The Criminal Procedure Rules 2020

PREPARATION FOR TRIAL IN THE CROWN COURT

Service of prosecution evidence

3.19.—(1) This rule applies where—

(a) a magistrates’ court sends the defendant to the Crown Court for trial; and

(b) the prosecutor serves on the defendant copies of the documents containing the evidence on which the prosecution case relies.

(2) The prosecutor must at the same time serve copies of those documents on the Crown Court officer.

[Note. See the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Service of Prosecution Evidence) Regulations 2005(1). The time for service of the prosecution evidence is prescribed by regulation 2. It is—

(a) not more than 50 days after sending for trial, where the defendant is in custody; and

(b) not more than 70 days after sending for trial, where the defendant is on bail.]

Application to dismiss offence sent for Crown Court trial

3.20.—(1) This rule applies where a defendant wants the Crown Court to dismiss an offence sent for trial there.

(2) The defendant must—

(a) apply in writing—

(i) not more than 20 business days after service of the prosecution evidence, and

(ii) before the defendant’s arraignment under rule 3.32 (Arraigning the defendant on the indictment);

(b) serve the application on—

(i) the Crown Court officer, and

(ii) each other party; and

(c) in the application—

(i) explain why the prosecution evidence would not be sufficient for the defendant to be properly convicted,

(ii) ask for a hearing, if the defendant wants one, and explain why it is needed,

(iii) identify any witness whom the defendant wants to call to give evidence in person, with an indication of what evidence the witness can give,

(iv) identify any material already served that the defendant thinks the court will need to determine the application, and

(v) include any material not already served on which the defendant relies.

(3) A prosecutor who opposes the application must—

(a) serve notice of opposition, not more than 10 business days after service of the defendant’s notice, on—

(i) the Crown Court officer, and

(ii) each other party; and

(b) in the notice of opposition—

(i) explain the grounds of opposition,

(ii) ask for a hearing, if the prosecutor wants one, and explain why it is needed,

(iii) identify any witness whom the prosecutor wants to call to give evidence in person, with an indication of what evidence the witness can give,

(iv) identify any material already served that the prosecutor thinks the court will need to determine the application, and

(v) include any material not already served on which the prosecutor relies.

(4) The court may determine an application under this rule—

(a) at a hearing, in public or in private, or without a hearing; and

(b) in the absence of—

(i) the defendant who made the application, and

(ii) the prosecutor, if the prosecutor has had at least 10 business days in which to serve notice opposing the application.

(5) The court may—

(a) shorten or extend (even after it has expired) a time limit under this rule; and

(b) allow a witness to give evidence in person even if that witness was not identified in the defendant’s application or in the prosecutor’s notice.

[Note. Under paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998(2), on an application by the defendant the Crown Court must dismiss an offence charged if it appears to the court that the evidence would not be sufficient for the applicant to be properly convicted.]

Pre-trial hearings in the Crown Court: general rules

3.21.—(1) The Crown Court―

(a) may, and in some cases must, conduct a preparatory hearing where rule 3.22 (Preparatory hearing) applies;

(b) must conduct a plea and trial preparation hearing; and

(c) may conduct a further pre-trial case management hearing (and if necessary more than one such hearing) only where―

(i) the court anticipates a guilty plea,

(ii) it is necessary to conduct such a hearing in order to give directions for an effective trial, or

(iii) such a hearing is required to set ground rules for the conduct of the questioning of a witness or defendant.

(2) At the plea and trial preparation hearing the court must―

(a) satisfy itself that there has been explained to the defendant, in terms the defendant can understand (with help, if necessary), that the defendant will receive credit for a guilty plea;

(b) take the defendant’s plea in accordance with rule 3.32 (Arraigning the defendant on the indictment) or if no plea can be taken then find out whether the defendant is likely to plead guilty or not guilty;

(c) unless the defendant pleads guilty, satisfy itself that there has been explained to the defendant, in terms the defendant can understand (with help, if necessary), that at the trial―

(i) the defendant will have the right to give evidence after the court has heard the prosecution case,

(ii) if the defendant does not attend, the trial may take place in the defendant’s absence,

(iii) if the trial takes place in the defendant’s absence, the judge may inform the jury of the reason for that absence, and

(iv) where the defendant is released on bail, failure to attend court when required is an offence for which the defendant may be arrested and punished and bail may be withdrawn; and

(d) give directions for an effective trial.

