- Latest available (Revised)
- Original (As adopted by EU)
After exit day there will be three versions of this legislation to consult for different purposes. The legislation.gov.uk version is the version that applies in the UK. The EU Version currently on EUR-lex is the version that currently applies in the EU i.e you may need this if you operate a business in the EU.
The web archive version is the official version of this legislation item as it stood on exit day before being published to legislation.gov.uk and any subsequent UK changes and effects applied. The web archive also captured associated case law and other language formats from EUR-Lex.
This is the original version (as it was originally adopted).
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
Having regard to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)(1), and in particular Article 13(5) thereof,
Whereas:
(1) Article 13(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU requires the Commission to organise an exchange of information on industrial emissions between it and Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection in order to facilitate the drawing up of best available techniques (BAT) reference documents as defined in Article 3(11) of that Directive.
(2) In accordance with Article 13(2) of Directive 2010/75/EU, the exchange of information is to address the performance of installations and techniques in terms of emissions, expressed as short- and long-term averages, where appropriate, and the associated reference conditions, consumption and nature of raw materials, water consumption, use of energy and generation of waste and the techniques used, associated monitoring, cross-media effects, economic and technical viability and developments therein and best available techniques and emerging techniques identified after considering the issues mentioned in points (a) and (b) of Article 13(2) of that Directive.
(3) ‘BAT conclusions’ as defined in Article 3(12) of Directive 2010/75/EU are the key element of BAT reference documents and lay down the conclusions on best available techniques, their description, information to assess their applicability, the emission levels associated with the best available techniques, associated monitoring, associated consumption levels and, where appropriate, relevant site remediation measures.
(4) In accordance with Article 14(3) of Directive 2010/75/EU, BAT conclusions are to be the reference for setting permit conditions for installations covered by Chapter II of that Directive.
(5) Article 15(3) of Directive 2010/75/EU requires the competent authority to set emission limit values that ensure that, under normal operating conditions, emissions do not exceed the emission levels associated with the best available techniques as laid down in the decisions on BAT conclusions referred to in Article 13(5) of Directive 2010/75/EU.
(6) Article 15(4) of Directive 2010/75/EU provides for derogations from the requirement laid down in Article 15(3) only where the costs associated with the achievement of the emission levels associated with the BAT disproportionately outweigh the environmental benefits due to the geographical location, the local environmental conditions or the technical characteristics of the installation concerned.
(7) Article 16(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU provides that the monitoring requirements in the permit referred to in point (c) of Article 14(1) of the Directive are to be based on the conclusions on monitoring as described in the BAT conclusions.
(8) In accordance with Article 21(3) of Directive 2010/75/EU, within 4 years of publication of decisions on BAT conclusions, the competent authority is to reconsider and, if necessary, update all the permit conditions and ensure that the installation complies with those permit conditions.
(9) Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of information pursuant to Article 13 of Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions(2) established a forum composed of representatives of Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection.
(10) In accordance with Article 13(4) of Directive 2010/75/EU, the Commission obtained the opinion(3) of that forum on the proposed content of the BAT reference document for the production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide on 13 September 2012 and made it publicly available.
(11) The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee established by Article 75(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU,
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
The BAT conclusions for the production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide are set out in the Annex to this Decision.
This Decision is addressed to the Member States.
Done at Brussels, 26 March 2013.
For the Commission
Janez Potočnik
Member of the Commission
These BAT conclusions concern the following industrial activities specified in Section 3.1 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, namely:
production of cement clinker in rotary kilns with a production capacity exceeding 500 tonnes per day or in other kilns with a production capacity exceeding 50 tonnes per day;
production of lime in kilns with a production capacity exceeding 50 tonnes per day;
production of magnesium oxide in kilns with a production capacity exceeding 50 tonnes per day.
Regarding point 3.1(c) above, these BAT conclusions only address the production of MgO using the dry process route based on mined natural magnesite (magnesium carbonate - MgCO3).
In particular, concerning the above-mentioned activities, these BAT conclusions cover the following:
production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide (dry process route)
raw materials – storage and preparation
fuels – storage and preparation
use of waste as raw materials and/or fuels – quality requirements, control and preparation
products – storage and preparation
packaging and dispatch.
These BAT conclusions do not address the following activities:
the production of magnesium oxide using the wet process route using magnesium chloride as the starting material, covered by the Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Solids and Others Industry (LVIC-S)
the production of ultra low-carbon dolime (i.e. a mixture of calcium and magnesium oxides produced by the nearly full decarbonation of dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3). The residual CO2 content of the product is below 0,25 % and the bulk density well below 3,05 g/cm3)
shaft kilns for cement clinker production
activities which are not directly associated with the primary activity such as quarrying.
Other reference documents which are of relevance for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions are the following:
Reference documents | Activity |
---|---|
Emissions from Storage (EFS) | Storage and handling of raw materials and products |
General Principles of Monitoring (MON) | Emissions monitoring |
Waste Treatments Industries (WT) | Waste treatment |
Energy Efficiency (ENE) | General energy efficiency |
Economic and Cross-media Effects (ECM) | Economics and cross-media effects of techniques |
The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection.
Where these BAT conclusions address waste co-incineration plants, this is without prejudice to the provisions of Chapter IV of and Annex VI to Directive 2010/75/EU.
Where these BAT conclusions address energy efficiency, this is without prejudice to the provisions of the new Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council(4) on Energy Efficiency.
The exchange of information on BAT for the Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide sectors ended in 2008. The information available then, complemented by additional information concerning the emissions from magnesium oxide production, was used for reaching these BAT conclusions.
For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:
Term used | Definition |
---|---|
New plant | A plant introduced on the site of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a plant on the existing foundations of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions |
Existing plant | A plant which is not a new plant |
Major upgrade | An upgrade of the plant/kiln involving a major change in the kiln requirements or technology, or replacement of the kiln |
'Use of waste as fuel and/or raw material' | The term covers the use of:
|
Term used | Definition |
---|---|
White cement | Cement falling under the following PRODCOM 2007 code: 26.51.12.10 – White Portland cement |
Special cement | Special cements falling under the following PRODCOM 2007 codes:
|
Dolime or calcinated dolime | A mixture of calcium and magnesium oxides produced by the decarbonation of dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3) with a residual CO2 content of the product exceeding 0,25 % and the bulk density of the commercial product well below 3,05 g/cm3. The free content as MgO is usually between 25 % and 40 %. |
Sintered dolime | A mixture of calcium and magnesium oxides used solely for the production of refractory bricks and other refractory products, with a minimum bulk density of 3,05 g/cm3 |
Term used | Definition |
---|---|
NOx expressed as NO2 | The sum of nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) expressed as NO2 |
SOx expressed as SO2 | The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3) expressed as SO2 |
Hydrogen chloride expressed as HCl | All gaseous chlorides expressed as HCl |
Hydrogen fluoride expressed as HF | All gaseous fluorides expressed as HF |
ASK | Annular shaft kiln |
---|---|
DBM | Dead burned magnesia |
I-TEQ | International toxicity equivalent |
LRK | Long rotary kiln |
MFSK | Mixed feed shaft kiln |
OK | Other kilns For the lime industry this covers:
|
OSK | Other shaft kiln (shaft kilns other than ASK and MFSK) |
PCDD | Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin |
PCDF | Polychlorinated dibenzofuran |
PFRK | Parallel flow regenerative kiln |
PRK | Rotary kiln with preheater |
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) given in these BAT conclusions refer to standard conditions: dry gas at a temperature of 273 K, and a pressure of 1 013 hPa.
Values given in concentrations apply under the following reference conditions:
a For sintered dolime produced by the 'double-pass process', the correction for oxygen does not apply. | ||
b For dead burned magnesia (DBM) produced by the 'double-pass process', the correction for oxygen does not apply. | ||
Activities | Reference conditions | |
---|---|---|
Kiln activities | Cement industry | 10 % oxygen by volume |
Lime industrya | 11 % oxygen by volume | |
Magnesium oxide industry (dry process route)b | 10 % oxygen by volume | |
Non-kiln activities | All processes | No correction for oxygen |
Lime hydrating plants | As emitted (no correction for oxygen and for dry gas) |
For averaging periods the following definitions apply:
Daily average value | Average value over a period of 24 hours measured by the continuous monitoring of emissions |
---|---|
Average over the sampling period | Average value of spot measurements (periodic) of at least 30 minutes each, unless otherwise stated |
The formula for calculating the emissions concentration at a reference oxygen level is shown below:
Where:
:
emissions concentration related to the reference oxygen level OR
:
reference oxygen level
:
emissions concentration related to the measured oxygen level OM
:
measured oxygen level
The BAT mentioned in this section apply to all installations covered by these BAT conclusions (cement, lime and magnesium oxide industry).
