Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

Deductions U.K.

74 General rules as to deductions not allowable. U.K.

F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F1 S. 74 repealed (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the repealing Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 26, Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

75 Expenses of management: companies with investment business U.K.

F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Textual Amendments

F2 S. 75 repealed (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the repealing Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 27, Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

[F3 75A Accounting period to which expenses of management are referable U.K.

F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

Textual Amendments

F3 S. 75A inserted (with effect in accordance with ss. 42, 43 of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), s. 39

F4 S. 75A repealed (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the repealing Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 28, Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

[F5 75B Amounts reversing expenses of management deducted: charge to tax U.K.

F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .]

Textual Amendments

F5 S. 75B inserted (22.7.2004) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), s. 45(1) (with s. 45(2)(3))

F6 S. 75B repealed (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the repealing Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 29, Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

[F7 76 Expenses of insurance companies U.K.

(1) In computing for the purposes of corporation tax the profits for any accounting period of a company—

(a) which carries on life assurance business, and

(b) which is [F8 charged to tax in respect of that business under the I minus E basis],

[F9 sections 1219 to 1223 of CTA 2009 (expenses of management of a company's investment business) do not apply] in computing the profits of that business, but a deduction for expenses payable (the “expenses deduction”) is to be allowed in accordance with the following provisions of this section.

F10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(2) The expenses deduction is to be made from so much of the income and gains of the accounting period referable to basic life assurance and general annuity business as remains after any deduction falling to be made by virtue of [F11 section 388 of CTA 2009 (basic rule: deficit set off against income and gains of deficit period)].

(3) For the purposes of this section “expenses payable” means expenses brought into account in line 12, 22 or 25 of Form 40 (the revenue account) in the periodical return of the company for a period of account, but does not include any of the amounts falling within subsection (4), (5) or (6) below.

(4) The amounts falling within this subsection are the following—

(a) reinsurance premiums,

(b) refunds of premiums,

(c) profit commissions and profit participations (however described),

(d) expenses or other amounts payable, to the extent that the company’s purpose in incurring the liability to make the payment is not a business or other commercial purpose of the company.

For the purposes of paragraph (d) above, it is not one of the business or commercial purposes of a company to incur a liability to pay an amount of commission or other expenses which exceeds the amount which it could reasonably be expected to pay if the company were charged to tax under [F12 section 35 of CTA 2009 (charge on trade profits)] in respect of its life assurance business.

(5) The amounts falling within this subsection are any amounts payable in connection with a policy or contract to—

(a) a policy holder or annuitant under the policy or contract (except where the policy holder is an insurance company),

(b) any other person who is entitled to receive benefits under the policy or contract,

(c) any person acting on behalf of a person falling within paragraph (a) or (b) above,

(d) the personal representatives of a deceased person who fell within paragraphs (a) to (c) above.

(6) The amounts falling within this subsection are expenses of a capital nature.

But this subsection does not apply in the case of an amount which, by virtue of any provision of the Tax Acts other than this section, falls to be treated for the purposes of this section as expenses payable which fall to be brought into account at Step 1 in subsection (7) below (the reference to Step 1 being express in the provision).

(7) The amount of the expenses deduction for an accounting period is found by taking the following steps—

• Step 1

• Find so much of the expenses payable as are—

  (a)

  attributable to basic life assurance and general annuity business (see subsection (8) below), and

  (b)

  referable to the accounting period (see subsection (9) below).

• Step 2

• Reduce each of the amounts found at Step 1 by excluding so much of the amount as is—

  (a)

  deductible [F13 in computing, for corporation tax purposes, the profits of a UK property business],

  (b)

  deductible by virtue of section 85(2B) of the Finance Act 1989, F14 . . .

  (c)

  deductible by virtue of [F15 section 272 of CTA 2009] in computing income from the letting of rights to work minerals in the United Kingdom, [F16 or

  (d)

  required to be deducted by subsection (9A) below.]