(3) A pre-trial case management hearing―

(a) must be in public, as a general rule, but all or part of the hearing may be in private if the court so directs; and

(b) must be recorded, in accordance with rule 5.5 (Recording and transcription of proceedings in the Crown Court).

(4) Where the court determines a pre-trial application in private, it must announce its decision in public.

(5) The court―

(a) at the first hearing in the Crown Court must require a defendant who is present―

(i) to provide, in writing or orally, his or her name, date of birth and nationality, or

(ii) to confirm that information by those means, where the information was given to the magistrates’ court which sent the defendant for trial; and

(b) at any subsequent hearing may require such a defendant to provide or confirm that information by those means.

[Note. See also the general rules in the first section of this Part (rules 3.1 to 3.15) and the other rules in this section.

The Practice Direction lists the circumstances in which a further pre-trial case management hearing is likely to be needed in order to give directions for an effective trial.

There are rules relevant to applications which may be made at a pre-trial hearing in Part 6 (Reporting, etc. restrictions), Part 14 (Bail and custody time limits), Part 15 (Disclosure), Part 17 (Witness summonses, warrants and orders), Part 18 (Measures to assist a witness or defendant to give evidence), Part 19 (Expert evidence), Part 20 (Hearsay evidence), Part 21 (Evidence of bad character), Part 22 (Evidence of a complainant’s previous sexual behaviour) and Part 23 (Restriction on cross-examination by a defendant).

On an application to which Part 14 (Bail and custody time limits) applies, rule 14.2 (exercise of court’s powers under that Part) may require the defendant’s presence, which may be by live link. Where rule 14.10 applies (Consideration of bail in a murder case), the court officer must arrange for the Crown Court to consider bail within 2 business days of the first hearing in the magistrates’ court.

Under section 40 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996(3), a pre-trial ruling about the admissibility of evidence or any other question of law is binding unless it later appears to the court in the interests of justice to discharge or vary that ruling.

Under section 86A of the Courts Act 2003(4), Criminal Procedure Rules must specify stages of proceedings at which the court must require the information listed in rule 3.21(5). A person commits an offence if, without reasonable excuse, that person fails to comply with such a requirement, whether by providing false or incomplete information or by providing no information.]

Preparatory hearing

3.22.—(1) This rule applies where the Crown Court―

(a) can order a preparatory hearing, under―

(i) section 7 of the Criminal Justice Act 1987(5) (cases of serious or complex fraud), or

(ii) section 29 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996(6) (other complex, serious or lengthy cases);

(b) must order such a hearing, to determine an application for a trial without a jury, under―

(i) section 44 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003(7) (danger of jury tampering), or

(ii) section 17 of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004(8) (trial of sample counts by jury, and others by judge alone); and

(c) must order such a hearing, under section 29 of the 1996 Act, where section 29(1B) or (1C) applies (cases in which a terrorism offence is charged, or other serious cases with a terrorist connection).

(2) The court may decide whether to order a preparatory hearing—

(a) on an application or on its own initiative;

(b) at a hearing (in public or in private), or without a hearing; and

(c) in a party’s absence, if that party—

(i) applied for the order, or

(ii) has had at least 10 business days in which to make representations.

[Note. See also section 45(2) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 and section 18(1) of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004.

At a preparatory hearing, the court may—

(a) require the prosecution to set out its case in a written statement, to arrange its evidence in a form that will be easiest for the jury (if there is one) to understand, to prepare a list of agreed facts, and to amend the case statement following representations from the defence (section 9(4) of the 1987 Act, section 31(4) of the 1996 Act); and

(b) require the defence to give notice of any objection to the prosecution case statement, and to give notice stating the extent of agreement with the prosecution as to documents and other matters and the reason for any disagreement (section 9(5) of the 1987 Act, section 31(6), (7), (9) of the 1996 Act).

Under section 10 of the 1987 Act(9), and under section 34 of the 1996 Act(10), if either party later departs from the case or objections disclosed by that party, then the court, or another party, may comment on that, and the court may draw such inferences as appear proper.]