The process-specific BAT included in Sections 1.2 - 1.4 apply in addition to the general BAT mentioned in this section.
commitment of the management, including senior management;
definition of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of the installation by the management;
planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, in conjunction with financial planning and investment;
implementation of procedures paying particular attention to:
structure and responsibility
training, awareness and competence
communication
employee involvement
documentation
efficient process control
maintenance programmes
emergency preparedness and response
safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation;
checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to:
monitoring and measurement (see also the Reference Document on the General Principles of Monitoring)
corrective and preventive action
maintenance of records
independent (where practicable) internal and external auditing in order to determine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained;
review of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness by senior management;
following the development of cleaner technologies;
consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning of the installation at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life;
application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis.
The scope (e.g. level of details) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Select an appropriate location for noisy operations |
b | Enclose noisy operations/units |
c | Use vibration insulation of operations/units |
d | Use internal and external lining made of impact-absorbent material |
e | Use soundproofed buildings to shelter any noisy operations involving material transformation equipment |
f | Use noise protection walls and/or natural noise barriers |
g | Use outlet silencers to exhaust stacks |
h | Lag ducts and final blowers which are situated in soundproofed buildings |
i | Close doors and windows of covered areas |
j | Use sound insulation of machine buildings |
k | Use sound insulation of wall breaks, e.g. by installation of a sluice at the entrance point of a belt conveyor |
l | Install sound absorbers at air outlets, e.g. the clean gas outlet of dedusting units |
m | Reduce flow rates in ducts |
n | Use sound insulation of ducts |
o | Apply the decoupled arrangement of noise sources and potentially resonant components, e.g. of compressors and ducts |
p | Use silencers for filter fans |
q | Use soundproofed modules for technical devices (e.g. compressors) |
r | Use rubber shields for mills (avoiding the contact of metal against metal) |
s | Construct buildings or growing trees and bushes between the protected area and the noisy activity |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all installations in the cement industry.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Process control optimisation, including computer-based automatic control |
b | Using modern, gravimetric solid fuel feed systems |
Careful selection and control of substances entering the kiln can reduce emissions. The chemical composition of the substances and the way they are fed in the kiln are factors that should be taken into account during the selection. Substances of concern may include the substances mentioned in BAT 11 and in BAT 24 to 28.
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Continuous measurements of process parameters demonstrating the process stability, such as temperature, O2 content, pressure and flowrate | Generally applicable |
b | Monitoring and stabilising critical process parameters, i.e. homogenous raw material mix and fuel feed, regular dosage and excess oxygen | Generally applicable |
c | Continuous measurements of NH3 emissions when SNCR is applied | Generally applicable |
d | Continuous measurements of dust, NOx, SOx, and CO emissions | Applicable to kiln processes |
e | Periodic measurements of PCDD/F and metal emissions | |
f | Continuous or periodic measurements of HCl, HF and TOC emissions. | |
g | Continuous or periodic measurements of dust | Applicable to non-kiln activities. For small sources (< 10 000 Nm3/h) from dusty operations other than cooling and the main milling processes, the frequency of measurements or performance checks should be based on a maintenance management system. |
The selection between continuous or periodic measurements mentioned in BAT 5(f) is based on the emission source and the type of pollutant expected.
In this type of kiln system, exhaust gases and recovered waste heat from the cooler can be used to preheat and precalcine the raw material feed before entering the kiln, providing significant savings in energy consumption.
Applicable to new plants and major upgrades, subject to raw materials moisture content.
See Table 1.
BAT-associated energy consumption levels for new plants and major upgrades using dry process kiln with multistage preheating and precalcination
a Levels do not apply to plants producing special cement or white cement clinker that require significantly higher process temperatures due to product specifications. | ||
b Under normal (excluding, e.g. start-ups and shutdowns) and optimised operational conditions. | ||
c The production capacity has an influence on the energy demand, with higher capacities providing energy savings and smaller capacities requiring more energy. Energy consumption also depends on the number of cyclone preheater stages, with more cyclone preheater stages leading to lower energy consumption of the kiln process. The appropriate number of cyclone preheater stages is mainly determined by the moisture content of raw materials. | ||
Process | Unit | BAT-associated energy consumption levelsa |
---|---|---|
Dry process with multistage preheating and precalcination | MJ/tonne clinker | 2 900 – 3 300b c |
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Applying improved and optimised kiln systems and a smooth and stable kiln process, operating close to the process parameter set points by applying: I. process control optimisation, including computer-based automatic control systems II. modern, gravimetric solid fuel feed systems III. preheating and precalcination to the extent possible, considering the existing kiln system configuration | Generally applicable. For existing kilns, the applicability of preheating and precalcination is subject to the kiln system configuration |
b | Recovering excess heat from kilns, especially from their cooling zone. In particular, the kiln excess heat from the cooling zone (hot air) or from the preheater can be used for drying raw materials | Generally applicable in the cement industry. Recovery of excess heat from the cooling zone is applicable when grate coolers are used. Limited recovery efficiency can be achieved on rotary coolers |
c | Applying the appropriate number of cyclone stages related to the characteristics and properties of raw material and fuels used | Cyclone preheater stages are applicable to new plants and major upgrades. |
d | Using fuels with characteristics which have a positive influence on the thermal energy consumption | The technique is generally applicable to the cement kilns subject to fuel availability and for existing kilns subject to the technical possibilities of injecting the fuel into the kiln |
e | When replacing conventional fuels by waste fuels, using optimised and suitable cement kiln systems for burning wastes | Generally applicable to all cement kiln types |
f | Minimising bypass flows | Generally applicable to the cement industry |
Several factors affect the energy consumption of modern kiln systems such as raw materials properties (e.g. moisture content, burnability), the use of fuels, with different properties, as well as the use of a gas bypass system. Furthermore, the production capacity of the kiln has an influence on the energy demand.
Technique 7c: the appropriate number of cyclone stages for preheating is determined by the throughput and the moisture content of raw materials and fuels which have to be dried by the remaining flue-gas heat because local raw materials vary widely regarding their moisture content or burnability
Technique 7d: conventional and waste fuels can be used in the cement industry. The characteristics of the fuels used, such as adequate calorific value and low moisture content, have a positive influence on the specific energy consumption of the kiln.
Technique 7f: the removal of hot raw material and hot gas leads to a higher specific energy consumption of about 6 – 12 MJ/tonne clinker per percentage point of removed kiln inlet gas. Hence, minimising the use of gas bypass has a positive effect on energy consumption.
The reduction of the clinker content of cement and cement products can be achieved by adding fillers and/or additions, such as blast furnace slag, limestone, fly ash and pozzolana in the grinding step in accordance with the relevant cement standards.
Generally applicable to the cement industry, subject to (local) availability of fillers and/or additions and local market specificities.
The employment of cogeneration plants for the production of steam and electricity or combined heat and power plants can be applied in the cement industry by recovering waste heat from the clinker cooler or kiln flue-gases using the conventional steam cycle processes or other techniques. Furthermore, excess heat can be recovered from the clinker cooler or kiln flue-gases for district heating or industrial applications.
The technique is applicable in all cement kilns if sufficient excess heat is available, if appropriate process parameters can be met, and if economic viability is ensured.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Using power management systems |
b | Using grinding equipment and other electricity based equipment with high energy efficiency |
c | Using improved monitoring systems |
d | Reducing air leaks into the system |
e | Process control optimisation |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Apply quality assurance systems to guarantee the characteristics of wastes and to analyse any waste that is to be used as raw material and/or fuel in a cement kiln for: I. constant quality II. physical criteria, e.g. emissions formation, coarseness, reactivity, burnability, calorific value III. chemical criteria, e.g. chlorine, sulphur, alkali and phosphate content and relevant metals content |
b | Control the amount of relevant parameters for any waste that is to be used as raw material and/or fuel in a cement kiln, such as chlorine, relevant metals (e.g. cadmium, mercury, thallium), sulphur, total halogen content |
c | Apply quality assurance systems for each waste load |
Different types of waste materials can replace primary raw materials and/or fossil fuels in cement manufacturing and will contribute to saving natural resources.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Use appropriate points to feed the waste into the kiln in terms of temperature and residence time depending on kiln design and kiln operation |
b | To feed waste materials containing organic components that can be volatilised before the calcining zone into the adequately high temperature zones of the kiln system |
c | To operate in such a way that the gas resulting from the co-incineration of waste is raised in a controlled and homogeneous fashion, even under the most unfavourable conditions, to a temperature of 850 °C for 2 seconds |
d | To raise the temperature to 1 100 °C, if hazardous waste with a content of more than 1 % of halogenated organic substances, expressed as chlorine, are co-incinerated |
e | To feed wastes continuously and constantly |
f | Delay or stop co-incinerating waste for operations such as start-ups and/or shutdowns when appropriate temperatures and residence times cannot be reached, as noted in a) to d) above |
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Use a simple and linear site layout of the installation | Applicable to new plants only |
b | Enclose/encapsulate dusty operations, such as grinding, screening and mixing | Generally applicable |
c | Cover conveyors and elevators, which are constructed as closed systems, if diffuse dust emissions are likely to be released from dusty material | |
d | Reduce air leakages and spillage points | |
e | Use automatic devices and control systems | |
f | Ensure trouble-free operations | |
g | Ensure proper and complete maintenance of the installation using mobile and stationary vacuum cleaning.
| |
h | Ventilate and collect dust in fabric filters:
| |
i | Use closed storage with an automatic handling system:
| |
j | Use flexible filling pipes for dispatch and loading processes, equipped with a dust extraction system for loading cement, which are positioned towards the loading floor of the lorry |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Cover bulk storage areas or stockpiles or enclose them with screening, walling or an enclosure consisting of vertical greenery (artificial or natural wind barriers for open pile wind protection) |
b | Use open pile wind protection:
|
c | Use water spray and chemical dust suppressors:
|
d | Ensure paving, road wetting and housekeeping:
|
e | Ensure humidification of stockpiles:
|
f | Match the discharge height to the varying height of the heap, automatically if possible or by reduction of the unloading velocity, when diffuse dust emissions at the charging or discharging points of storage sites cannot be avoided |
This section concerns dust emissions arising from dusty operations other than those from kiln firing, cooling and the main milling processes. This covers processes such as the crushing of raw materials; raw material conveyors and elevators; the storage of raw materials, clinker and cement; the storage of fuels and the dispatch of cement.
