For subsection (3) substitute—

“(3) This section—

(a) does not apply in relation to a person by virtue of subsection (1) at any time after a person has been accused of the offence, and

(b) in its application in relation to a person by virtue of subsection (2), has effect subject to any direction given under section 3.

(3A) The matters relating to a person in relation to which the restrictions imposed by subsection (1) or (2) apply (if their inclusion in any publication is likely to have the result mentioned in that subsection) include in particular—

(a) the person’s name,

(b) the person’s address,

(c) the identity of any school or other educational establishment attended by the person,

(d) the identity of any place of work, and

(e) any still or moving picture of the person.”

(5) In subsection (4), for “publication or inclusion in a relevant programme” substitute “inclusion in a publication”.

8 (1) Section 2 (offences to which Act applies) is amended as follows.

(2) In subsection (1), after “This Act applies to the following offences” insert “against the law of England and Wales—

(aa) rape;

(ab) burglary with intent to rape;”.

(3) In subsection (1)(e), for “(a)” substitute “(aa)”.

(4) In subsection (1), after paragraph (g) insert—

“(h) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of any of the offences mentioned in paragraphs (aa) to (e) and (g);”.

(5) In subsection (2), after paragraph (m) insert—

“(n) section 17 (abduction of woman by force).”

(6) After subsection (2) insert—

“(3) This Act applies to the following offences against the law of Northern Ireland—

(a) rape;

(b) burglary with intent to rape;

(c) any offence under any of the following provisions of the [1861 c. 100.] Offences against the Person Act 1861—

(i) section 52 (indecent assault on a female);

(ii) section 53 so far as it relates to abduction of a woman against her will;

(iii) section 61 (buggery);

(iv) section 62 (attempt to commit buggery, assault with intent to commit buggery or indecent assault on a male);

(d) any offence under any of the following provisions of the [1885 c. 69.] Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885—

(i) section 3 (procuring unlawful carnal knowledge of woman by threats, false pretences or administering drugs);

(ii) section 4 (unlawful carnal knowledge, or attempted unlawful carnal knowledge, of a girl under 14);

(iii) section 5 (unlawful carnal knowledge of a girl under 17);

(e) any offence under any of the following provisions of the [1908 c. 45.] Punishment of Incest Act 1908—

(i) section 1 (incest, attempted incest by males);

(ii) section 2 (incest by females over 16);

(f) any offence under section 22 of the [1968 c. 34(N.I.)] Children and Young Persons Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 (indecent conduct towards child);

(g) any offence under Article 9 of the [S.I. 1980/704 (N.I. 6).] Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1980 (inciting girl under 16 to have incestuous sexual intercourse);

(h) any offence under any of the following provisions of the [S.I. 1986/595 (N.I. 4).] Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986—

(i) Article 122(1)(a) (unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman suffering from severe mental handicap);

(ii) Article 122(1)(b) (procuring a woman suffering from severe mental handicap to have unlawful sexual intercourse);

(iii) Article 123 (unlawful sexual intercourse by hospital staff, etc. with a person receiving treatment for mental disorder);

(i) any attempt to commit any of the offences mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (h);

(j) any conspiracy to commit any of those offences;

(k) any incitement of another to commit any of those offences;

(l) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of any of the offences mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (i) and (k).”

9 (1) Section 3 (power to displace reporting restrictions under section 1) is amended as follows.

(2) In subsection (6)(b) (meaning of “judge”), after “Crown Court” insert “in England and Wales.”

(3) After subsection (6) insert—

“(6A) In its application to Northern Ireland, this section has effect as if—

(a) in subsections (1) and (2) for any reference to the judge there were substituted a reference to the court; and

(b) subsection (6) were omitted.”

10 In section 4 (special rules for cases of incest or buggery), after subsection (7) insert—

“(8) In its application to Northern Ireland, this section has effect as if—

(a) subsection (1) were omitted;

(b) for references to a section 10 offence there were substituted references to an offence under section 1 of the [1908 c. 45.] Punishment of Incest Act 1908 (incest by a man) or an attempt to commit that offence;

(c) for references to a section 11 offence there were substituted references to an offence under section 2 of that Act (incest by a woman) or an attempt to commit that offence; and

(d) for references to a section 12 offence there were substituted references to an offence under section 61 of the [1861 c. 100.] Offences against the Person Act 1861 (buggery) or an attempt to commit that offence.”

11 (1) Section 5 (offences) is amended as follows.

(2) For subsection (1) substitute—

“(1) If any matter is included in a publication in contravention of section 1, the following persons shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale—

(a) where the publication is a newspaper or periodical, any proprietor, any editor and any publisher of the newspaper or periodical;

(b) where the publication is a relevant programme—

(i) any body corporate or Scottish partnership engaged in providing the programme service in which the programme is included; and

(ii) any person having functions in relation to the programme corresponding to those of an editor of a newspaper;

(c) in the case of any other publication, any person publishing it.”

(3) In subsection (2) (defence where victim consented to publication)—

(a) for “publication of any matter or the inclusion of any matter in a relevant programme” substitute “inclusion of any matter in a publication”, and

(b) omit “or programme”.

(4) In subsection (3) (cases where written consent not a defence), at the end insert “, or that person was under the age of 16 at the time when it was given.”

(5) In subsection (4) (Attorney General’s consent to prosecution), at the end insert “if the offence is alleged to have been committed in England and Wales or of the Attorney General for Northern Ireland if the offence is alleged to have been committed in Northern Ireland.”

(6) In subsection (5) (defence for person unaware of inclusion of prohibited matter), for the words from “or programme” onwards substitute “included the matter in question.”

(7) After subsection (5) insert—

“(5A) Where—

(a) a person is charged with an offence under this section, and

(b) the offence relates to the inclusion of any matter in a publication in contravention of section 1(1),

it shall be a defence to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he was not aware, and neither suspected nor had reason to suspect, that the allegation in question had been made.”

(8) After subsection (7) insert—

“(8) Where an offence under this section is committed by a Scottish partnership and is proved to have been committed with the consent or connivance of a partner, he as well as the partnership shall be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.”

12 (1) Section 6 (interpretation) is amended as follows.