Application for preparatory hearing

3.23.—(1) A party who wants the court to order a preparatory hearing must—

(a) apply in writing—

(i) as soon as reasonably practicable, and in any event

(ii) not more than 10 business days after the defendant pleads not guilty; and

(b) serve the application on—

(i) the court officer, and

(ii) each other party.

(2) The applicant must either—

(a) if relevant, explain what legislation requires the court to order a preparatory hearing; or

(b) explain—

(i) what makes the case complex or serious, or makes the trial likely to be long,

(ii) why a substantial benefit will accrue from a preparatory hearing, and

(iii) why the court’s ordinary powers of case management are not adequate.

(3) A prosecutor who wants the court to order a trial without a jury must explain—

(a) where the prosecutor alleges a danger of jury tampering—

(i) what evidence there is of a real and present danger that jury tampering would take place,

(ii) what steps, if any, reasonably might be taken to prevent jury tampering, and

(iii) why, notwithstanding such steps, the likelihood of jury tampering is so substantial as to make it necessary in the interests of justice to order such a trial; or

(b) where the prosecutor proposes trial without a jury on some counts on the indictment—

(i) why a trial by jury involving all the counts would be impracticable,

(ii) how the counts proposed for jury trial can be regarded as samples of the others, and

(iii) why it would be in the interests of justice to order such a trial.

Application for non-jury trial containing information withheld from a defendant

3.24.—(1) This rule applies where—

(a) the prosecutor applies for an order for a trial without a jury because of a danger of jury tampering; and

(b) the application includes information that the prosecutor thinks ought not be revealed to a defendant.

(2) The prosecutor must—

(a) omit that information from the part of the application that is served on that defendant;

(b) mark the other part to show that, unless the court otherwise directs, it is only for the court; and

(c) in that other part, explain why the prosecutor has withheld that information from that defendant.

(3) The hearing of an application to which this rule applies—

(a) must be in private, unless the court otherwise directs; and

(b) if the court so directs, may be, wholly or in part, in the absence of a defendant from whom information has been withheld.

(4) At the hearing of an application to which this rule applies—

(a) the general rule is that the court will receive, in the following sequence—

(i) representations first by the prosecutor and then by each defendant, in all the parties’ presence, and then

(ii) further representations by the prosecutor, in the absence of a defendant from whom information has been withheld; but

(b) the court may direct other arrangements for the hearing.

(5) Where, on an application to which this rule applies, the court orders a trial without a jury—

(a) the general rule is that the trial will be before a judge other than the judge who made the order; but

(b) the court may direct other arrangements.

Representations in response to application for preparatory hearing

3.25.—(1) This rule applies where a party wants to make representations about—

(a) an application for a preparatory hearing; or

(b) an application for a trial without a jury.

(2) Such a party must—

(a) serve the representations on—

(i) the court officer, and

(ii) each other party;

(b) do so not more than 10 business days after service of the application; and

(c) ask for a hearing, if that party wants one, and explain why it is needed.

(3) Where representations include information that the person making them thinks ought not be revealed to another party, that person must—

(a) omit that information from the representations served on that other party;

(b) mark the information to show that, unless the court otherwise directs, it is only for the court; and

(c) with that information include an explanation of why it has been withheld from that other party.

(4) Representations against an application for an order must explain why the conditions for making it are not met.

Commencement of preparatory hearing

3.26.  At the beginning of a preparatory hearing, the court must—

(a) announce that it is such a hearing; and

(b) take the defendant’s plea under rule 3.32 (Arraigning the defendant on the indictment), unless already done.

[Note. See section 8 of the Criminal Justice Act 1987(11) and section 30 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996(12).]

Defence trial advocate

3.27.—(1) The defendant must notify the court officer of the identity of the intended defence trial advocate―

(a) as soon as practicable, and in any event no later than the day of the plea and trial preparation hearing; and

(b) in writing, or orally at that hearing.

(2) The defendant must notify the court officer in writing of any change in the identity of the intended defence trial advocate as soon as practicable, and in any event not more than 5 business days after that change.

Application to stay case for abuse of process

3.28.—(1) This rule applies where a defendant wants the Crown Court to stay the case on the grounds that the proceedings are an abuse of the court, or otherwise unfair.