• Step 3

• Find the amounts (so far as not included at Step 1) which fall to be treated for the purposes of this section as expenses payable for the accounting period by virtue of any of the following provisions—

• section 432AB(3) (Schedule A loss or an overseas property business loss referable to basic life assurance and general annuity business);

• section 437(1A) (relief for income element of new annuities);

• F17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• paragraph 16(1) of Schedule 7 to the Finance Act 1991 (transitional relief for old annuities);

• F18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• section 256(2)(a) of the Capital Allowances Act (capital allowances on plant and machinery used in the management of life assurance business);

• F18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• F18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• F17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• F18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• [F19 section 391(3)(b) of CTA 2009 (carried forward non-trading deficit on loan relationships);

• section 1080(2) of CTA 2009 (30% additional deduction for qualifying R&D expenditure of company carrying on life assurance business);

• section 1161 of CTA 2009 (150% relief for remediation expenditure on contaminated land owned by company carrying on life assurance business).]

• Step 4

• Give effect to the provisions specified in Step 3 by adding together—

  (a)

  so much of the amounts found at Step 1 as remains after making any reductions at Step 2, and

  (b)

  the amounts found at Step 3,

• and then deduct the amount of any reversal (wherever brought into account) of an expense included at Step 1 in a previous period,

• to give Subtotal 1.

• Step 5

• If the whole or any part of a loss arising to the company in respect of its life assurance business in the accounting period is set off under section 393A or 403(1)—

  (a)

  find the amount (“amount L”) that is equal to so much of the loss as, in the aggregate, is so set off,

  (b)

  find the [F20 amount (“amount S”)] by which any losses for that period under section [F21 436A] fall to be reduced under section 434A(2)(b),

  (c)

  from amount L deduct amount S, to give the adjusted loss deduction,

• then reduce Subtotal 1 by deducting from it the adjusted loss deduction,

• to give Subtotal 2.

• Step 6

• Give effect to subsection (6) of section 86 of the Finance Act 1989 (spreading of acquisition expenses) by—

  (a)

  finding the amount that is equal to six-sevenths of the adjusted amount of the acquisition expenses (within the meaning of that section) for the accounting period, and

  (b)

  deducting that amount from Subtotal 2,

• to give Subtotal 3.

• Step 7

• Add together the following amounts—

  (a)

  Subtotal 3, and

  (b)

  any amounts carried forward to the accounting period under subsection (12) or (13) below (unrelieved excesses from earlier accounting periods),

• to give Subtotal 4.

• Step 8

• Give effect to subsections (8) and (9) of section 86 of the Finance Act 1989 (fraction of adjusted amount of acquisition expenses for earlier accounting periods) by adding together—

  (a)

  Subtotal 4, and

  (b)

  any amounts which are to be relieved under this section by virtue of those subsections,

• to give the [F22 expenses] deduction.

• Step 9

  F23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• Step 10: the amount of the expenses deduction

  F23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(8) For the purposes of Step 1, the expenses that are attributable to basic life assurance and general annuity business are the expenses which are attributable to that business in accordance with proper internal accounting practice.

In this subsection “proper internal accounting practice” means the practice of insurance companies in allocating all the expenses of the company to particular categories of business in accordance with any applicable requirements of—

(a) generally accepted accounting practice, F24 . . .

(b) the Prudential Sourcebook (Insurers)[F25 , or

(c) the [F26 Insurance Prudential Sourcebook].]

(9) The following rules have effect for determining for the purposes of Step 1 the expenses that are referable to an accounting period.

Rule A

Where a period of account coincides with an accounting period, the expenses brought into account for the period of account are the expenses referable to the accounting period.

Rule B

Where—

(a) two or more accounting periods fall within the same period of account, and

(b) that period of account is longer than 12 months,

section 834(4) (apportionment on time basis) is to apply.

Rule C

In any other case where two or more accounting periods fall within the same period of account, the expenses referable to any of those accounting periods are the expenses that would have been referable to that accounting period if—

(a) the accounting period had coincided with a period of account, and

(b) a separate periodical return had been made for that period of account,

and section 834(4) (apportionment on time basis) is not to apply.

Rule D

Rules A to C are subject to any provision of the Corporation Tax Acts which provides for an amount to be treated as expenses payable for, or referable to, a particular period.

[F27 (9A) The amount required to be deducted at paragraph (d) of Step 2 is the total of the amounts (if any) arrived at under subsection (9C) below in relation to the fronting reinsurance contracts (if any) made by the company.

(9B) A fronting reinsurance contract is a contract of reinsurance forming part of a fronting reinsurance arrangement; and a fronting reinsurance arrangement is an arrangement under which the company—

(a) enters into a contract constituting term assurance with a person, and

(b) reinsures all, or substantially all, of the liabilities under that contract with a reinsurer which—

(i) does not meet the BLAGAB group reinsurance conditions in paragraph 1(3) of Schedule 19ABA to this Act, and

(ii) is connected with that person or with a person entitled to commission from the company in respect of the contract.

(9C) The amount referred to in subsection (9A) above in relation to any fronting reinsurance contract made by the company is the relevant reinsurance fraction of so much of the amount found at Step 1 as relates to policies and contracts which are relevant reinsured policies and contracts in relation to the fronting reinsurance contract.

(9D) For the purposes of subsection (9C) above “the relevant reinsurance fraction” is—

where—

RL is so much of TL as is reinsured under the fronting reinsurance contract, and

TL is the amount of the total liabilities under the relevant reinsured policies and contracts at the end of the accounting period.

(9E) For the purposes of subsections (9B) and (9C) above policies and contracts are relevant reinsured policies and contracts in relation to a fronting reinsurance contract if—

(a) they are attributable to the company's basic life assurance and general annuity business, and

(b) any or all of the risks under them are reinsured under the fronting reinsurance contract.]

(10) F28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(11) F28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(12) Where for any accounting period—

(a) the amount of the expenses deduction (see [F29 Step 8]), exceeds

(b) the amount from which that deduction is to be made (see subsection (2) above),

the excess is to be carried forward to the next accounting period [F30 for which the company is charged to tax in respect of its life assurance business under the I minus E basis] and brought into account for that period in accordance with Step 7.

[F31 (13) Where for any accounting period excess adjusted Case I profits are charged to tax under section 85A of the Finance Act 1989, an amount equal to the profits is to be carried forward to the next accounting period for which the company is charged to tax in respect of its life assurance business under the I minus E basis and brought into account for that period in accordance with Step 7.]

(14) F32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(15) In this section—

• F33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• “expenses payable” has the meaning given by subsection (3) above;

F34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]

Textual Amendments

F7 S. 76 substituted (with effect in accordance with ss. 42, 44 of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), s. 40

F8 Words in s. 76(1)(b) substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 39(2) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 8 para. 2(2) (with Sch. 8 Pt. 2)

F9 Words in s. 76(1) substituted (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 30(2) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F10 Words in s. 76(1) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 38(2) of the repealing Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 7 para. 3(2), Sch. 27 Pt. 2(7), Note (with Sch. 7 Pt. 2)

F11 Words in s. 76(2) substituted (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 30(3) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F12 Words in s. 76(4) substituted (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 30(4) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F13 Words in s. 76(7) Step 2 para. (a) substituted (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 30(5)(a) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F14 Word in s. 76(7) Step 2 omitted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 17 para. 5(4)-(7) of the repealing Act) by virtue of Finance Act 2008 (c. 9), Sch. 17 para. 5(2)

F15 Words in s. 76(7) Step 2 para. (c) substituted (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 30(5)(b) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F16 S. 76(7) Step 2 para. (d) and preceding word inserted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 17 para. 5(4)-(7) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2008 (c. 9), Sch. 17 para. 5(2)

F17 S. 76(7): entries in Step 3 repealed (19.7.2007) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 10 para. 16(3)(a), Sch. 27 Pt. 2(10), Note

F18 S. 76(7): entries in Step 3 repealed (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the repealing Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 30(6)(a), Sch. 3 Pt. 1 (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F19 S. 76(7): entries in Step 3 inserted (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the amending Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), Sch. 1 para. 30(6)(b) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

F20 Words in s. 76(7) Step 5 substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 38(2) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 7 para. 3(3)(a) (with Sch. 7 Pt. 2)