(2) In subsection (1), omit the definition of “written publication” (and the word “and” preceding it) and after the definition of “picture” insert—

““publication” includes any speech, writing, relevant programme or other communication in whatever form, which is addressed to the public at large or any section of the public (and for this purpose every relevant programme shall be taken to be so addressed), but does not include an indictment or other document prepared for use in particular legal proceedings;”.

(3) In subsection (2A) (victims of conspiracy etc.), for the words from “accusation that” to “committed, the” substitute “accusation—

(a) that an offence of conspiracy or incitement of another to commit an offence mentioned in section 2(1)(aa) to (d) or (3)(a) to (h) has been committed, or

(b) that an offence of aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the commission of an offence of incitement of another to commit an offence mentioned in section 2(1)(aa) to (d) or (3)(a) to (h) has been committed,

the”.

(4) In subsection (3) (time when person is accused of an offence), in paragraph (a) after “is laid” insert “, or (in Northern Ireland) a complaint is made,”.

13 (1) Section 7 (application of Act to courts-martial) is amended as follows.

(2) In subsection (1) (Act to apply with modifications where in pursuance of armed forces law a person is charged with an offence to which the Act applies), after “applies” insert “by virtue of section 2(1)”.

(3) In subsection (2) (modifications with which Act applies to courts-martial)—

(a) omit paragraph (b);

(b) for paragraph (c) substitute—

“(c) in section 3(1) any reference to a judge, in relation to the person charged with the offence, shall be read as a reference to the judge advocate appointed to conduct proceedings under section 3(1) relating to the offence (whether or not also appointed to conduct other preliminary proceedings relating to the offence);”;

(c) in paragraph (d), for “court” substitute “judge advocate appointed to be a member of the court-martial”; and

(d) omit paragraph (e) except for the word “and” at the end.

14 For section 8(6) and (7) (application of Act to Scotland and to Northern Ireland) substitute—

“(6) This Act extends to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

(7) This Act, so far as it relates to proceedings before a court-martial or the Courts-Martial Appeal Court, applies to such proceedings wherever they may take place (whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere).”

Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (N.I.15)

15 In the [S.I. 1994/2795.] Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994, omit Articles 19 to 24 (which provide for the anonymity of victims of certain sexual offences and are superseded by the amendments made by this Schedule to the [1992 c. 34.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992).

Section 59.

SCHEDULE 3 Restriction on use of answers etc. obtained under compulsion

Insurance Companies Act 1982 (c. 50)

1 The Insurance Companies Act 1982 is amended as follows.

2 In section 43A (general investigations into insurance companies), after subsection (5) (use of statements made under the section) add—

“(6) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(7) Subsection (6) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under section 71(1)(b) or (3) below;

(b) an offence under section 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made otherwise than on oath);

(c) an offence under section 44(2) of the [1995 c. 39.] Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under Article 10 of the [S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).] Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).”

3 In section 44 (obtaining information and documents from companies), after subsection (5) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(5A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(5B) Subsection (5A) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under section 71(1)(b), (3) or (4) below;

(b) an offence under section 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made otherwise than on oath);

(c) an offence under section 44(2) of the [1995 c. 39.] Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under Article 10 of the [S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).] Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).”

Companies Act 1985 (c. 6)

4 The Companies Act 1985 is amended as follows.

5 In section 434 (production of documents and evidence to inspectors conducting investigations into companies), after subsection (5) (use of answers given to inspectors) insert—

“(5A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the answer may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(5B) Subsection (5A) applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under section 2 or 5 of the Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath); or

(b) an offence under section 44(1) or (2) of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made on oath or otherwise than on oath).”

6 In section 447 (production of company documents to Secretary of State), after subsection (8) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(8A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(8B) Subsection (8A) applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under subsection (6) or section 451;

(b) an offence under section 5 of the Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made otherwise than on oath); or

(c) an offence under section 44(2) of the [1995 c. 39.] Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).”

Insolvency Act 1986 (c. 45)

7 (1) Section 433 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (admissibility in evidence of statements of affairs etc.) is amended as follows.

(2) That section is renumbered as subsection (1) of that section.

(3) After that subsection insert—

“(2) However, in criminal proceedings in which any such person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(3) Subsection (2) applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under section 22(6), 47(6), 48(8), 66(6), 67(8), 95(8), 98(6), 99(3)(a), 131(7), 192(2), 208(1)(a) or (d) or (2), 210, 235(5), 353(1), 354(1)(b) or (3) or 356(1) or (2)(a) or (b) or paragraph 4(3)(a) of Schedule 7;

(b) an offence which is—

(i) created by rules made under this Act, and

(ii) designated for the purposes of this subsection by such rules or by regulations made by the Secretary of State;

(c) an offence which is—

(i) created by regulations made under any such rules, and

(ii) designated for the purposes of this subsection by such regulations;

(d) an offence under section 1, 2 or 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made on oath or made otherwise than on oath); or

(e) an offence under section 44(1) or (2) of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made on oath or otherwise than on oath).

(4) Regulations under subsection (3)(b)(ii) shall be made by statutory instrument and, after being made, shall be laid before each House of Parliament.”

Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 (c. 46)

8 (1) Section 20 of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 (admissibility in evidence of statements) is amended as follows.

(2) That section is renumbered as subsection (1) of that section.

(3) After that subsection insert—

“(2) However, in criminal proceedings in which any such person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(3) Subsection (2) applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence which is—

(i) created by rules made for the purposes of this Act under the Insolvency Act, and

(ii) designated for the purposes of this subsection by such rules or by regulations made by the Secretary of State;

(b) an offence which is—

(i) created by regulations made under any such rules, and

(ii) designated for the purposes of this subsection by such regulations;

(c) an offence under section 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under section 44(2) of the [1995 c. 39.] Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).

(4) Regulations under subsection (3)(a)(ii) shall be made by statutory instrument and, after being made, shall be laid before each House of Parliament.”

Building Societies Act 1986 (c. 53)

9 In section 57 of the Building Societies Act 1986 (use of answers given to inspectors conducting investigations into building societies), after subsection (5) (use of answers given to inspectors) insert—

“(5A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the answer may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(5B) Subsection (5A) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under section 2 or 5 of the Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath);

(b) an offence under section 44(1) or (2) of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made on oath or otherwise than on oath); or

(c) an offence under Article 7 or 10 of the [S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).] Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath).”