(2) Such a defendant must—

(a) apply in writing—

(i) as soon as practicable after becoming aware of the grounds for doing so,

(ii) at a pre-trial hearing, unless the grounds for the application do not arise until trial, and

(iii) in any event, before the defendant pleads guilty or the jury (if there is one) retires to consider its verdict at trial;

(b) serve the application on—

(i) the court officer, and

(ii) each other party; and

(c) in the application—

(i) explain the grounds on which it is made,

(ii) include, attach or identify all supporting material,

(iii) specify relevant events, dates and propositions of law, and

(iv) identify any witness the applicant wants to call to give evidence in person.

(3) A party who wants to make representations in response to the application must serve the representations on—

(a) the court officer; and

(b) each other party,

not more than 10 business days after service of the application.

Application for joint or separate trials, etc.

3.29.—(1) This rule applies where a party wants the Crown Court to order—

(a) the joint trial of—

(i) offences charged by separate indictments, or

(ii) defendants charged in separate indictments;

(b) separate trials of offences charged by the same indictment;

(c) separate trials of defendants charged in the same indictment; or

(d) the deletion of a count from an indictment.

(2) Such a party must—

(a) apply in writing—

(i) as soon as practicable after becoming aware of the grounds for doing so, and

(ii) before the trial begins, unless the grounds for the application do not arise until trial;

(b) serve the application on—

(i) the court officer, and

(ii) each other party; and

(c) in the application—

(i) specify the order proposed, and

(ii) explain why it should be made.

(3) A party who wants to make representations in response to the application must serve the representations on—

(a) the court officer; and

(b) each other party,

not more than 10 business days after service of the application.

(4) Where the same indictment charges more than one offence, the court may exercise its power to order separate trials of those offences if of the opinion that—

(a) the defendant otherwise may be prejudiced or embarrassed in his or her defence (for example, where the offences to be tried together are neither founded on the same facts nor form or are part of a series of offences of the same or a similar character); or

(b) for any other reason it is desirable that the defendant should be tried separately for any one or more of those offences.

[Note. See section 5 of the Indictments Act 1915(13). Rule 10.2 (The indictment: general rules) governs the form and content of an indictment.

Any issue arising from a decision under this rule may be subject to appeal to the Court of Appeal. Part 37 (Appeal to the Court of Appeal against ruling at preparatory hearing), Part 38 (Appeal to the Court of Appeal against ruling adverse to prosecution) and Part 39 (Appeal to the Court of Appeal about conviction or sentence) each contains relevant rules. The powers of the Court of Appeal on an appeal to which Part 39 applies are set out in sections 2, 3 and 7 of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968(14).]

Order for joint or separate trials, or amendment of the indictment

3.30.—(1) This rule applies where the Crown Court makes an order—

(a) on an application to which rule 3.29 (Application for joint or separate trials, etc.) applies; or

(b) amending an indictment in any other respect.

(2) Unless the court otherwise directs, the court officer must endorse any paper copy of each affected indictment made for the court with—

(a) a note of the court’s order; and

(b) the date of that order.

Application for indication of sentence

3.31.—(1) This rule applies where a defendant wants the Crown Court to give an indication of the maximum sentence that would be passed if a guilty plea were entered when the indication is sought.

(2) Such a defendant must—

(a) apply in writing as soon as practicable; and

(b) serve the application on—

(i) the court officer, and

(ii) the prosecutor.

(3) The application must—

(a) specify—

(i) the offence or offences to which it would be a guilty plea, and

(ii) the facts on the basis of which that plea would be entered; and

(b) include the prosecutor’s agreement to, or representations on, that proposed basis of plea.

(4) The prosecutor must—

(a) provide information relevant to sentence, including—

(i) any previous conviction of the defendant, and the circumstances where relevant, and

(ii) any statement of the effect of the offence on the victim, the victim’s family or others; and

(b) identify any other matter relevant to sentence, including—

(i) the legislation applicable,

(ii) any sentencing guidelines, or guideline cases, and

(iii) aggravating and mitigating factors.

(5) The hearing of the application—

(a) may take place in the absence of any other defendant; and

(b) must be attended by—

(i) the applicant defendant’s legal representatives (if any), and

(ii) the prosecution advocate.