For dusty operations, dry flue-gas cleaning with a filter usually consists of a fabric filter. A description of fabric filters is provided in Section 1.5.1.
The BAT-AEL for channelled dust emissions from dusty operations (other than those from kiln firing, cooling and the main milling processes) is < 10 mg/Nm3, as the average over the sampling period (spot measurement, for at least half an hour).
It should be noted that for small sources (< 10 000 Nm3/h) a priority approach, based on the maintenance management system, regarding the frequency for checking the performance of the filter has to be taken into account (see also BAT 5).
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.5.1. | ||
Techniquea | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) | Applicable to all kiln systems |
b | Fabric filters | |
c | Hybrid filters |
The BAT-AEL for dust emissions from flue-gases of kiln firing processes is <10 – 20 mg/Nm3, as the daily average value. When applying fabric filters or new or upgraded ESPs, the lower level is achieved.
a A description of the techniques is given in Section 1.5.1 | ||
Techniquea | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) | Generally applicable to clinker coolers and cement mills. |
b | Fabric filters | Generally applicable to clinker coolers and mills |
c | Hybrid filters | Applicable to clinker coolers and cement mills. |
The BAT-AEL for dust emissions from the flue-gases of cooling and milling processes is <10 – 20 mg/Nm3, as the daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour). When applying fabric filters or new or upgraded ESPs, the lower level is achieved.
a A description of the techniques is provided in Section 1.5.2. | ||
Techniquea | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Primary techniques | |
I.Flame cooling | Applicable to all types of kilns used for cement manufacturing. The degree of applicability can be limited by product quality requirements and potential impacts on process stability | |
II.Low NOx burners | Applicable to all rotary kilns, in the main kiln as well as in the precalciner | |
III.Mid-kiln firing | Generally applicable to long rotary kilns | |
IV.Addition of mineralisers to improve the burnability of the raw meal (mineralised clinker) | Generally applicable to rotary kilns subject to final product quality requirements | |
V.Process optimisation | Generally applicable to all kilns | |
b | Staged combustion (conventional or waste fuels), also in combination with a precalciner and the use of optimised fuel mix | In general, can only be applied in kilns equipped with a precalciner. Substantial plant modifications are necessary in cyclone preheater systems without a precalciner. In kilns without precalciner, lump fuels firing might have a positive effect on NOx reduction depending on the ability to produce a controlled reduction atmosphere and to control the related CO emissions |
c | Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) | In principle, applicable to rotary cement kilns. The injection zones vary with the type of kiln process. In long wet and long dry process kilns it may be difficult to obtain the right temperature and retention time needed. See also BAT 20 |
d | Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) | Applicability is subject to appropriate catalyst and process development in the cement industry |
See Table 2.
BAT-associated emission levels for NOx from the flue-gases of kiln firing and/or preheating/precalcining processes in the cement industry
a The upper level of the BAT-AEL range is 500 mg/Nm3, if the initial NOx level after primary techniques is > 1 000 mg/Nm3. | ||
b Existing kiln system design, fuel mix properties including waste and raw material burnability (e.g. special cement or white cement clinker) can influence the ability to be within the range. Levels below 350 mg/Nm3 are achieved at kilns with favourable conditions when using SNCR. In 2008, the lower value of 200 mg/Nm3 has been reported as a monthly average for three plants (easy burning mix used) using SNCR. | ||
c Depending on initial levels and NH3 slip. | ||
Kiln type | Unit | BAT-AEL(daily average value) |
---|---|---|
Preheater kilns | mg/Nm3 | < 200 – 450a b |
Lepol and long rotary kilns | mg/Nm3 | 400 – 800c |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | To apply an appropriate and sufficient NOx reduction efficiency along with a stable operating process |
b | To apply a good stoichiometric distribution of ammonia in order to achieve the highest efficiency of NOx reduction and to reduce the NH3 slip |
c | To keep the emissions of NH3 slip (due to unreacted ammonia) from the flue-gases as low as possible taking into account the correlation between the NOx abatement efficiency and the NH3 slip |
SNCR is generally applicable to rotary cement kilns. The injection zones vary with the type of kiln process. In long wet and long dry process kilns it may be difficult to obtain the right temperature and retention time needed. See also BAT 19.
See Table 3.
BAT-associated emission levels for NH3 slip in the flue-gases when SNCR is applied
a The ammonia slip depends on the initial NOx level and on the NOx abatement efficiency. For Lepol and long rotary kilns, the level may be even higher. | ||
Parameter | Unit | BAT-AEL(daily average value) |
---|---|---|
NH3 slip | mg/Nm3 | < 30 – 50a |
a A description of the techniques is provided in Section 1.5.3 | ||
Techniquea | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Absorbent addition | Absorbent addition is, in principle, applicable to all kiln systems, although it is mostly used in suspension preheaters. Lime addition to the kiln feed reduces the quality of the granules/nodules and causes flow problems in Lepol kilns. For preheater kilns it has been found that direct injection of slaked lime into the flue-gas is less efficient than adding slaked lime to the kiln feed |
b | Wet scrubber | Applicable to all cement kiln types with appropriate (sufficient) SO2 levels for manufacturing the gypsum |
Depending on the raw materials and the fuel quality, levels of SOx emissions can be kept low not requiring the use of an abatement technique.
If necessary, primary techniques and/or abatement techniques such as absorbent addition or wet scrubber can be used to reduce SOx emissions.
Wet scrubbers have already been operated in plants with initial unabated SOx levels higher than 800 – 1 000 mg/Nm3.
See Table 4.
BAT-associated emission levels for SOx from the flue-gases of kiln firing and/or preheating/precalcining processes in the cement industry
a The range takes into account the sulphur content in the raw materials. | ||
b For white cement and special cement clinker production, the ability of clinker to retain fuel sulphur might be significantly lower leading to higher SOX emissions. | ||
Parameter | Unit | BAT-AELa b(daily average value) |
---|---|---|
SOx expressed as SO2 | mg/Nm3 | < 50 – 400 |
The technique consists of optimising the raw milling process so that the raw mill can be operated to act as SO2 abatement for the kiln. This can be achieved by adjusting factors such as:
raw material moisture
mill temperature
retention time in the mill
fineness of the ground material.
Applicable if the dry milling process is used in compound mode.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Manage CO trips in order to reduce the ESP downtime |
b | Continuous automatic CO measurements by means of monitoring equipment with a short response time and situated close to the CO source |
For safety reasons, due to the risk of explosions, ESPs will have to shut down during elevated CO levels in the flue-gases. The following techniques prevent CO trips and, therefore, reduce ESP shutdown times:
control of the combustion process
control of the organic load of raw materials
control of the quality of the fuels and fuel feeding system.
Disruptions predominantly happen during the start-up operation phase. For safe operation, the gas analysers for ESP protection have to be on-line during all operational phases and the ESP downtime can be reduced by using a backup monitoring system maintained in operation.
The continuous CO monitoring system needs to be optimised for reaction time and should be located close to the CO source, e.g. at a preheater tower outlet, or at a kiln inlet in the case of a wet kiln application.
When hybrid filters are used, the grounding of the bag support cage with the cell plate is recommended.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Using raw materials and fuels with a low chlorine content |
b | Limiting the amount of chlorine content for any waste that is to be used as raw material and/or fuel in a cement kiln |
The BAT-AEL for the emissions of HCl is <10 mg/Nm3, as the daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements, for at least half an hour).
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Using raw materials and fuels with a low fluorine content |
b | Limiting the amount of fluorine content for any waste that is to be used as raw material and/or fuel in a cement kiln |
The BAT-AEL for the emissions of HF is <1 mg/Nm3, as the daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements, for at least half an hour).