Financial Services Act 1986 (c. 60)

10 The Financial Services Act 1986 is amended as follows.

11 In section 105 (powers of Secretary of State to investigate affairs of person carrying on investment business), after subsection (5) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(5A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(5B) Subsection (5A) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under subsection (10) or section 200(1) below;

(b) an offence under section 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made otherwise than on oath);

(c) an offence under section 44(2) of the [1995 c. 39.] Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under Article 10 of the [S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).] Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).”

12 In section 177 (investigations into insider dealing), after subsection (6) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(6A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(6B) Subsection (6A) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under section 200(1) below;

(b) an offence under section 2 or 5 of the Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath);

(c) an offence under section 44(1) or (2) of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made on oath or otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under Article 7 or 10 of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath).”

Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 (N.I.6)

13 The [S.I. 1986/1032.] Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 is amended as follows.

14 In Article 427 (production of documents and evidence to inspectors conducting investigations into companies), after paragraph (5) (use of answers given to inspectors) insert—

“(5A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this paragraph applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the answer may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(5B) Paragraph (5A) applies to any offence other than an offence under Article 7 or 10 of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath).”

15 In Article 440 (production of company documents to Department), after paragraph (8) (use of statements made under the Article) insert—

“(8A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this paragraph applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(8B) Paragraph (8A) applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under paragraph (6) or Article 444; or

(b) an offence under Article 10 of the [S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).] Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).”

Banking Act 1987 (c. 22)

16 The Banking Act 1987 is amended as follows.

17 In section 39 (power of Financial Services Authority to obtain information etc. from authorised institutions), after subsection (12) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(12A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(12B) Subsection (12A) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under subsection (11) above or section 94(1)(a) below;

(b) an offence under section 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made otherwise than on oath);

(c) an offence under section 44(2) of [1995 c. 39.] the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under Article 10 of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).”

18 In section 41 (investigations into authorised institutions by Financial Services Authority), after subsection (10) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(10A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(10B) Subsection (10A) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under subsection (9)(c) above or section 94(4) below;

(b) an offence under section 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made otherwise than on oath);

(c) an offence under section 44(2) of the [1995 c. 39.] Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under Article 10 of the [S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).] Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).”

19 In section 42 (investigations by Financial Services Authority into suspected contraventions of sections 3 and 35), after subsection (5) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(5A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(5B) Subsection (5A) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under subsection (4) above or section 94(1)(a) below;

(b) an offence under section 5 of the Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made otherwise than on oath);

(c) an offence under section 44(2) of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under Article 10 of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).”

Criminal Justice Act 1987 (c. 38)

20 After subsection (8) of section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act 1987 (use of statements made in response to requirements imposed by the Director of the Serious Fraud Office) insert—

“(8AA) However, the statement may not be used against that person by virtue of paragraph (b) of subsection (8) unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, by or on behalf of that person in the proceedings arising out of the prosecution.”

Companies Act 1989 (c. 40)

21 In section 83 (powers exercisable for purposes of assisting an overseas regulatory authority), after subsection (6) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(6A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(6B) Subsection (6A) applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under section 85;

(b) an offence under section 2 or 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath);

(c) an offence under section 44(1) or (2) of the [1995 c. 39.] Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made on oath or otherwise than on oath); or

(d) an offence under Article 7 or 10 of the [S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).] Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath).”

Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (N.I.18)

22 (1) Article 23 of the [S.I. 1989/2404.] Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (admissibility in evidence of statements) is amended as follows.

(2) That Article is renumbered as paragraph (1) of that Article.

(3) After that paragraph insert—

“(2) However, in criminal proceedings in which any such person is charged with an offence to which this paragraph applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(3) Paragraph (2) applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence which is—

(i) created by rules made for the purposes of this Order under the Insolvency Order, and

(ii) designated for the purposes of this paragraph by such rules or by regulations;

(b) an offence which is—

(i) created by regulations made under any such rules, and

(ii) designated for the purposes of this paragraph by such regulations; or

(c) an offence under Article 10 of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made otherwise than on oath).

(4) Regulations under paragraph (3)(a)(ii) shall after being made be laid before the Assembly.”

Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (N.I.19)

23 (1) Article 375 of the [S.I. 1989/2405.] Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (admissibility in evidence of statements of affairs etc.) is amended as follows.

(2) That Article is renumbered as paragraph (1) of that Article.

(3) After that paragraph insert—

“(2) However, in criminal proceedings in which any such person is charged with an offence to which this paragraph applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(3) Paragraph (2) applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under Article 34(6), 57(6), 58(8), 81(7), 84(5), 85(3)(a), 111(7), 162(2), 172(1)(a) or (d) or (2), 174, 199(5), 324(1), 325(1)(b) or (5) or 327(1) or (3)(a) or (b);

(b) an offence which is—

(i) created by rules made under this Order, and

(ii) designated for the purposes of this paragraph by such rules or by regulations;

(c) an offence which is—

(i) created by regulations made under any such rules, and

(ii) designated for the purposes of this paragraph by such regulations; or

(d) an offence under Article 3, 7 or 10 of the [S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19).] Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made on oath or made otherwise than on oath).

(4) Regulations under paragraph (3)(b)(ii) shall after being made be laid before the Assembly.”

Friendly Societies Act 1992 (c. 40)

24 In section 67 of the Friendly Societies Act 1992 (supplementary provisions about inspections carried out at the behest of the Friendly Societies Commission), after subsection (5) (use of statements made under the section) insert—

“(5A) However, in criminal proceedings in which that person is charged with an offence to which this subsection applies—

(a) no evidence relating to the statement may be adduced, and

(b) no question relating to it may be asked,

by or on behalf of the prosecution, unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, in the proceedings by or on behalf of that person.

(5B) Subsection (5A) above applies to any offence other than—

(a) an offence under section 2 or 5 of the [1911 c. 6.] Perjury Act 1911 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath);

(b) an offence under section 44(1) or (2) of the [1995 c. 39.] Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (false statements made on oath or otherwise than on oath); or

(c) an offence under Article 7 or 10 of the Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (false statements made on oath otherwise than in judicial proceedings or made otherwise than on oath).”

Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (c. 39)

25 After subsection (5) of section 28 of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 (use of statements made in response to requirements imposed by a nominated officer) insert—

“(5A) However, the statement may not be used against that person by virtue of paragraph (b) of subsection (5) unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, by or on behalf of that person in the proceedings arising out of the prosecution.”

Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (N.I.9)

26 In paragraph 6 of Schedule 2 to the [S.I. 1996/1299.] Proceeds of Crime (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (admissibility of evidence), for sub-paragraph (b) substitute—

“(b) on his prosecution for some other offence where evidence relating to any such answer or information is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, by or on behalf of that person; or”.

Section 67.

SCHEDULE 4 Minor and consequential amendments

Criminal Evidence Act 1898 (c. 36)

1 (1) Section 1 of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 (competence of accused as witness for the defence) is amended as follows.

(2) Omit the words from the beginning to “Provided as follows:—”.

(3) In paragraph (a) of the proviso—

(a) for “so charged” substitute “charged in criminal proceedings”; and

(b) for “in pursuance of this Act” substitute “in the proceedings”.

(4) In paragraph (e) of the proviso—

(a) for “and being a witness in pursuance of this Act” substitute “in criminal proceedings who is called as a witness in the proceedings”; and

(b) for “the offence charged” substitute “any offence with which he is charged in the proceedings”.

(5) In paragraph (f) of the proviso—

(a) for “and called as a witness in pursuance of this Act” substitute “in criminal proceedings who is called as a witness in the proceedings”;

(b) for “that wherewith” substitute “one with which”; and

(c) in sub-paragraph (i), for “the offence wherewith” substitute “an offence with which”.

(6) In paragraph (g) of the proviso, for “called as a witness in pursuance of this Act” substitute “charged in criminal proceedings who is called as a witness in the proceedings”.

(7) Paragraphs (a), (e), (f) and (g) of the proviso shall be respectively numbered as subsections (1), (2), (3) and (4) of the section.

Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (c. 12)

2 (1) The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 has effect subject to the following amendments.

(2) In section 37(1) (power to clear court, where child or young person giving evidence, of persons other than bona fide representatives of newspapers or news agencies), for “newspaper or news agency” substitute “news gathering or reporting organisation”.

(3) In section 47(2)(c) (bona fide representatives of newspapers or news agencies entitled to be present at sitting of youth court), for “newspapers or news agencies” substitute “news gathering or reporting organisations”.

Children and Young Persons Act 1963 (c. 37)

3 In section 57(3) of the [1933 c. 12.] Children and Young Persons Act 1963 (which provides for sections 39 and 49 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 to extend to Scotland), for “sections 39 and 49”, in both places, substitute “section 39”.

Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c. 19)

4 (1) The Criminal Appeal Act 1968 has effect subject to the following amendments.

(2) In section 10(2)(b) (appeal by offender who is further dealt with by the Crown Court), after “conditional discharge” insert “, a referral order within the meaning of Part I of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (referral to youth offender panel)”.

(3) In section 31(1)(b) (power to give directions exercisable by single judge), for “section 4(4) of the [1976 c. 82.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976” substitute “section 3(4) of the [1992 c. 34.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992”.

Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (c. 54)

5 In section 7(8) of the [1969 c. 54.] Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (remission to youth court for sentence), for the words “unless the court” substitute “unless the case falls within subsection (8A) or (8B) of this section.

(8A) The case falls within this subsection if the court would, were it not to so remit the case, be required by section 1(2) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 to refer him to a youth offender panel (in which event the court may, but need not, so remit the case).

(8B) The case falls within this subsection if the court would not be so required to refer him to such a panel in the event of its not so remitting the case and”.

Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (c. 53)

6 (1) Section 5 of the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 is amended as follows.

(2) In Table A in subsection (2), in the entry relating to fines or other sentences subject to rehabilitation under that Act, for “, (4A) to (8)” substitute “to (8)”.

(3) After subsection (4A) insert—

“(4B) Where in respect of a conviction a referral order (within the meaning of Part I of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999) is made in respect of the person convicted, the rehabilitation period applicable to the sentence shall be—

(a) if a youth offender contract takes effect under section 8 of that Act between him and a youth offender panel, the period beginning with the date of conviction and ending on the date when (in accordance with section 9 of that Act) the contract ceases to have effect;

(b) if no such contract so takes effect, the period beginning with the date of conviction and having the same length as the period for which such a contract would (ignoring any order under paragraph 11 or 12 of Schedule 1 to that Act) have had effect had one so taken effect.

(4C) Where in respect of a conviction an order is made in respect of the person convicted under paragraph 11 or 12 of Schedule 1 to the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (extension of period for which youth offender contract has effect), the rehabilitation period applicable to the sentence shall be—

(a) if a youth offender contract takes effect under section 8 of that Act between the offender and a youth offender panel, the period beginning with the date of conviction and ending on the date when (in accordance with section 9 of that Act) the contract ceases to have effect;

(b) if no such contract so takes effect, the period beginning with the date of conviction and having the same length as the period for which, in accordance with the order, such a contract would have had effect had one so taken effect.”

Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (c. 43)

7 The Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 has effect subject to the following amendments.

8 In section 125(4)(c) (warrants which constable may execute when not in his possession), after sub-paragraph (iv) insert “and

(v) paragraph 3(2) of Schedule 1 to the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (offender referred to court by youth offender panel).”

9 In section 126 (execution of warrants in Channel Islands and Isle of Man under section 13 of the Indictable Offences Act 1848), after paragraph (e) insert “and

(f) warrants of arrest issued under paragraph 3(2) of Schedule 1 to the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (offender referred to court by youth offender panel).”

Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48)

10 In section 72(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1982 (accused to give evidence on oath), after “if he gives evidence, he shall do so” insert “(subject to sections 55 and 56 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999)”.

Mental Health Act 1983 (c. 20)

11 In section 37(8) of the Mental Health Act 1983 (combining hospital and guardianship orders with other orders), for the words from “shall not” to “which the court” substitute “shall not—

(a) pass sentence of imprisonment or impose a fine or make a probation order in respect of the offence,

(b) if the order under this section is a hospital order, make a referral order (within the meaning of Part I of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999) in respect of the offence, or

(c) make in respect of the offender any such order as is mentioned in section 7(7)(b) of the [1969 c. 54.] Children and Young Persons Act 1969 or section 58 of the [1991 c. 53.] Criminal Justice Act 1991,

but the court may make any other order which it”.