Arraigning the defendant on the indictment

3.32.—(1) In order to take the defendant’s plea, the Crown Court must—

(a) obtain the prosecutor’s confirmation, in writing or orally—

(i) that the indictment (or draft indictment, as the case may be) sets out a statement of each offence that the prosecutor wants the court to try and such particulars of the conduct constituting the commission of each such offence as the prosecutor relies upon to make clear what is alleged, and

(ii) of the order in which the prosecutor wants the defendants’ names to be listed in the indictment, if the prosecutor proposes that more than one defendant should be tried at the same time;

(b) ensure that the defendant is correctly identified by the indictment or draft indictment;

(c) satisfy itself that there has been explained to the defendant, in terms the defendant can understand (with help, if necessary), each allegation against him or her; and

(d) in respect of each count—

(i) read the count aloud to the defendant, or arrange for it to be read aloud or placed before the defendant in writing,

(ii) ask whether the defendant pleads guilty or not guilty to the offence charged by that count, and

(iii) take the defendant’s plea.

(2) Where a count is read which is substantially the same as one already read aloud, then only the materially different details need be read aloud.

(3) Where a count is placed before the defendant in writing, the court must summarise its gist aloud.

(4) In respect of each count in the indictment—

(a) if the defendant declines to enter a plea, the court must treat that as a not guilty plea unless rule 25.10 applies (Defendant unfit to plead);

(b) if the defendant pleads not guilty to the offence charged by that count but guilty to another offence of which the court could convict on that count—

(i) if the prosecutor and the court accept that plea, the court must treat the plea as one of guilty of that other offence, but

(ii) otherwise, the court must treat the plea as one of not guilty; and

(c) if the defendant pleads a previous acquittal or conviction of the offence charged by that count—

(i) the defendant must identify that acquittal or conviction in writing, explaining the basis of that plea, and

(ii) the court must exercise its power to decide whether that plea disposes of that count.

(5) In a case in which a magistrates’ court sends the defendant for trial, the Crown Court must take the defendant’s plea—

(a) not less than 10 business days after the date on which that sending takes place, unless the parties otherwise agree; and

(b) not more than 80 business days after that date, unless the court otherwise directs (either before or after that period expires).

[Note. See section 6 of the Criminal Law Act 1967(15), section 77 of the Senior Courts Act 1981(16) and section 122 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988(17). Part 10 contains rules about the content and service of indictments: see in particular rule 10.2 (The indictment: general rules).

Under section 6(2) of the 1967 Act, on an indictment for murder a defendant may instead be convicted of manslaughter or another offence specified by that provision. Under section 6(3) of that Act, on an indictment for an offence other than murder or treason a defendant may instead be convicted of another offence if—

(a) the allegation in the indictment amounts to or includes an allegation of that other offence; and

(b) the Crown Court has power to convict and sentence for that other offence.]

Place of Crown Court trial

3.33.—(1) Unless the court otherwise directs, the court officer must arrange for a Crown Court trial to take place in a courtroom provided by the Lord Chancellor.

(2) The court officer must arrange for the court and the jury (if there is one) to view any place required by the court.

[Note. See section 3 of the Courts Act 2003(18) and section 14 of the Juries Act 1974(19).

In some circumstances the court may conduct all or part of the hearing outside a courtroom.]

Use of Welsh language at Crown Court trial

3.34.  Where a Crown Court trial will take place in Wales and a participant wishes to use the Welsh language—

(a) that participant must serve notice on the court officer, or arrange for such a notice to be served on that participant’s behalf—

(i) at or before the plea and trial preparation hearing, or

(ii) in accordance with any direction given by the court; and

(b) if such a notice is served, the court officer must arrange for an interpreter to attend.

[Note. See section 22 of the Welsh Language Act 1993(20).]