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Carefully selecting and controlling of kiln inputs (raw materials), i.e. chlorine, copper and volatile organic compounds | Generally applicable |
b | Carefully selecting and controlling kiln inputs (fuels), i.e. chlorine and copper | Generally applicable |
c | Limiting/avoiding the use of wastes which contain chlorinated organic materials | Generally applicable |
d | Avoid feeding fuels with a high content of halogens (e.g. chlorine) in secondary firing | Generally applicable |
e | Quick cooling of kiln flue-gases to lower than 200 °C and minimising residence time of flue-gases and oxygen content in zones where the temperatures range between 300 and 450 °C | Applicable to long wet kilns and long dry kilns without preheating. In modern preheater and precalciner kilns, this feature is already inherent |
f | Stop co-incinerating waste for operations such as start-ups and/or shutdowns | Generally applicable |
The BAT-AEL for the emissions of PCDD/F from the flue-gases of the kiln firing processes is <0,05 – 0,1 ng PCDD/F I-TEQ/Nm3, as the average over the sampling period (6 – 8 hours).
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Selecting materials with a low content of relevant metals and limiting the content of relevant metals in materials, especially mercury |
b | Using a quality assurance system to guarantee the characteristics of the waste materials used |
c | Using effective dust removal techniques as set out in BAT 17 |
See Table 5.
BAT-associated emission levels for metals from the flue-gases of kiln firing processes
a Low levels have been reported based on the quality of the raw materials and the fuels. | ||
b Low levels have been reported based on the quality of the raw materials and the fuels. Values higher than 0,03 mg/Nm3 have to be further investigated. Values close to 0,05 mg/Nm3 require consideration of additional techniques (e.g. lowering of the flue-gas temperature, activated carbon). | ||
Metals | Unit | BAT-AEL(average over the sampling period (spot measurements, for at least half an hour)) |
---|---|---|
Hg | mg/Nm3 | < 0,05b |
Σ (Cd, Tl) | mg/Nm3 | < 0,05a |
Σ (As, Sb, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, V) | mg/Nm3 | < 0,5a |
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Reuse collected dusts in the process, wherever practicable | Generally applicable but subject to dust chemical composition |
b | Utilise these dusts in other commercial products, when possible | The utilisation of the dusts in other commercial products may not be within the control of the operator |
Collected dust can be recycled back into the production processes whenever practicable. This recycling may take place directly into the kiln or kiln feed (the alkali metal content being the limiting factor) or by blending with finished cement products. A quality assurance procedure might be required when the collected dusts are recycled back into the production processes. Alternative uses may be found for material that cannot be recycled (e.g. additive for flue-gas desulphurisation in combustion plants).
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all installations in the lime industry.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Process control optimisation, including computer-based automatic control |
b | Using modern, gravimetric solid fuel feed systems and/or gas flow meters |
Process control optimisation is applicable to all lime plants to varying degrees. Complete process automation is generally not achievable due to the uncontrollable variables, i.e. quality of the limestone.
Raw materials entering the kiln have a significant effect on air emissions due to their impurities content; hence, a careful selection of raw materials may reduce these emissions at source. For example, the variations of sulphur and chlorine contents in the limestone/dolomite have an effect on the range of the SO2 and HCl emissions in the flue-gas, while the presence of organic matter has an influence on TOC and CO emissions.
The applicability depends on the (local) availability of raw materials with low impurities content. The type of final product and the type of kiln used may represent an additional constraint.
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Continuous measurements of process parameters demonstrating the process stability, such as temperature, O2 content, pressure, flow rate and CO emissions | Applicable to kiln processes |
b | Monitoring and stabilising of critical process parameters, e.g. fuel feed, regular dosage and excess oxygen | |
c | Continuous or periodic measurements of dust, NOx, SOx, CO emissions and NH3 emissions when SNCR is applied | Applicable to kiln processes |
d | Continuous or periodic measurements of HCl and HF emissions in case wastes are co-incinerated | Applicable to kiln processes |
e | Continuous or periodic measurements of TOC emissions or continuous measurements in case wastes are co-incinerated | Applicable to kiln processes |
f | Periodic measurements of PCDD/F and metal emissions | Applicable to kiln processes |
g | Continuous or periodic measurements of dust emissions | Applicable to non-kiln processes For small sources (<10 000 Nm3/h) the frequency of the measurements should be based on a maintenance management system |
The selection between continuous or periodic measurements mentioned in BAT 32(c) to 32(f) is based on the emission source and the type of pollutant expected.
For periodic measurements of dust, NOx, SOx and CO emissions, a frequency of once a month and up to once a year at the time of normal operating conditions is given as an indication.
For periodic measurements of PCDD/F, TOC, HCl, HF, metal emissions, a frequency appropriate to the raw materials and fuels that are used in the process should be applied.
Technique | Description | Applicability | |
---|---|---|---|
a | Applying improved and optimised kiln systems and a smooth and stable kiln process, operating close to the process parameter set points, through: I. process control optimisation II. heat recovery from flue-gases (e.g. use of surplus heat from rotary kilns to dry limestone for other processes such as limestone milling) III. modern, gravimetric solid fuel feed systems IV. maintenance of the equipment (e.g. air tightness, erosion of refractory) V. the use of optimised grain size of stone | Maintaining kiln control parameters close to their optimum values has the effect of reducing all consumption parameters due to, among other things, reduced numbers of shutdowns and upset conditions. The use of optimised grain size of stone is subject to raw material availability | Technique (a) II is applicable only to long rotary kilns (LRK) |
b | Using fuels with characteristics which have a positive influence on thermal energy consumption | The characteristics of fuels, e.g. high calorific value and low moisture content can have a positive effect on the thermal energy consumption | The applicability depends on the technical possibility to feed the selected fuel into the kiln and on the availability of suitable fuels (e.g. high calorific value and low humidity) which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State |
c | Limiting excess air | A decrease of excess air used for combustion has a direct effect on fuel consumption since high percentages of air require more thermal energy to heat up the excess volume. Only in LRK and PRK the limitation of excess air has an impact on thermal energy consumption. The technique has a potential of increasing TOC and CO emission | Applicable to LRK and PRK within the limits of a potential overheating of some areas in the kiln with consequent deterioration of the refractory lifetime |
See Table 6.
BAT-associated levels for thermal energy consumption in the lime and dolime industry
a Energy consumption depends on the type of product, the product quality, the process conditions and the raw materials | |
Kiln type | Thermal energy consumptionaGJ/tonne of product |
---|---|
Long rotary kilns (LRK) | 6,0 – 9,2 |
Rotary kilns with preheater (PRK) | 5,1 – 7,8 |
Parallel flow regenerative kilns (PFRK) | 3,2 – 4,2 |
Annular shaft kilns (ASK) | 3,3 – 4,9 |
Mixed feed shaft kilns (MFSK) | 3,4 – 4,7 |
Other kilns (OK) | 3,5 – 7,0 |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Using power management systems |
b | Using optimised grain size of limestone |
c | Using grinding equipment and other electricity based equipment with high energy efficiency |
Vertical kilns can usually burn only coarse limestone pebbles. However, rotary kilns with higher energy consumption can also valorise small fractions and new vertical kilns can burn small granules from 10 mm. The larger granules of kiln feed stone are used more in vertical kilns than in rotary kilns.
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Specific quarrying, crushing and well directed use of limestone (quality, grain size) | Generally applicable in the lime industry; however, stone processing is dependent on the limestone quality |
b | Selecting kilns applying optimised techniques which allow for operating with a wider range of limestone grain sizes to make optimum use of quarried limestone | Applicable to new plants and major upgrades of kiln. Vertical kilns can in principle only burn coarse limestone pebbles. Fine lime PFRK and/or rotary kilns can operate with smaller limestone grain sizes |
Fuels entering the kiln may have a significant effect on air emissions due to their impurities content. The content of sulphur (for long rotary kilns in particular), nitrogen and chlorine have an effect on the range of the SOx, NOx and HCl emissions in the flue-gas. Depending on the chemical composition of the fuel and the type of kiln used, the choice of appropriate fuels or a fuel mix can lead to emissions reductions.