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 33)

12 The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 has effect subject to the following amendments.

13 (1) Section 80 (competence and compellability of accused’s spouse) is amended as follows.

(2) Omit subsections (1) and (8).

(3) For subsections (2) to (4) substitute—

“(2) In any proceedings the wife or husband of a person charged in the proceedings shall, subject to subsection (4) below, be compellable to give evidence on behalf of that person.

(2A) In any proceedings the wife or husband of a person charged in the proceedings shall, subject to subsection (4) below, be compellable—

(a) to give evidence on behalf of any other person charged in the proceedings but only in respect of any specified offence with which that other person is charged; or

(b) to give evidence for the prosecution but only in respect of any specified offence with which any person is charged in the proceedings.

(3) In relation to the wife or husband of a person charged in any proceedings, an offence is a specified offence for the purposes of subsection (2A) above if—

(a) it involves an assault on, or injury or a threat of injury to, the wife or husband or a person who was at the material time under the age of 16;

(b) it is a sexual offence alleged to have been committed in respect of a person who was at the material time under that age; or

(c) it consists of attempting or conspiring to commit, or of aiding, abetting, counselling, procuring or inciting the commission of, an offence falling within paragraph (a) or (b) above.

(4) No person who is charged in any proceedings shall be compellable by virtue of subsection (2) or (2A) above to give evidence in the proceedings.

(4A) References in this section to a person charged in any proceedings do not include a person who is not, or is no longer, liable to be convicted of any offence in the proceedings (whether as a result of pleading guilty or for any other reason).”

(4) In subsection (5), omit “competent and” and, in the side-note, omit “Competence and”.

14 After section 80 insert—

“80A Rule where accused’s spouse not compellable

The failure of the wife or husband of a person charged in any proceedings to give evidence in the proceedings shall not be made the subject of any comment by the prosecution.”

Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33)

15 The Criminal Justice Act 1988 has effect subject to the following amendments.

16 In subsection (1) of each of sections 23 and 24 (first-hand hearsay; business etc. documents), at the end of paragraph (a) insert “and”.

17 In section 34(3) (unsworn evidence may corroborate other evidence), for “section 52 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991” substitute “section 56 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999”.

Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (N.I.18)

18 In Article 3(1) of the [S.I. 1989/2404.] Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (interpretation), in the definition of “regulations” after “subject” insert “(except in Article 23(3)(a)(ii))”.

Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (N.I.19)

19 In Article 2(2) of the [S.I. 1989/2405.] Insolvency (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (interpretation), in the definition of “regulations” for “Article 359(5)” substitute “Articles 359(5) and 375(3)(b)(ii)”.

Criminal Justice Act 1991 (c. 53)

20 In section 58 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 (binding over of parent or guardian), after subsection (1) insert—

“(1A) Subsection (1) has effect subject to section 4(5) of, and paragraph 13(5) of Schedule 1 to, the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999.”

Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33)

21 The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 has effect subject to the following amendments.

22 (1) Section 51 (intimidation etc. of witnesses, jurors and others) is amended as follows.

(2) For subsections (1) to (3) (offences of intimidating, and of doing or threatening harm to, witnesses etc.) substitute—

“(1) A person commits an offence if—

(a) he does an act which intimidates, and is intended to intimidate, another person (“the victim”),

(b) he does the act knowing or believing that the victim is assisting in the investigation of an offence or is a witness or potential witness or a juror or potential juror in proceedings for an offence, and

(c) he does it intending thereby to cause the investigation or the course of justice to be obstructed, perverted or interfered with.

(2) A person commits an offence if—

(a) he does an act which harms, and is intended to harm, another person or, intending to cause another person to fear harm, he threatens to do an act which would harm that other person,

(b) he does or threatens to do the act knowing or believing that the person harmed or threatened to be harmed (“the victim”), or some other person, has assisted in an investigation into an offence or has given evidence or particular evidence in proceedings for an offence, or has acted as a juror or concurred in a particular verdict in proceedings for an offence, and

(c) he does or threatens to do it because of that knowledge or belief.

(3) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2) it is immaterial that the act is or would be done, or that the threat is made—

(a) otherwise than in the presence of the victim, or

(b) to a person other than the victim.”

(3) In subsection (8) (presumption in proceedings for offence under subsection (2))—

(a) for “he did or threatened to do an act falling within paragraph (a) within the relevant period” substitute “within the relevant period—

(a) he did an act which harmed, and was intended to harm, another person, or

(b) intending to cause another person fear of harm, he threatened to do an act which would harm that other person,

and that he did the act, or (as the case may be) threatened to do the act,”; and

(b) after “to have done the act” insert “or (as the case may be) threatened to do the act”.

23 In section 136 (cross-border execution of arrest warrants), after subsection (7) insert—

“(7A) This section applies as respects a warrant issued under paragraph 3(2) of Schedule 1 to the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (warrant for arrest of offender referred back to court by youth offender panel) as it applies to a warrant issued in England or Wales for the arrest of a person charged with an offence.”

24 In Schedule 11 (repeals), the entry relating to section 57(4) of the [1969 c. 54.] Children and Young Persons Act 1969 shall be treated as, and as always having been, an entry relating to section 57(4) of the [1963 c. 37.] Children and Young Persons Act 1963.

Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37)

25 The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 has effect subject to the following amendments.

26 In section 8(2) (power to make parenting orders), after “Subject to subsection (3) and section 9(1) below” insert “and to section 4(5) of, and paragraph 13(5) of Schedule 1 to, the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999”.

27 In section 9, after subsection (1) (duty to make parenting order where person under 16 convicted of offence) insert—

“(1A) Subsection (1) above has effect subject to section 4(5) of, and paragraph 13(5) of Schedule 1 to, the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999.”

28 In section 38(4) (definition of “youth justice services”), after paragraph (j) there shall be inserted—

“(k) the implementation of referral orders within the meaning of Part I of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999.”

29 In section 67(4)(b) (court may not make reparation order where it proposes to make certain other orders), for “or an action plan order” substitute “, an action plan order or a referral order under Part I of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999”.