F21 Words in s. 76(7) Step 5 substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 38(2) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 7 para. 3(3)(b) (with Sch. 7 Pt. 2)

F22 Word in s. 76(7) Step 8 substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 39(2) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 8 para. 2(3)(a) (with Sch. 8 Pt. 2)

F23 S. 76(7) Steps 9, 10 repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 39(2) of the repealing Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 8 para. 2(3)(b), Sch. 27 Pt. 2(8), Note (with Sch. 8 Pt. 2)

F24 Word in s. 76(8) repealed (with effect in accordance with Sch. 11 Pt. 2(10) Note 1 of the repealing Act) by Finance (No. 2) Act 2005 (c. 22), Sch. 11 Pt. 2(10)

F25 Words in s. 76(8) inserted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 9 para. 1(3) of the amending Act) by Finance (No. 2) Act 2005 (c. 22), Sch. 9 para. 1(2)

F26 Words in s. 76(8) substituted (31.12.2006 with effect in accordance with art. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by The Insurance Companies (Corporation Tax Acts) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/3270), arts. 1(1), 3

F27 S. 76(9A)-(9E) inserted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 17 para. 5(4)-(7) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2008 (c. 9), Sch. 17 para. 5(3)

F28 S. 76(10)(11) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 39(2) of the repealing Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 8 para. 2(4), Sch. 27 Pt. 2(8), Note (with Sch. 8 Pt. 2)

F29 Words in s. 76(12)(a) substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 39(2) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 8 para. 2(5)(a) (with Sch. 8 Pt. 2)

F30 Words in s. 76(12) inserted (with effect in accordance with s. 39(2) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 8 para. 2(5)(b) (with Sch. 8 Pt. 2)

F31 S. 76(13) substituted (with effect in accordance with s. 39(2) of the amending Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 8 para. 2(6) (with Sch. 8 Pt. 2)

F32 S. 76(14) repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 38(2) of the repealing Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 7 para. 3(4), Sch. 27 Pt. 2(7), Note (with Sch. 7 Pt. 2)

F33 S. 76(15): definition of "capital redemption business" repealed (with effect in accordance with s. 38(2) of the repealing Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 7 para. 3(5), Sch. 27 Pt. 2(7), Note (with Sch. 7 Pt. 2)

F34 Words in s. 76(15) repealed (with effect in accordance with Sch. 10 para. 17(2) of the repealing Act) by Finance Act 2007 (c. 11), Sch. 10 para. 14(2)(b), Sch. 27 Pt. 2(10), Note

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 S. 76 modified (12.8.2005 with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the modifying S.I.) by The Friendly Societies (Modification of the Corporation Tax Acts) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005/2014), regs. 1(1), 5 (as amended: (14.8.2007 with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by S.I. 2007/2134, regs. 1(1), 5; (12.8.2008 with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by S.I. 2008/1937, regs. 1(1), 3)

C2 S. 76 modified (6.4.2006) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), ss. 196(4), 199(2)(c)(5), 246(3)(b), 284(1) (with Sch. 36)

C3 S. 76 modified by Capital Allowances Act 2001 (c. 2), Sch. A1 para. 22(2) (as inserted (with effect in accordance with Sch. 25 para. 9 of the 2008 amending Act) by Finance Act 2008 (c. 9), Sch. 25 para. 5)

C4 S. 76 modified by The Authorised Investment Funds (Tax) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/964), reg. 69Z24A(4)(c) (as inserted (1.1.2009 with effect in accordance with reg. 1(2)(3) of the amending S.I.) by The Authorised Investment Funds (Tax) (Amendment No. 3) Regulations 2008 (S.I. 2008/3159), regs. 1(1), 27)

C5 S. 76 modified (1.4.2009 with effect in accordance with s. 1329(1) of the modifying Act) by Corporation Tax Act 2009 (c. 4), s. 1168(2) (with Sch. 2 Pts. 1, 2)

C6 S. 76(7) modified (6.4.2006) by Finance Act 2004 (c. 12), ss. 200(c), 246(2)(c), 284(1) (with Sch. 36)