Except for mixed feed shaft kilns, all types of kilns can operate with all types of fuels and fuel mixtures subject to fuels availability which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State. The selection of fuel also depends on the desired quality of the final product, the technical possibility to feed the fuel into the selected kiln, and economic considerations.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Apply a quality assurance system to guarantee and control the characteristics of wastes and to analyse any waste that is to be used as fuel in the kiln for: I. constant quality II. physical criteria, e.g. emissions formation, coarseness, reactivity, burnability, calorific value III. chemical criteria, e.g. total chlorine content, sulphur, alkali, and phosphate content and relevant metals content (e.g. total chromium, lead, cadmium, mercury, thallium) |
b | Control the amount of relevant components for any waste that is to be used as fuel, such as total halogen content, metals (e.g. total chromium, lead, cadmium, mercury, thallium) and sulphur |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | To use appropriate burners for feeding suitable wastes depending on kiln design and kiln operation |
b | To operate in such a way that the gas resulting from the co-incineration of waste is raised in a controlled and homogeneous fashion and even under the most unfavourable conditions, to a temperature of 850 °C for 2 seconds |
c | To raise the temperature to 1 100 °C if hazardous wastes with a content of more than 1 % of halogenated organic substances, expressed as chlorine, are co-incinerated |
d | To feed wastes continuously and constantly |
e | To stop feeding waste for operations such as start-ups and/or shutdowns when appropriate temperatures and residence times cannot be reached, as mentioned in (b) and (c) above |
The use of a safety management for the storage, handling and feeding of hazardous waste materials consists of a risk-based approach according to the source and type of waste, for the labelling, checking, sampling and testing of waste to be handled.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Enclosure/encapsulation of dusty operations, such as grinding, screening and mixing |
b | Use of covered conveyors and elevators, which are constructed as closed systems, if dust emissions are likely to be released from dusty material |
c | Use of storage silos with adequate capacity, level indicators with cut out switches and with filters to deal with dust-bearing air displaced during filling operations |
d | Use of a circulation process which is favoured for pneumatic conveying systems |
e | Material handling in closed systems maintained under negative pressure and dedusting of the suction air by a fabric filter before being emitted into the air |
f | Reduction of air leakage and spillage points, completion of installation |
g | Proper and complete maintenance of the installation |
h | Use of automatic devices and control systems |
i | Use of continuous trouble-free operations |
j | Use of flexible filling pipes equipped with a dust extraction system for loading lime which are positioned at the loading floor of the lorry |
In raw material preparation operations, like crushing and sieving, dust separation is not normally needed, because of the moisture content of the raw material.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Enclose storage locations using screening, walling or vertical greenery (artificial or natural wind barriers for open pile wind protection) |
b | Use product silos and closed, fully-automated raw material storages. These types of storage are equipped with one or more fabric filters to prevent diffuse dust formation in loading and unloading operations |
c | Reduce diffuse dust emissions at stockpiles by using sufficient humidification of stockpile charging and discharging points and the use of conveyor belts with adjustable height. When using humidification or spraying measures/techniques, the ground can be sealed and the surplus water can be gathered, and if necessary this can be treated and used in closed cycles |
d | Reduce diffuse dust emissions at charging or discharging points of storage sites if they cannot be avoided, by matching the discharge height to the varying height of the heap, if possible automatically, or by reduction of the unloading velocity |
e | Keep the locations wet, especially dry areas, using spraying devices and clean them by cleaning lorries |
f | Use vacuum systems during removal operations. New buildings can easily be equipped with stationary vacuum cleaning systems, while existing buildings are normally better fitted with mobile systems and flexible connections |
g | Reduce diffuse dust emissions arising in areas used by lorries, by paving these areas when possible and keeping the surface as clean as possible. Wetting the roads can reduce diffuse dust emissions, especially during dry weather. Good housekeeping practices can be used in order to keep diffuse dust emissions to a minimum |
a A description of the techniques is provided in Section 1.6.1. | ||
b If necessary, centrifugal separators/cyclones can be used as pretreatment of the flue-gases. | ||
Techniquea b | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Fabric filter | Generally applicable to milling and grinding plants and subsidiary processes in the lime industry; material transport; and storage and loading facilities. The applicability of fabric filters in hydrating lime plants may be limited by the high moisture and low temperature of the flue-gases |
b | Wet scrubbers | Mainly applicable to hydrating lime plants |
See Table 7.
BAT-associated emission levels for channelled dust emissions from dusty operations other than those from kiln firing processes
Technique | Unit | BAT-AEL(daily average or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour)) |
---|---|---|
Fabric filter | mg/Nm3 | < 10 |
Wet scrubber | mg/Nm3 | < 10 – 20 |
It should be noted that for small sources (< 10 000 Nm3/h) a priority approach regarding the frequency for checking the performance of the filter has to be taken into account (see BAT 32).
a A description of the techniques is provided in Section 1.6.1. | ||
Techniquea | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | ESP | Applicable to all kiln systems |
b | Fabric filter | Applicable to all kiln systems |
c | Wet dust separator | Applicable to all kiln systems |
d | Centrifugal separator/cyclone | Centrifugal separators are only suitable as pre-separators and can be used to pre-clean the flue-gases from all kiln systems |
See Table 8.
BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions from the flue-gases of kiln firing processes
a In exceptional cases where the resistivity of dust is high, the BAT-AEL could be higher, up to 30 mg/Nm3, as the daily average value. | ||
Technique | Unit | BAT-AEL(daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour)) |
---|---|---|
Fabric filter | mg/Nm3 | < 10 |
ESP or other filters | mg/Nm3 | < 20a |
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Careful selection and control of substances entering the kiln | Generally applicable |
b | Reducing the pollutant precursors in fuels and, if possible, in raw materials, i.e. I. selecting fuels, where available, with low contents of sulphur (for long rotary kilns in particular), nitrogen and chlorine II. selecting raw materials, if possible, with low contents of organic matter III. selecting suitable waste fuels for the process and the burner | Generally applicable in the lime industry subject to local availability of raw materials and fuels, the type of kiln used, the desired product qualities and the technical possibility of feeding the fuels into the selected kiln |
c | Using process optimisation techniques to ensure an efficient absorption of sulphur dioxide (e.g. efficient contact between the kiln gases and the quicklime) | Applicable to all lime plants. In general, complete process automation is not achievable due to uncontrollable variables, i.e. quality of the limestone |
a A description of the techniques is provided in Section 1.6.2 | ||
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Primary techniques | |
I.Appropriate fuel selection along with limitation of nitrogen content in the fuel | Generally applicable in the lime industry subject to fuel availability which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State and to the technical possibility to feed a certain type of fuel into the selected kiln | |
II.Process optimisation including flame shaping and temperature profile | Optimisation of process and process control can be applied in lime manufacturing but is subject to the final product quality | |
III.Burner design (low NOX burner)a | Low NOX burners are applicable to rotary kilns and to annular shaft kilns presenting conditions of high primary air. PFRKs and other shaft kilns have flameless combustion, thus rendering low NOX burners not applicable to this kiln type | |
IV.Air staginga | Not applicable to shaft kilns. Applicable only to PRK but not when hard burned lime is produced. The applicability may be limited by constraints imposed by the type of final product, due to possible overheating in some areas of the kiln and consequent deterioration of the refractory lining | |
b | SNCRa | Applicable to Lepol rotary kilns. See also BAT 46 |
See Table 9.
BAT-associated emission levels for NOx from flue-gases of kiln firing processes in the lime industry
a The higher ends of the ranges are related to the production of dolime and hard burned lime. Higher levels than the upper end of the range may be associated with the production of sintered dolime. | ||
b For LRK and PRK with shaft producing hard burned lime, the upper level is up to 800 mg/Nm3 | ||
c Where primary techniques as indicated in BAT 45 (a)I are not sufficient to reach this level and where secondary techniques are not applicable to reduce the NOx emissions to 350 mg/Nm3, the upper level is 500 mg/Nm3, especially for hard burned lime and for the use of biomass as fuel. | ||
Kiln type | Unit | BAT-AEL(daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour), stated as NO2) |
---|---|---|
PFRK, ASK, MFSK, OSK | mg/Nm3 | 100 – 350a c |
LRK, PRK | mg/Nm3 | < 200 – 500a b |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | To apply an appropriate and sufficient reduction efficiency along with a stable operating process |
b | To apply a good stoichiometric ratio and distribution of ammonia in order to achieve the highest efficiency of NOx reduction and to reduce the ammonia slip |
c | To keep the emissions of NH3 slip (due to unreacted ammonia) from the flue-gases as low as possible, taking into account the correlation between the NOx abatement efficiency and the NH3 slip. |
Applicable only to Lepol rotary kilns, where the ideal temperature range of 850 to 1 020 °C is accessible. See also BAT 45, technique (b).
The BAT-AEL for the emissions of NH3 slip from the flue-gases is <30 mg/Nm3, as the daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour).
a A description of the techniques is provided in Section 1.6.3 | ||
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Process optimisation to ensure an efficient absorption of sulphur dioxide (e.g. efficient contact between the kiln gases and the quicklime) | Process control optimisation is applicable to all lime plants |
b | Selecting fuels with a low sulphur content | Generally applicable, subject to fuel availability in particular for use in long rotary kilns (LRK), due to high SOx emissions |
c | Using absorbent addition techniques (e.g. absorbent addition, dry flue-gas cleaning with a filter, wet scrubber, or activated carbon injection)a | Absorbent addition techniques are, in principle, applicable in the lime industry; however, this technique had not yet been applied in the lime sector in 2007. Particularly for rotary lime kilns further investigation is required in order to assess its applicability |
See Table 10.