Other provisions affecting case management

Case management may be affected by the following other rules and legislation:

Criminal Procedure Rules

Part 8 Initial details of the prosecution case

Part 9 Allocation and sending for trial

Part 10 The indictment

Part 15 Disclosure

Parts 16 – 23: the rules that deal with evidence

Part 24 Trial and sentence in a magistrates’ court

Part 25 Trial and sentence in the Crown Court

Regulations

The Prosecution of Offences (Custody Time Limits) Regulations 1987(21)

The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Service of Prosecution Evidence) Regulations 2005(22)

The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (Defence Disclosure Time Limits) Regulations 2011(23)

Acts of Parliament

Sections 10 and 18, Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980(24): powers to adjourn hearings

Sections 128 and 129, Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980(25): remand in custody by magistrates’ courts

Sections 19 and 24A, Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980(26) and sections 51 and 51A, Crime and Disorder Act 1998(27): allocation and sending for trial

Section 2, Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933(28): procedural conditions for trial in the Crown Court

Sections 8A and 8B, Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980(29): pre-trial hearings in magistrates’ courts

Section 7, Criminal Justice Act 1987(30); Parts III and IV, Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996: pre-trial and preparatory hearings in the Crown Court

Section 9, Criminal Justice Act 1967(31): proof by written witness statement

Part 1, Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996(32): disclosure.]

(1)

S.I. 2005/902; amended by S.I. 2012/1345.

(2)

1998 c. 37; paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 was amended by paragraphs 15 and 20 of Schedule 3, paragraph 73 of Schedule 36 and Part 4 of Schedule 37 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) and SI 2004/2035.

(3)

1996 c. 25.

(4)

2003 c. 39; section 86A was inserted by section 162 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(5)

1987 c. 38; section 7 is amended by paragraph 30 of Schedule 9 to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33), sections 72 and 80 of, paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 to, and Schedule 5 to, the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25) and sections 45 and 310 of, and paragraphs 52 and 53 of Schedule 36 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44).

(6)

1996 c. 25; section 29 is amended by sections 45, 309 and 310 of, and paragraphs 65 and 66 of Schedule 36 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) and section 16 of the Terrorism Act 2006 (c. 11).

(7)

2003 c. 44.

(8)

2004 c. 28.

(9)

1987 c. 38; section 10 is amended by section 72 of, and paragraph 5 of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25), and paragraphs 52 and 55 of Schedule 36 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44).

(10)

1996 c. 25; section 34 is amended by paragraphs 65 and 68 of Schedule 36 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44).

(11)

1987 c. 38.

(12)

1996 c. 25.

(13)

1915 c. 90; section 5 was amended by section 12 of, and paragraph 8 of Schedule 2 to, the Bail Act 1976 (c. 63), section 31 of, and Schedule 2 to, the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 (c. 23) and section 331 of, and paragraph 40 of Schedule 36 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44).

(14)

1968 c. 19; section 2 was amended by section 2 of the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 (c. 35). Section 3 was amended by section 316 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44). Section 7 was amended by sections 43 and 170 of, and Schedule 16 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33) and paragraph 44 of Schedule 36 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44).

(15)

1967 c. 58; section 6 was amended by paragraph 41 of Schedule 36 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) and section 11 of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (c. 28).

(16)

1981 c. 54; section 77 was amended by section 15 of, and paragraph 11 of Schedule 2 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1987 (c. 38), section 168 of, and paragraph 18 of Schedule 9 to, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33), section 41 of, and paragraph 54 of Schedule 3 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) and article 3 of, and paragraphs 11 and 13 of the Schedule to, SI 2004/2035. It is further amended by section 31 of, and paragraph 11 of Schedule 1 and Schedule 2 to, the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 (c. 23) with effect from a date to be appointed.

(17)

1988 c. 33.

(18)

2003 c. 39.

(19)

1974 c. 23; section 14 was amended by paragraph 173 of Schedule 8 to the Courts Act 2003 (c. 39).

(20)

1993 c. 38.

(21)

S.I. 1987/299; amended by sections 71 and 80 of, and paragraph 8 of Schedule 5 to, the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25) and S.I. 1989/767, 1991/1515, 1995/555, 1999/2744, 2000/3284, 2012/1344.

(22)

S.I. 2005/902; amended by S.I. 2012/1345.

(23)

S.I. 2011/209.

(24)

1980 c. 43; section 10 was amended by section 59 of, and paragraph 1 of Schedule 9 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48), section 68 of, and paragraph 6 of Schedule 8 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1991 (c. 53) and section 47 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37). Section 18 was amended by section 59 of, and paragraph 1 of Schedule 9 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48), section 68 of, and paragraph 6 of Schedule 8 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1991 (c. 53), section 49 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25), and paragraphs 1 and 4 of Schedule 3 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44).