30 In section 69(4)(b) (court may not make action plan order where it proposes to make certain other orders), for “or an attendance centre order” substitute “, an attendance centre order or a referral order under Part I of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999”.

Section 67.

SCHEDULE 5 Youth justice: pre-consolidation amendments

Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (c. 54)

1 The Children and Young Persons Act 1969 has effect subject to the following amendments.

2 In section 12A (requirements that may be included in supervision orders), at the end add—

“(14) In this section “make reparation” means make reparation for the offence otherwise than by the payment of compensation.”

3 (1) Section 15 (variation and discharge of supervision orders) is amended as follows.

(2) In subsection (3)(b) (magistrates' powers of re-sentence on breach of supervision order), for “relevant court” substitute “magistrates' court”.

(3) After subsection (8) insert—

“(8A) Where a supervision order has been made on appeal, for the purposes of subsection (3) above it shall be deemed—

(a) if it was made on an appeal brought from a magistrates' court, to have been made by that magistrates' court;

(b) if it was made on an appeal brought from the Crown Court or from the criminal division of the Court of Appeal, to have been made by the Crown Court;

and, in relation to a supervision order made on appeal, subsection (3)(b) above shall have effect as if the words “if the order had not been made” were omitted and subsection (5) above shall have effect as if the words “if it had not made the order” were omitted.”

4 (1) Section 16 (provisions supplementary to section 15) is amended as follows.

(2) In subsection (3A), for “(3C)” substitute “(4A)”.

(3) Omit subsections (3B) and (3C).

(4) In subsection (4), at the beginning insert “Subject to subsection (4A) of this section,”.

(5) After subsection (4) insert—

“(4A) Where a supervised person has attained the age of eighteen at the time when he is brought before a justice under subsection (3) of this section, or has attained that age at a time when (apart from this subsection) a youth court could exercise its powers under subsection (4) of this section in respect of him, he shall not be remanded to local authority accommodation but may instead be remanded—

(a) to a remand centre, if the justice or youth court has been notified that such a centre is available for the reception of persons under this subsection; or

(b) to a prison, if the justice or youth court has not been so notified.

(4B) A court or justice remanding a person to local authority accommodation under this section shall designate, as the authority who are to receive him, the authority named in the supervision order.”

Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37)

5 The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 has effect subject to the following amendments.

6 (1) Section 74 (duties and powers of court in relation to detention and training orders) is amended as follows.

(2) For subsection (2) substitute—

“(2) Subject to subsections (3) and (4A) below, a court making a detention and training order may order that its term shall commence on the expiration of the term of any other detention and training order made by that or any other court.”

(3) After subsection (4) insert—

“(4A) A court making a detention and training order shall not order that its term shall commence on the expiration of the term of a detention and training order under which the period of supervision has already begun (under section 76(1) below).

(4B) Where a detention and training order (“the new order”) is made in respect of an offender who is subject to a detention and training order under which the period of supervision has begun (“the old order”), the old order shall be disregarded in determining—

(a) for the purposes of subsection (3) above whether the effect of the new order would be that the offender would be subject to detention and training orders for a term which exceeds 24 months; and

(b) for the purposes of subsection (4) above whether the term of the detention and training orders to which the offender would (apart from that subsection) be subject exceeds 24 months.”

(4) After subsection (5) insert—

“(5A) Where a court proposes to make detention and training orders in respect of an offender for two or more offences—

(a) subsection (5) above shall not apply, but

(b) in determining the total term of the detention and training orders it proposes to make in respect of the offender, the court shall take account of the total period for which he has been remanded in custody in connection with any of those offences, or any other offence the charge for which was founded on the same facts or evidence.

(5B) Once a period of remand has, under subsection (5) or (5A) above, been taken account of in relation to a detention and training order made in respect of an offender for any offence or offences, it shall not subsequently be taken account of (under either of those subsections) in relation to such an order made in respect of the offender for any other offence or offences.”

(5) In subsection (6), for “The reference in subsection (5) above” substitute “Any reference in subsection (5) or (5A) above”.

(6) In subsection (8), omit “this section or”.

7 In section 75(5) (alteration of release of offender subject to detention and training order), for “the youth court” substitute “a youth court”.

8 In section 77 (detention and training orders: breach of supervision requirements), after subsection (4) insert—

“(5) An offender may appeal to the Crown Court against any order made under subsection (3)(a) or (b) above.”

9 In section 79 (interaction of detention and training order with sentences of detention), after subsection (2) insert—

“(2A) Subsection (1)(a) above has effect subject to section 78(3)(a) above and subsection (2)(a) above has effect subject to section 40(4)(b) of the 1991 Act.”

10 (1) Paragraph 3 of Schedule 5 (failure to comply with reparation and action plan orders) is amended as follows.

(2) In sub-paragraph (2)(b), for “youth court” substitute “magistrates' court”.

(3) Omit sub-paragraph (3).

(4) After sub-paragraph (8) insert—

“(9) Where a reparation order or action plan order has been made on appeal, for the purposes of this paragraph it shall be deemed—

(a) if it was made on an appeal brought from a magistrates' court, to have been made by that magistrates' court;

(b) if it was made on an appeal brought from the Crown Court or from the criminal division of the Court of Appeal, to have been made by the Crown Court;

and, in relation to a reparation order or action plan order made on appeal, sub-paragraph (2)(b) above shall have effect as if the words “if the order had not been made” were omitted and sub-paragraph (5) above shall have effect as if the words “if it had not made the order” were omitted.”

11 (1) Paragraph 4 of that Schedule (presence of offender in court, remands, etc.) is amended as follows.

(2) In sub-paragraph (5)(b), for “(6)” substitute “(7A)”.

(3) Omit sub-paragraph (6).

(4) In sub-paragraph (7), at the beginning insert “Subject to sub-paragraph (7A) below,”.

(5) After sub-paragraph (7) insert—

“(7A) Where the offender is aged 18 or over at the time when he is brought before a youth court other than the appropriate court under sub-paragraph (4) above, or is aged 18 or over at a time when (apart from this sub-paragraph) the appropriate court could exercise its powers under sub-paragraph (7) above in respect of him, he shall not be remanded to local authority accommodation but may instead be remanded—

(a) to a remand centre, if the court has been notified that such a centre is available for the reception of persons under this sub-paragraph; or

(b) to a prison, if it has not been so notified.”