BAT-associated emission levels for SOx from flue-gases of kiln firing processes in the lime industry
a The level depends on the initial SOx level in the flue-gas and on the reduction technique used. | ||
b For the production of sintered dolime using the ‘double- pass process’, SOx emissions might be higher than the upper end of the range. | ||
Kiln type | Unit | BAT-AELa b(daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour), SOx expressed as SO2) |
---|---|---|
PFRK, ASK, MFSK, OSK, PRK | mg/Nm3 | < 50 – 200 |
LRK | mg/Nm3 | < 50 – 400 |
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Selecting, raw materials with a low content of organic matter | Generally applicable to the lime industry within the constraints of the local availability and composition of raw materials, the type of kiln used and the quality of the final product |
b | Using process optimisation techniques to achieve a stable and complete combustion | Applicable to all lime plants. In general, complete process automation is not achievable due to uncontrollable variables, i.e. quality of the limestone |
In this context, see also BAT 30 and 31 in Section 1.3.1 and BAT 32 in Section 1.3.2.
See Table 11.
BAT-associated emission levels for CO from the flue-gas of kiln firing processes
a Emissions can be higher depending on raw materials used and/or type of lime produced, e.g. hydraulic lime. | ||
b BAT-AEL does not apply to MFSK and ASK. | ||
Kiln type | Unit | BAT-AELa b(daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour)) |
---|---|---|
PFRK, OSK, LRK, PRK | mg/Nm3 | < 500 |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Manage CO trips in order to reduce the ESP downtime |
b | Continuous automatic CO measurements by means of monitoring equipment with a short response time and situated close to the CO source |
For safety reasons, due to the risk of explosions, ESPs will have to shut down during elevated CO levels in the flue-gases. The following techniques prevent CO trips and, therefore, reduce ESP shutdown times:
control of the combustion process
control of the organic load of raw materials
control of the quality of the fuels and fuel feeding system.
Disruptions predominantly happen during the start-up operation phase. For safe operation, the gas analysers for ESP protection have to be online during all operational phases and the ESP downtime can be reduced by using a backup monitoring system maintained in operation.
The continuous CO monitoring system needs to be optimised for reaction time and should be located close to the CO source, e.g. at a preheater tower outlet, or at a kiln inlet in the case of a wet kiln application.
Generally applicable to rotary kilns fitted with electrostatic precipitators (ESPs).
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Applying general primary techniques and monitoring (see also BAT 30 and 31 in Section 1.3.1, and BAT 32 in Section 1.3.2) |
b | Avoid feeding raw materials with a high content of volatile organic compounds into the kiln system (except for hydraulic lime production) |
For applicability of general primary techniques and monitoring see BAT 30 and 31 in Section 1.3.1, and BAT 32 in Section 1.3.2.
Technique (b) is generally applicable to the lime industry, subject to local raw materials availability and/or the type of lime produced.
See Table 12.
BAT-associated emission levels for TOC from the flue-gas of kiln firing processes
a Level can be higher depending on the content of organic matter of raw materials used and/or the type of lime produced, in particular for the production of natural hydraulic lime. | ||
b In exceptional cases, the level can be higher. | ||
Kiln type | Unit | BAT-AELa(daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour)) |
---|---|---|
LRK, PRK | mg/Nm3 | < 10 |
ASK, MFSKb, PFRKb | mg/Nm3 | < 30 |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Using conventional fuels with a low chlorine and fluorine content |
b | Limiting the amount of chlorine and fluorine content for any waste that is to be used as fuel in a lime kiln |
The techniques are generally applicable in the lime industry but subject to local availability of suitable fuel.
See Table 13.
BAT-associated emission levels for HCl and HF emissions from the flue-gas of kiln firing processes, when using wastes
Emission | Unit | BAT-AEL(daily average value or the average value over the sampling period (spot measurements, for at least half an hour)) |
---|---|---|
HCl | mg/Nm3 | < 10 |
HF | mg/Nm3 | < 1 |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Selecting fuels with a low chlorine content |
b | Limiting the copper input through the fuel |
c | Minimising the residence time of the flue-gases and the oxygen content in zones where the temperatures range between 300 and 450 °C |
The BAT-AELs are < 0,05 – 0,1 ng PCDD/F I-TEQ/Nm3, as the average over the sampling period (6 – 8 hours).
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Selecting fuels with a low content of metals |
b | Using a quality assurance system to guarantee the characteristics of the waste fuels used |
c | Limiting the content of relevant metals in materials, especially mercury |
d | Using one or a combination of dust removal techniques as set out in BAT 43 |
See Table 14.
BAT associated emission levels for metals from the flue-gases of kiln firing processes, when using wastes
NB: Low levels were reported when applying techniques as mentioned in BAT 53 (a) – (d). | ||
Metals | Unit | BAT-AEL(average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour)) |
---|---|---|
Hg | mg/Nm3 | < 0,05 |
Σ (Cd, Tl) | mg/Nm3 | < 0,05 |
Σ (As, Sb, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, V) | mg/Nm3 | < 0,5 |
Furthermore in this context, see also BAT 37 (Section 1.3.5.1.1) and BAT 38 (Section 1.3.5.1.2).
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Reuse the collected dust or other particulate matter (e.g. sand, gravel) in the process | Generally applicable whenever practicable |
b | Utilise dust, off-specification quicklime and off-specification hydrated lime in selected commercial products | Generally utilised in different kinds of selected commercial products, whenever practicable |
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section can be applied to all installations in the magnesium oxide industry (dry process route).
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Continuous measurements of process parameters demonstrating the process stability, such as temperature, O2 content, pressure, flow rate | Generally applicable to kiln processes |
b | Monitoring and stabilising critical process parameters, i.e. raw material and fuel feed, regular dosage and excess oxygen | |
c | Continuous or periodic measurements of dust, NOx, SOx and CO emissions | Generally applicable to kiln processes |
d | Continuous or periodic measurements of dust emissions | Applicable to non-kiln processes. For small source (< 10 000 Nm3/h) the frequency of the measurements or performance check should be based on a maintenance management system |
The selection between continuous or periodic measurements mentioned in BAT 55 (c) is based on the emission source and the type of pollutant expected.
For periodic measurements for dust, NOx, SOx and CO emissions from kiln processes, a frequency of once a month and up to once a year and at the time of normal operating conditions is given as an indication.
Technique | Description | Applicability | |
---|---|---|---|
a | Applying improved and optimised kiln systems and a smooth and stable kiln process by applying: I. process control optimisation II. heat recovery from flue-gases from kiln and coolers | Heat recovery from flue-gases by the preliminary heating of the magnesite can be used in order to reduce fuel energy use. Heat recovered from the kiln can be used for drying fuels, raw materials and some packaging materials | Process control optimisation is applicable to all kiln types used in the magnesia industry. |
b | Using fuels with characteristics which have a positive influence on thermal energy consumption | The characteristics of fuels, e.g. high calorific value and low moisture content have a positive effect on the thermal energy consumption | Generally applicable subject to availability of the fuels, the type of kilns used, the desired product qualities and the technical possibilities of injecting the fuels into the kiln. |
c | Limiting excess air | The excess oxygen level to obtain the required quality of the products and for optimal combustion is usually in practice about 1 – 3 % | Generally applicable |
The BAT-associated thermal energy consumption is 6 – 12 GJ/t, depending on the process and the products(5).
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Using power management systems |
b | Using grinding equipment and other electricity based equipment with high energy efficiency |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Simple and linear site layout |
b | Good housekeeping of buildings and roads, along with proper and complete maintenance of the installation |
c | Watering of raw material piles |
d | Enclosure/encapsulation of dusty operations, such as grinding and screening |
e | Use of covered conveyors and elevators, which are constructed as closed systems, if dust emissions are likely to be released from dusty material |
f | Use of storage silos with adequate capacities and equipping them with filters to deal with dust-bearing air displaced during filling operations |
g | A circulation process is favoured for pneumatic conveying systems |
h | Reduction of air leakage and spillage points |
i | Use of automatic devices and control systems |
k | Use of continuous trouble-free operations |
a A description of the techniques is provided in Section 1.7.1 | ||
Techniquea | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Fabric filters | Generally applicable to all units in the magnesium oxide manufacturing process, especially for dusty operations, screening, grinding and milling |
b | Centrifugal separators/ cyclones | Because of the system-dependent limited degree of separation, cyclones are mainly applicable as preliminary separators for coarse dust and flue-gases |
c | Wet dust separators | Generally applicable |
The BAT-AEL for channelled dust emissions from dusty operations other than those from kiln firing processes is < 10 mg/Nm3, as daily average or average over the sampling period (spot measurements, for at least half an hour).