(25)

1980 c. 43; section 128 was amended by section 59 to, and paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of Schedule 9 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1982 (c. 48), section 48 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (c. 60), section 170(1) of, and paragraphs 65 and 69 of Schedule 15 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33), section 125(3) of, and paragraph 25 of Schedule 18 to, the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (c. 41), sections 49, 52 and 80 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25), paragraph 75 of Schedule 9 to the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6) and paragraph 51 of Schedule 3 and Part 4 of Schedule 37 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44). It is modified by section 91(5) of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (c. 10). Section 129 was amended by paragraph 51 of Schedule 3 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44).

(26)

1980 c. 43; section 19 was substituted by paragraphs 1 and 5 of Schedule 3 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) and amended by sections 144, 177 and 178 of, and paragraph 4 of Schedule 17, paragraph 80 of Schedule 21 and Part 5 of Schedule 23 to, the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25).

(27)

1998 c. 37; section 51 was substituted by paragraphs 15 and 18 of Schedule 3 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) and amended by section 59 of, and paragraph 1 of Schedule 11 to, the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4). Section 51A was inserted by paragraphs 15 and 18 of Schedule 3 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) and amended by section 49 of, and paragraph 5 of Schedule 1 to, the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 (c. 38) and paragraph 6 of Schedule 21 to the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (c. 10).

(28)

1933 c. 36; section 2 was amended by Part IV of Schedule 11 to, the Courts Act 1971 (c. 23), Schedule 5 to, the Senior Courts Act 1981 (c. 54), Schedule 2 to the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 (c. 23), paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 to the Criminal Justice Act 1987 (c. 38), paragraph 10 of Schedule 15 to the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33), paragraph 8 of Schedule 6 to the Criminal Justice Act 1991 (c. 53), Schedule 1 to the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1993, paragraph 17 of Schedule 1 to the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25), paragraph 5 of Schedule 8 to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37), paragraph 34 of Schedule 3 and Part 4 of Schedule 37 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), paragraph 1 of the Schedule to S.I. 2004/2035, section 12 of, and paragraph 7 of Schedule 1 to, the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4), sections 116 and 178 of, and Part 3 of Schedule 23 to, the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25), paragraph 32 of Schedule 17 to the Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22) and section 82 of the Deregulation Act 2015 (c. 20).

(29)

1980 c. 43; section 8A was inserted by section 45 of, and Schedule 3 to, the Courts Act 2003 (c. 39) and amended by SI 2006/2493 and paragraphs 12 and 14 of Schedule 5 to the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (c. 10). Section 8B was inserted by section 45 of, and Schedule 3 to, the Courts Act 2003 (c. 39) and amended by paragraph 51 of Schedule 3, and Part 4 of Schedule 37, to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44).

(30)

1987 c. 38; section 7 was amended by section 168(1) of, and paragraph 30 of Schedule 9 to, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33), section 80 of, and paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 and Schedule 5 to, the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25) and sections 45 and 310 of, and paragraphs 52 and 53 of Schedule 36 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44). The amendment made by section 45 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) is in force for certain purposes; for remaining purposes it has effect from a date to be appointed.

(31)

1967 c. 80; section 9 was amended by section 56 of, and paragraph 49 of Schedule 8 to, the Courts Act 1971 (c. 23), section 168 of, and paragraph 6 of Schedule 9 to, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33), section 69 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (c. 25), regulation 9 of, and paragraph 4 of Schedule 5 to, S.I. 2001/1090, paragraph 43 of Schedule 3 and Part 4 of Schedule 37 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), section 26 of, and paragraph 7 of Schedule 2 to, the Armed Forces Act 2011 (c. 18) and section 80 of the Deregulation Act 2015 (c. 20). It is further amended by section 72 of, and paragraph 55 of Schedule 5 to, the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (c. 54) and section 65 of, and paragraph 1 of Schedule 4 to, the Courts Act 2003 (c. 39), with effect from dates to be appointed.

(32)

1996 c. 25.