12 Omit paragraph 5(6) of that Schedule.

Section 67.

SCHEDULE 6 Repeals

Reference	Short title or title	Extent of repeal or revocation
61 & 62 Vict. c. 36.	Criminal Evidence Act 1898.	In section 1, the words from the beginning to “Provided as follows:—”.
23 & 24 Geo. 5 c. 12.	Children and Young Persons Act 1933.	Section 38.
12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6 c. 88.	Registered Designs Act 1949.	Section 17(11).
1955 c. 18.	Army Act 1955.	Section 93(1B) and (2).
1955 c. 19.	Air Force Act 1955.	Section 93(1B) and (2).
1957 c. 53.	Naval Discipline Act 1957.	Section 60(2) and (3).
1963 c. 37.	Children and Young Persons Act 1963.	Section 57(2) and (4).
1968 c. 19.	Criminal Appeal Act 1968.	In section 10(2)(b), the words “, a referral order within the meaning of Part I of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (referral to youth offender panel)”.
1968 c. 20.	Courts-Martial (Appeals) Act 1968.	In section 36(1), the words “section 4(4) of the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 as adapted by section 5(1)(d) of that Act or”.
1968 c. 60.	Theft Act 1968.	In section 30(2), the words from “and a person bringing” onwards.
1969 c. 54.	Children and Young Persons Act 1969.	Section 16(3B) and (3C).
1976 c. 52.	Armed Forces Act 1976.	In Schedule 3, in paragraph 3(2), the words from “or direct that” onwards.
1976 c. 82.	Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976.	Sections 2 to 5.
		In section 7(4), the words from “except that” onwards.
		Section 7(5).
1977 c. 37.	Patents Act 1977.	Section 32(12).
S.I. 1978/460 (N.I. 5).	Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1978.	In Article 1(2), the words from “and Articles 6 and 8” onwards.
		Articles 6 and 7.
1978 c. 23.	Judicature (Northern Ireland) Act 1978.	In Part II of Schedule 5, the amendment of the Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1978.
1979 c. 2.	Customs and Excise Management Act 1979.	Section 75A(6)(b).
		In section 118A(6)(b), the words “sections 69 and 70 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and”.
1980 c. 43.	Magistrates' Courts Act 1980.	In section 125(4)(c)(iii), the “and” at the end.
		In section 126(d), the “and” at the end.
		In Schedule 7, paragraph 148.
1981 c. 55.	Armed Forces Act 1981.	In Schedule 2, paragraph 9.
1984 c. 60.	Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.	Sections 69 and 70.
		Section 80(1).
		In section 80(5), the words “competent and”.
		Section 80(8).
		In section 82(1), in the definition of “proceedings”, in paragraph (a) the words after “court-martial” and, in paragraph (b)(i), the words “so constituted”.
		Schedule 3.
1985 c. 9.	Companies Act 1985.	In section 709(3), the words from “In England and Wales” onwards.
1988 c. 33.	Criminal Justice Act 1988.	In section 23(1), paragraph (c) and the “and” preceding it.
		In section 24(1), paragraph (c) and the “and” preceding it.
		In section 32(1), paragraph (b) and the “or” preceding it.
		Section 32(2), (3A) to (3E) and (6).
		Section 32A.
		Section 33A.
		Section 34A.
		Section 158(2) to (4).
		In Schedule 13, in paragraph 8, sub-paragraph (2)(b) and the “and” preceding it and, in sub-paragraph (3), “, (2)”.
		In Schedule 15, paragraph 53.
1990 c. 42.	Broadcasting Act 1990.	In Schedule 20, paragraphs 26 and 27.
1991 c. 53.	Criminal Justice Act 1991.	Section 52.
		Section 54.
		Section 55(2)(b), (4), (6) and (7).
		In Schedule 9, paragraphs 3 and 7.
		In Schedule 11, paragraph 1 and, in paragraph 37, the words from “and, in subsection (3)” onwards.
1992 c. 34.	Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992.	In section 5(2), the words “or programme”.
		In section 6(1), the definition of “written publication” and the “and” preceding it.
		In section 7(2), paragraph (b) and paragraph (e) except for the “and” at the end.
		Section 7(3).
1994 c. 9.	Finance Act 1994.	In section 22(2)(b), the words “sections 69 and 70 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and”.
		In Schedule 7, in paragraph 1(6)(b), the words “sections 69 and 70 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and”.
1994 c. 23.	Value Added Tax Act 1994.	In Schedule 11, in paragraph 6(6)(b), the words “sections 69 and 70 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and”.
1994 c. 33.	Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.	Section 50.
		In Schedule 9, paragraphs 11(1)(a), 13 and 33.
		In Schedule 10, paragraphs 32, 35(3) and 36.
S.I. 1994/2795 (N.I. 15).	Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 1994.	Article 2(3).
		Article 18(3).
		Articles 19 to 24.
1995 c. 35.	Criminal Appeal Act 1995.	In Schedule 2, paragraph 16(2)(b) and (3).
1995 c. 38.	Civil Evidence Act 1995.	In Schedule 1, paragraph 10.
1996 c. 8.	Finance Act 1996.	In Schedule 5, in paragraph 2(6)(a), the words “sections 69 and 70 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and”.
1996 c. 25.	Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996.	Section 62.
		In Schedule 1, paragraphs 23, 27 and 33.
1996 c. 46.	Armed Forces Act 1996.	In Schedule 1, paragraph 107(a).
1998 c. 37.	Crime and Disorder Act 1998.	In section 74(8), the words “this section or”.
		In Schedule 5, paragraphs 3(3), 4(6) and 5(6).
S.I. 1998/1504 (N.I. 9).	Criminal Justice (Children) (Northern Ireland) Order 1998.	Article 22.
1999 c. 23.	Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999.	Section 4(7)(d) except for the “or” at the end.
		In section 15(1), in the definition of “custodial sentence”, the words from “a sentence of detention in” to “1994,”.
		In Schedule 1, paragraphs 5(7) and 14(5).
		In Schedule 4, paragraph 4(2).

Section 67.

SCHEDULE 7 Transitional provisions and savings

Interpretation

1 (1) In this Schedule—

• “the 1988 Act” means the [1988 c. 33.] Criminal Justice Act 1988;

• “commencement date”, in relation to any provisions of this Act and proceedings of any description, means the date on which those provisions come into force in relation to such proceedings;

• “continuing proceedings” (except in paragraph 3) means proceedings instituted before the commencement date;

• “existing special measures power” means any power of the court to make an order or give leave, in the exercise of its inherent jurisdiction, for the taking of measures in relation to a witness which are similar to those which could be provided for by a special measures direction.

(2) For the purposes of this Schedule—

(a) proceedings other than proceedings on appeal are to be taken to be instituted at the time when they would be taken to be instituted for the purposes of Part I of the [1985 c. 23.] Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 in accordance with section 15(2) of that Act; and

(b) proceedings on appeal are to be taken to be instituted at the time when the notice of appeal is given or (as the case may be) the reference under section 9 or 11 of the [1995 c. 35.] Criminal Appeal Act 1995 is made.

(3) Expressions used in this Schedule which are also used in Part II of this Act have the same meaning in this Schedule as in that Part.

Referral orders under Part I

2 No referral order (within the meaning of Part I) may be made in respect of any offence committed before the commencement date for section 1.

Special measures under Chapter I of Part II

3 (1) A special measures direction may be given in relation to a witness in continuing proceedings unless the court has before the specified date—

(a) given leave in relation to the witness in connection with those proceedings under section 32 (evidence through television links) or section 32A (video recordings of testimony of child witnesses) of the 1988 Act, or

(b) exercised any existing special measures power in relation to the witness in connection with those proceedings.

(2) The repeals made by this Act shall not affect the continued operation in relation to a witness in continuing proceedings of section 32 or 32A of the 1988 Act where before the specified date leave was given in relation to the witness in connection with those proceedings by virtue of section 32(1)(b) or section 32A, as the case may be.

(3) Nothing in this Act affects the continued operation in relation to a witness in continuing proceedings of any order made or leave given under any existing special measures power exercised by the court before the specified date in relation to the witness in connection with those proceedings.

(4) In this paragraph—

(a) “continuing proceedings” means proceedings instituted before the specified date;

(b) “the specified date”, in relation to a witness in any proceedings, means such date as may be specified by the Secretary of State in a notice given to the court in question under section 18(2), where the date is expressed to apply—

(i) for the purposes of this paragraph, and

(ii) in relation to any description of witnesses and proceedings within which the witness and the proceedings fall.

Protection of witnesses from cross-examination by accused in person

4 Nothing in Chapter II of Part II applies in relation to proceedings instituted before the commencement date for that Chapter.

Protection of complainants in proceedings for sexual offences

5 (1) Nothing in Chapter III of Part II applies in relation to continuing proceedings in which leave has been given before the commencement date for that Chapter—

(a) under section 2 of the [1976 c. 82.] Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976, or

(b) (in the case of proceedings to which section 2 does not apply) in the exercise of any similar power of the court exercisable by virtue of its inherent jurisdiction.

(2) Nothing in this Act affects the continued operation of any leave so given in relation to any such proceedings.

Reporting restrictions

6 (1) Section 44 applies in relation to an alleged offence whether the criminal investigation into it is begun before or after the coming into force of that section.

(2) The restrictions imposed by subsection (2) of section 44 do not apply to the inclusion of matter in a publication if—

(a) where the publication is a relevant programme, it is transmitted, or

(b) in the case of any other publication, it is published,

before the coming into force of that section.

(3) Nothing in section 45 or 46 applies in relation to proceedings instituted before the commencement date for that section.

(4) In sub-paragraph (3) the reference to the institution of proceedings shall be construed—

(a) in the case of proceedings in England in Wales (other than proceedings before a service court), in accordance with paragraph 1(2);

(b) in the case of proceedings in Northern Ireland (other than proceedings before a service court), in accordance with sub-paragraph (5);

(c) in the case of proceedings before a service court (wherever held) in accordance with sub-paragraph (6).

(5) In the case of proceedings falling within sub-paragraph (4)(b)—

(a) proceedings other than proceedings on appeal are to be taken to be instituted—

(i) where a justice of the peace issues a summons under Article 20 of the [S.I. 1981/1675 (N.I. 26).] Magistrates' Courts (Northern Ireland) Order 1981, when the complaint for the offence is made;

(ii) where a justice of the peace issues a warrant for the arrest of any person under that Article, when the complaint for the offence is made;

(iii) where a person is charged with the offence after being taken into custody without a warrant, when he is informed of the particulars of the charge;

(iv) where an indictment is presented under the authority of section 2(2)(c), (d), (e) or (f) of the [1969 c. 15 (N.I.).] Grand Jury (Abolition) Act (Northern Ireland) 1969, when the indictment is presented to the court;

and where the application of this paragraph would result in there being more than one time for the institution of the proceedings, they shall be taken to have been instituted at the earliest of those times; and

(b) proceedings on appeal are to be taken to be instituted at the time when the notice of appeal is given or (as the case may be) the reference under section 10 or 12 of the [1995 c. 35.] Criminal Appeal Act 1995 is made.

(6) In the case of proceedings falling within sub-paragraph (4)(c)—

(a) proceedings other than proceedings on appeal are to be taken to be instituted when the prosecuting authority prefers a charge in respect of the offence under section 83B(4) of the [1955 c. 18.] Army Act 1955, section 83B(4) of the [1955 c. 19.] Air Force Act 1955 or section 52I(4) of the [1957 c. 53.] Naval Discipline Act 1957; and

(b) proceedings on appeal are to be taken to be instituted when the application for leave to appeal is lodged in accordance with section 9 of the [1968 c. 20.] Courts-Martial (Appeals) Act 1968 or (as the case may be) the reference under section 34 of that Act is made.

Competence of witnesses and capacity to be sworn

7 Nothing in Chapter V of Part II applies in relation to proceedings instituted before the commencement date for that Chapter.

Inferences from silence

8 The amendments made by section 58—

(a) apply only to proceedings instituted on or after the commencement date for that section; but

(b) so apply whether the relevant failure or refusal on the part of the accused took place before or after that date.