It should be noted that for small sources (< 10 000 Nm3/h) a priority approach, based on a maintenance management system regarding the frequency for checking the performance of the filter has to be taken into account (see BAT 55).
a A description of the techniques is provided in Section 1.7.1. | ||
Techniquea | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) | ESPs are mainly applicable in rotary kilns. They are applicable for flue-gas temperatures above the dew point and up to 370 – 400 °C |
b | Fabric filters | Fabric filters for dust removal from flue-gases can, in principle, be applied for all units in the magnesium oxide manufacturing process. They can be used for flue-gas temperatures above the dew point and up to 280 °C. For the production of caustic calcined magnesia (CCM) and sintered/dead burned magnesia (DBM), due to the high temperatures, the corrosive nature and the high volume of the flue-gases occurring from the kiln firing process, special fabric filters with high temperature-resistant filter material have to be used. However, experience from the magnesia industry producing DBM shows that no suitable equipment is available for flue-gas temperatures of approximately 400 °C for magnesia production |
c | Centrifugal separators/ cyclones | Because of the system-dependent limited degree of separation, cyclones are mainly applicable as preliminary separators for coarse dust and flue-gases |
d | Wet dust separators | Generally applicable |
The BAT-AEL for dust emissions from the flue-gases of kiln firing processes is < 20 – 35 mg/Nm3 as the daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements, for at least half an hour).
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Careful selection and control of the substances entering the kiln in order to reduce the pollutant precursors, i.e.: I. selecting fuels with low contents of sulphur, if available, chlorine and nitrogen II. selecting raw materials with low contents of organic matter III. selecting suitable waste fuels for the process and the burner | Generally applicable subject to availability of raw materials and fuels, the type of kiln used, the desired product qualities and the technical possibility of injecting the fuels into the selected kiln. Waste materials can be considered as fuels in the magnesia industry but had not yet been applied in the magnesia industry in 2007 |
b | Using process optimisation measures/techniques to ensure a smooth and stable kiln process, operating close to the stoichiometric required air | Process control optimisation is applicable to all kiln types used in the magnesia industry. However, a highly sophisticated process control system may be necessary |
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Appropriate fuel selection along with a limited nitrogen content in the fuel | Generally applicable subject to fuels availability |
b | Process optimisation and improved firing technique | Generally applicable in the magnesia industry |
The BAT-AEL for the emissions of NOX from the flue-gases of kiln firing processes is < 500 – 1 500 mg/Nm3, as the daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour) stated as NO2. The higher values are related to the high temperature DBM process.
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Selecting raw materials with a low content of organic matter | A part of CO emissions results from the organic matter of raw materials thus selection of raw materials with low organic content can reduce CO emissions |
b | Process control optimisation | A complete and correct combustion is essential to reduce CO emissions. Air supply from cooler and primary air as well as the draught of the stack fan can be controlled in order to keep an oxygen level of between 1 (sinter) and 1,5 % (caustic) during the combustion. A change of air and fuel charge can reduce CO emissions. Furthermore, CO emissions can be decreased by changing the depth of the burner |
c | Feeding fuels controlled, constantly and continuously | Controlled fuel addition includes, e.g.:
|
The techniques for the reduction of CO emissions are generally applicable to the magnesia industry. The selection of raw materials with a low content of organic matter is subject to raw materials availability.
The BAT-AEL for the emissions of CO from the flue-gases of kiln firing processes is < 50 – 1 000 mg/Nm3, as the daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour).
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Manage CO trips in order to reduce the ESP downtime |
b | Continuous automatic CO measurements by means of monitoring equipment with a short response time and situated close to the CO source |
For safety reasons, due to the risk of explosions, ESPs will have to shut down during elevated CO levels in the flue-gases. The following techniques prevent CO trips and, therefore, reduce ESP shutdown times:
control of the combustion process
control of the organic load of raw materials
control of the quality of the fuels and fuel feeding system.
Disruptions predominantly happen during the start-up operation phase. For safe operation, the gas analysers for ESP protection have to be online during all operational phases and the ESP downtime can be reduced by using a backup monitoring system maintained in operation.
The continuous CO monitoring system needs to be optimised for reaction time and should be located close to the CO source, e.g. at a preheater tower outlet, or at a kiln inlet in the case of a wet kiln application.
Generally applicable to kilns fitted with electrostatic precipitators (ESPs).
a A description of the measure/technique is provided in Section 1.7.2 | ||
Technique | Applicability | |
---|---|---|
a | Process optimisation techniques | Generally applicable |
b | Selecting fuels with a low sulphur content | Generally applicable subject to availability of low sulphur fuels which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State. The selection of fuel also depends on the quality of the final product, technical possibilities and economic considerations |
c | A dry absorbent addition technique (sorbent addition into the flue gas stream such as reactive MgO grades, hydrated lime, activated carbon, etc.), in combination with a filtera | Generally applicable |
d | Wet scrubbera | The applicability may be limited in arid areas by the large volume of water necessary and the need for waste water treatment and the related cross-media effects |
See Table 15.
BAT-associated emission levels for SOx from flue-gases of kiln firing processes in the magnesia industry
a The BAT-AELs depend on the content of sulphur in the raw materials and fuels. The lower end of the range is associated with the use of raw materials with low sulphur content and the use of natural gas; the upper end of the range is associated with the use of raw materials with higher sulphur content and/or the use of sulphur-containing fuels. | ||
b Cross-media effects should be taken into account to assess the best combination of BAT to reduce SOx emissions. | ||
c When a wet scrubber is not applicable, BAT-AELs depend on the sulphur content of raw materials and fuels. In this case, the BAT-AEL is < 1 500 mg/Nm3 while ensuring a SOX emissions removal efficiency of at least 60 %. | ||
Parameter | Unit | BAT-AELa b(daily average value or average over the sampling period (spot measurements for at least half an hour)) |
---|---|---|
SOX expressed as SO2 | mg/Nm3 | < 50 – 400c |
Generally applicable, subject to dust chemical composition.
The utilisation of magnesium carbonate dusts in other marketable products may not be within the control of the operator.
The utilisation of sludge resulting from the wet process of the flue-gas desulphurisation in other sectors may not be within the control of the operator.
Technique | |
---|---|
a | To select suitable wastes for the process and the burner |
b | To apply quality assurance systems to guarantee and control the characteristics of wastes and to analyse any waste that is to be used for: I. availability II. constant quality III. physical criteria, e.g. emissions formation, coarseness, reactivity, burnability, calorific value IV. chemical criteria, e.g. chlorine, sulphur, alkali and phosphate content and relevant metals (e.g. total chromium, lead, cadmium, mercury, thallium) content |
c | To control the amount of relevant parameters for any waste that is to be used, such as total halogen content, metals (e.g. total chromium, lead, cadmium, mercury, thallium) and sulphur |
Wastes may be used as fuels and/or raw materials in the magnesia industry (although they had not yet been applied in the magnesia industry in 2007) subject to availability, the type of kiln used, the desired product qualities and the technical possibility of feeding the fuels into the kiln.
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Electrostatic precipitators | Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) generate an electrostatic field across the path of particulate matter in the air stream. The particles become negatively charged and migrate towards positively charged collection plates. The collection plates are rapped or vibrated periodically, dislodging the material so that it falls into collection hoppers below. It is important that ESP rapping cycles be optimised to minimise particulate re-entrainment and thereby minimise the potential to affect plume visibility. ESPs are characterised by their ability to operate under conditions of high temperatures (up to approximately 400 °C) and high humidity. The major disadvantages of this technique are their decreased efficiency with an insulating layer and a build-up of material that may be generated with high chlorine and sulphur inputs. For the overall performance of ESPs, it is important to avoid CO trips Even though there are no technical restrictions on the applicability of ESPs in the various processes in the cement industry, they are not often chosen for cement mill dedusting because of the investment costs and the efficiency (relatively high emissions) during start-ups and shutdowns |
b | Fabric filters | Fabric filters are efficient dust collectors. The basic principle of fabric filtration is to use a fabric membrane which is permeable to gas but which will retain the dust. Basically, the filter medium is arranged geometrically. Initially, dust is deposited both on the surface fibres and within the depth of the fabric, but as the surface layer builds up, the dust itself becomes the dominating filter medium. Off-gas can flow either from the inside of the bag outwards or vice versa. As the dust cake thickens, the resistance to gas flow increases. Periodic cleaning of the filter medium is therefore necessary to control the gas pressure drop across the filter. The fabricfilter should have multiple compartments which can be individually isolated in case of bag failure and there should be sufficient of these to allow adequate performance to be maintained if a compartment is taken off line. There should be ‘burst bag detectors’ in each compartment to indicate the need for maintenance when this happens. Filter bags are available in a range of woven and non-woven fabrics. Modern synthetic fabrics can operate at quite high temperatures of up to 280 °C. The performance of fabric filters is mainly influenced by different parameters, such as compatibility of the filter medium with the characteristics of the flue-gas and the dust, suitable properties for thermal, physical and chemical resistance, such as hydrolysis, acid, alkali, and oxidation and process temperature. Moisture and temperature of the flue-gases have to be taken into consideration during the selection of the technique. |
c | Hybrid filters | Hybrid filters are the combination of ESPs and fabric filters in the same device. They generally result from the conversion of existing ESPs. They allow the partial reuse of the old equipment |
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Absorbent addition | Absorbent is either added to the raw materials (e.g. hydrated lime addition) or injected into the gas stream (e.g. hydrated or slaked lime (Ca(OH)2), quicklime (CaO), activated fly ash with a high CaO content or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)). Hydrated lime can be charged into the raw mill together with the raw material constituents or directly added to the kiln feed. The addition of hydrated lime offers the advantage that the calcium-bearing additive forms reaction products that can be directly incorporated into the clinker-burning process. Absorbent injection into the gas stream can be applied in a dry or wet form (semi-dry scrubbing). The absorbent is injected into the flue-gas path at temperatures close to the water dew point, which results in more favourable conditions for SO2 capture. In cement kiln systems, this temperature range is usually reached in the area between the raw mill and the dust collector |
b | Wet scrubber | The wet scrubber is the most commonly used technique for flue-gas desulphurisation in coal-fired power plants. For cement manufacturing processes, the wet process for reducing SO2 emissions is an established technique. Wet scrubbing is based on the following chemical reaction: SOx are absorbed by a liquid/slurry which is sprayed in a spray tower. The absorbent is generally calcium carbonate. Wet scrubbing systems provide the highest removal efficiencies for soluble acid gases of all flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) methods with the lowest excess stoichiometric factors and the lowest solid waste production rate. The technique requires certain amounts of water with a consequent need for waste water treatment |
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | ESP | A general description of ESPs is provided in Section 1.5.1. ESPs are suitable for use at temperatures above the dew point and up to 400 °C. Furthermore, it is also possible to use ESPs close to, or below, the dew point. Because of high volume flows and relatively high dust loads, mainly rotary kilns without preheaters but also rotary kilns with preheaters are equipped with ESPs. In the case of combination with a quenching tower, excellent performance can be achieved |
b | Fabric filter | A general description of fabric filters is provided in Section 1.5.1. Fabric filters are well suited for kilns, milling and grinding plants for quicklime as well as for limestone; lime hydrating plants; material transport; and storage and loading facilities. Often a combination with cyclone prefilters is useful. The operation of fabric filters is limited by the flue-gas conditions such as temperature, moisture, dust load and chemical composition. There are various fabric materials available to resist mechanical, thermal and chemical wear to meet those conditions |
c | Wet dust separator | With wet dust separators, dust is eliminated from off-gas streams by bringing the gas flow into close contact with a scrubbing liquid (usually water), so that the dust particles are retained in the liquid and can be rinsed away. There are a number of different types of wet scrubbers available for dust removal. The main types that have been used in lime kilns are multi-cascade/multistage wet scrubbers, dynamic wet scrubbers and venturi wet scrubbers. The majority of wet scrubbers used on lime kilns are multi-cascade/multistage wet scrubbers. Wet scrubbers are chosen when the flue-gas temperatures are close to, or below the dew point. They may also be chosen when space is limited. Wet scrubbers are sometimes used with higher temperature gases, in which case, the water cools the gases and reduces their volume |
d | Centrifugal Separator/cyclone | In a centrifugal separator/cyclone, the dust particles to be eliminated from an off-gas stream are forced out against the outer wall of the unit by centrifugal action and then eliminated through an aperture at the bottom of the unit. Centrifugal forces can be developed by directing the gas flow in a downward spiral motion through a cylindrical vessel (cyclonic separators) or by a rotating impeller fitted in the unit (mechanical centrifugal separators). However, they are only suitable as pre-separators because of their limited particle removal efficiency and they relieve ESPs and fabric filters from high dust loading, and reduce abrasion problems |
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Burner design (low NOx burner) | The low NOx burners are useful for reducing the flame temperature and thus reducing thermal and (to some extent) fuel derived NOx. The NOx reduction is achieved by supplying rinsing air for lowering the flame temperature or pulsed operation of the burners. Low NOx burners are designed to reduce the primary air portion which leads to lower NOx formation whereas common multi-channel burners are operated with a primary air portion of 10 to 18 % of the total combustion air. The higher portion of the primary air leads to a short and intensive flame by the early mixing of hot secondary air and fuel. This results in high flame temperatures along with a creation of a high amount of NOx formation which can be avoided by using low NOx burners |
b | Air staging | A reducing zone is created by reducing the oxygen supply in the primary reaction zones. High temperatures in this zone are particularly favourable for the reaction which reconverts the NOx to elementary nitrogen. At later combustion zones, the air and oxygen supply is increased to oxidise the gases formed. Effective air/gas mixing in the firing zone is required to ensure that CO and NOx are both maintained at low levels. In 2007, air staging had never been applied in the lime sector |
c | SNCR | Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) from the flue-gases are removed by selective non-catalytic reduction and converted into nitrogen and water by injecting a reducing agent into the kiln which reacts with the nitrogen oxides. Ammonia or urea is typically used as the reducing agent. The reactions occur at temperatures of between 850 and 1 020 °C, with the optimal range typically between 900 to 920 °C |
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Absorbent addition techniques | The technique involves the addition of an absorbent in dry form directly into the kiln (fed or injected) or in dry or wet form (e.g. hydrated lime or sodium bicarbonate) into the flue-gases in order to remove SOx emissions. When absorbent is injected into the flue-gases, a sufficient residence time between the injection point and the dust collector (fabric filter or ESP) must be provided in order to obtain an efficient absorption. For rotary kilns, absorption techniques may include:
|
Measure/Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) | A general description of ESPs is provided in Section 1.5.1 |
b | Fabric filters | A general description of fabric filters is provided in Section 1.5.1 Fabric filters receive high particle retention, typically over 98 % and up to 99 % depending on the particle size. This technique offers the best efficiency on particle collection in comparison to other dust abatement measures/techniques used in the magnesia industry. However, because of the high temperatures of the kiln flue-gases, special filter materials which can tolerate high temperatures have to be used. In DBM manufacturing, filter materials operating with temperatures of up to 250 °C are used, such as PTFE (Teflon) filter material. This filter material shows good resistance to acids or alkalis and a lot of corrosion problems have been solved |
c | Cyclones (centrifugal separator) | A general description of cyclones is provided in Section 1.6.1. They are robust equipment and they have a wide operational temperature range with a low energy requirement. Because of the system-dependent limited degree of separation, cyclones are mainly used as preliminary separators for coarse dust and flue-gases |
d | Wet dust separators | General description of wet dust separators (also called wet scrubbers) is provided in Section 1.6.1 Wet dust separators can be divided into various types according to their design and working principles, such as the venturi type. This type of wet dust separator has a number of applications in the magnesia industry, including when gas is directed through the narrowest section of the venturi tube, the ‘venturi neck’, and gas velocities of between 60 and 120 m/s can be achieved. The washing fluids which are fed into the venturi tube neck are diffused into a mist of very fine droplets and are intensively mixed with the gas. The particles separated onto the water droplets become heavier and can be readily drawn off using a drop separator installed in this venturi wet dust separator |
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Absorbent addition technique | The technique involves the injection of an absorbent in dry or wet form (semi-dry scrubbing) into the flue-gases in order to remove SOx emissions. A sufficient gas residence time between the injection point and the dust collector is very important to obtain highly efficient absorption. Reactive MgO grades can be used as efficient absorbents for SO2 in the magnesia industry. Despite the lower efficiency compared to other absorbents, the use or reactive MgO grades has a double advantage as it lowers the investment costs and also the filter dust is not contaminated by other substances and can be reused in place of raw materials for the production of magnesia or employed as a fertiliser (magnesium sulphate) minimising waste generation |
b | Wet scrubber | In the wet scrubbing technique, SOx are absorbed by a liquid/slurry which is sprayed countercurrently to the flue-gases in a spray tower. The technique requires an amount of water between 5 and 12 m3/tonne product, with a consequent need for a waste water treatment |
http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/ied/library?l=/ied_art_13_forum/opinions_article
This range only reflects information provided for the magnesium oxide chapter of the BREF. More specific information about best performing techniques along with the products produced was not provided.
The Whole Decision you have selected contains over 200 provisions and might take some time to download. You may also experience some issues with your browser, such as an alert box that a script is taking a long time to run.
Would you like to continue?
The Schedules you have selected contains over 200 provisions and might take some time to download. You may also experience some issues with your browser, such as an alert box that a script is taking a long time to run.
Would you like to continue?
Latest Available (revised):The latest available updated version of the legislation incorporating changes made by subsequent legislation and applied by our editorial team. Changes we have not yet applied to the text, can be found in the ‘Changes to Legislation’ area.
Original (As adopted by EU): The original version of the legislation as it stood when it was first adopted in the EU. No changes have been applied to the text.
Access essential accompanying documents and information for this legislation item from this tab. Dependent on the legislation item being viewed this may include:
Use this menu to access essential accompanying documents and information for this legislation item. Dependent on the legislation item being viewed this may include:
Click 'View More' or select 'More Resources' tab for additional information including: