The Criminal Procedure Rules 2020

EXTENSION OF BAIL BEFORE CHARGE

Exercise of court’s powers: extension of pre-charge bail

14.20.—(1) The court must determine an application to which rule 14.21 (Application to authorise extension of pre-charge bail) applies—

(a) without a hearing, subject to paragraph (2); and

(b) as soon as practicable, but as a general rule no sooner than the fifth business day after the application was served.

(2) The court must determine an application at a hearing where—

(a) if the application succeeds, its effect will be to extend the period for which the defendant is on bail to less than 12 months from the day after the defendant’s arrest for the offence and the court considers that the interests of justice require a hearing;

(b) if the application succeeds, its effect will be to extend that period to more than 12 months from that day and the applicant or the defendant asks for a hearing; or

(c) it is an application to withhold information from the defendant and the court considers that the interests of justice require a hearing.

(3) Any hearing must be in private.

(4) Subject to rule 14.22 (Application to withhold information from the defendant), at a hearing the court may determine an application in the absence of—

(a) the applicant; and

(b) the defendant, if the defendant has had at least 5 business days in which to make representations.

(5) If the court so directs, a party to an application may attend a hearing by live link or telephone.

(6) The court must not authorise an extension of the period for which a defendant is on bail before being charged unless—

(a) the applicant states, in writing or orally, that to the best of the applicant’s knowledge and belief—

(i) the application discloses all the information that is material to what the court must decide, and

(ii) the content of the application is true; or

(b) the application includes a statement by an investigator of the suspected offence that to the best of that investigator’s knowledge and belief those requirements are met.

(7) Where the statement required by paragraph (6) is made orally—

(a) the statement must be on oath or affirmation, unless the court otherwise directs; and

(b) the court must arrange for a record of the making of the statement.

(8) The court may shorten or extend (even after it has expired) a time limit imposed by this rule or by rule 14.21 (Application to authorise extension of pre-charge bail).

[Note. For the definition of ‘defendant’ for the purposes of this rule and rules 14.21 and 14.22, see rule 14.1(3).

Sections 47ZA and 47ZB of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984(1) limit the period during which a defendant who has been arrested for an offence may be on bail after being released without being charged. That period (‘the applicable bail period’) is—

(a) 3 months from the day after the day on which the defendant was arrested (the defendant’s ‘bail start date’) in ‘an SFO case’ (that is, a case investigated by the Serious Fraud Office);

(b) 28 days from the defendant’s bail start date in ‘a standard case’ (that is, ‘an FCA case’, meaning a case investigated by the Financial Conduct Authority, or any other non-SFO case).

Under sections 47ZC and 47ZD of the 1984(2) Act, in a standard case the applicable bail period may be extended on the authority of a police officer of the rank of superintendent or above until the end of 3 months from the bail start date.

Under sections 47ZC and 47ZE of the Act(3), if the case is designated by a qualifying prosecutor as exceptionally complex (a ‘designated case’) the applicable bail period may be extended, in an SFO case, or further extended, in a standard case, on the authority of one of the senior officers listed in section 47ZE, until the end of 6 months from the bail start date.

Under section 47ZF of the Act(4), on an application made before the date on which the applicable bail period ends by a member of the Serious Fraud Office, a member of staff of the Financial Conduct Authority, a constable or a Crown Prosecutor, a magistrates’ court may authorise an extension of that period—

(a) from a previous total of 3 months to a new total of 6 months or, if the investigation is unlikely to be completed or a police charging decision made within a lesser period, a new total of 9 months;

(b) from a previous total of 6 months to a new total of 9 months or, if the investigation is unlikely to be completed or a police charging decision made within a lesser period, a new total of 12 months,

where the conditions listed in that section are met.

Under section 47ZG of the Act(5), on a further such application (of which there may be more than one) a magistrates’ court may authorise a further extension of the applicable bail period, on each occasion by a further 3 months or, if the investigation is unlikely to be completed or a police charging decision made within a lesser period, a further 6 months, where the conditions listed in that section are met.

Under section 47ZL of the Act(6), the running of the applicable bail period does not begin (in the case of a first release on bail) or is suspended (in any other case) where—

(a) the defendant is released on bail to await a charging decision by the Director of Public Prosecutions under section 37B of the Act; or

(b) following arrest for breach of such bail the defendant is again released on bail.

The court’s authority therefore is not required for an extension of an applicable bail period the running of which is postponed or suspended pending a Director’s charging decision. However—

(a) time runs in any period during which information requested by the Director is being obtained; and

(b) if the Director requests information less than 7 days before the applicable bail period otherwise would end then the running of that period is further suspended until the end of 7 days beginning with the day on which the Director’s request is made.

See also section 47ZI of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984(7) (Sections 47ZF to 47ZH: proceedings in magistrates’ courts). The requirement for the court except in specified circumstances to determine an application without a hearing is prescribed by that section. Under that section the court must comprise a single justice of the peace unless a hearing is convened, when it must comprise two or more justices.]

Application to authorise extension of pre-charge bail

14.21.—(1) This rule applies where an applicant wants the court to authorise an extension of the period for which a defendant is released on bail before being charged with an offence.

(2) The applicant must—

(a) apply in writing before the date on which the defendant’s pre-charge bail is due to end;

(b) demonstrate that the applicant is entitled to apply as a constable, a member of staff of the Financial Conduct Authority, a member of the Serious Fraud Office or a Crown Prosecutor;

(c) serve the application on—

(i) the court officer, and

(ii) the defendant; and

(d) serve on the defendant, with the application, a form of response notice for the defendant’s use.

(3) The application must specify—

(a) the offence or offences for which the defendant was arrested;

(b) the date on which the defendant’s pre-charge bail began;

(c) the date and period of any previous extension of that bail;

(d) the date on which that bail is due to end;

(e) the conditions of that bail; and

(f) if different, the bail conditions which are to be imposed if the court authorises an extension, or further extension, of the period for which the defendant is released on pre-charge bail.

(4) The application must explain—

(a) the grounds for believing that, as applicable—

(i) further investigation is needed of any matter in connection with the offence or offences for which the defendant was released on bail, or

(ii) further time is needed for making a decision as to whether to charge the defendant with that offence or those offences;

(b) the grounds for believing that, as applicable—

(i) the investigation into the offence or offences for which the defendant was released on bail is being conducted diligently and expeditiously, or

(ii) the decision as to whether to charge the defendant with that offence or those offences is being made diligently and expeditiously; and

(c) the grounds for believing that the defendant’s further release on bail is necessary and proportionate in all the circumstances having regard, in particular, to any conditions of bail imposed.

(5) The application must—

(a) indicate whether the applicant wants the court to authorise an extension of the defendant’s bail for 3 months or for 6 months; and

(b) if for 6 months, explain why the investigation is unlikely to be completed or the charging decision made, as the case may be, within 3 months.

(6) The application must explain why it was not made earlier where—

(a) the application is made before the date on which the defendant’s bail is due to end; but

(b) it is not likely to be practicable for the court to determine the application before that date.

(7) A defendant who objects to the application must—

(a) serve notice on—

(i) the court officer, and

(ii) the applicant

not more than 5 business days after service of the application; and

(b) in the notice explain the grounds of the objection.

[Note. The Practice Direction sets out forms of application and response notice for use in connection with this rule.

See sections 47ZF (Applicable bail period: first extension of limit by the court), 47ZG (Applicable bail period: subsequent extensions of limit by the court) and 47ZJ (Sections 47ZF and 47ZG: late applications to magistrates’ court) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984(8).

The time limit for making an application is prescribed by section 47ZF(2) and by section 47ZG(2) of the 1984 Act. It may be neither extended nor shortened. Under section 47ZJ(2) of the Act, if it is not practicable for the court to determine the application before the applicable bail period ends then the court must determine the application as soon as practicable. Under section 47ZJ(3), the applicable bail period is treated as extended until the application is determined. Under section 47ZJ(4), if it appears to the court that it would have been reasonable for the application to have been made in time for it to be determined by the court before the end of the applicable bail period then the court may refuse the application.]

Application to withhold information from the defendant

14.22.—(1) This rule applies where an application to authorise an extension of pre-charge bail includes an application to withhold information from the defendant.

(2) The applicant must—

(a) omit that information from the part of the application that is served on the defendant;

(b) mark the other part to show that, unless the court otherwise directs, it is only for the court; and

(c) in that other part, explain the grounds for believing that the disclosure of that information would have one or more of the following results—

(i) evidence connected with an indictable offence would be interfered with or harmed,

(ii) a person would be interfered with or physically injured,

(iii) a person suspected of having committed an indictable offence but not yet arrested for the offence would be alerted, or

(iv) the recovery of property obtained as a result of an indictable offence would be hindered.

(3) At any hearing of an application to which this rule applies—

(a) the court must first determine the application to withhold information, in the defendant’s absence and that of any legal representative of the defendant; and

(b) if the court allows the application to withhold information, then in the following sequence—

(i) the court must consider representations first by the applicant and then by the defendant, in the presence of both, and

(ii) the court may consider further representations by the applicant in the defendant’s absence and that of any legal representative of the defendant, if satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for believing that information withheld from the defendant would be disclosed during those further representations.

(4) If the court refuses an application to withhold information from the defendant, the applicant may withdraw the application to authorise an extension of pre-charge bail.

[Note. See sections 47ZH and 47ZI(5), (6), (8) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984(9) (withholding sensitive information; proceedings in magistrates’ courts: determination of applications to withhold sensitive information).]

Summary of the general entitlement to bail and of the exceptions

The court must consider bail whenever it can order the defendant’s detention pending trial or sentencing, or in an extradition case, and whether an application is made or not. Under section 4 of the Bail Act 1976(10), the general rule, subject to exceptions, is that a defendant must be granted bail. Under Part IIA of Schedule 1 to the Act(11), if the court decides not to grant the defendant bail then at each subsequent hearing the court must consider whether to grant bail.

Section 3 of the Bail Act 1976(12) allows the court, before granting bail, to require a surety or security to secure the defendant’s surrender to custody; and allows the court, on granting bail, to impose such requirements as appear to the court to be necessary—

(a) to secure that the defendant surrenders to custody;

(b) to secure that the defendant does not commit an offence while on bail;

(c) to secure that the defendant does not interfere with witnesses or otherwise obstruct the course of justice whether in relation to the defendant or any other person;

(d) for the defendant’s own protection or, if a child or young person, for the defendant’s welfare or in the defendant’s own interests;

(e) to secure the defendant’s availability for the purpose of enabling enquiries or a report to be made to assist the court in dealing with the defendant for the offence;

(f) to secure that before the time appointed for surrender to custody the defendant attends an interview with a legal representative.

Under section 3 of the Bail Act 1976, a person granted bail in criminal proceedings is under a duty to surrender to custody as required by that bail. Under section 6 of the Act, such a person who fails without reasonable cause so to surrender commits an offence and, under section 7, may be arrested.

Exceptions to the general right to bail are listed in Schedule 1 to the Bail Act 1976(13). They differ according to the category of offence concerned. Under section 4(2B) of the 1976 Act(14), in an extradition case there is no general right to bail where the defendant is alleged to have been convicted in the territory requesting extradition.

Under Part I of Schedule 1 to the 1976 Act, where the offence is punishable with imprisonment, and is not one that can be tried only in a magistrates’ court, or in an extradition case—

(a) the defendant need not be granted bail if the court is satisfied that—

(i) there are substantial grounds for believing that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would fail to surrender to custody, would commit an offence, or would interfere with witnesses or otherwise obstruct the course of justice,

(ii) there are substantial grounds for believing that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would commit an offence by engaging in conduct that would, or would be likely to, cause physical or mental injury to an associated person (within the meaning of section 33 of the Family Law Act 1996(15)), or cause that person to fear injury,

(iii) the defendant should be kept in custody for his or her own protection or welfare, or

(iv) it has not been practicable, for want of time since the institution of the proceedings, to obtain sufficient information for the court to take the decisions required;

(b) the defendant need not be granted bail if it appears to the court that the defendant was on bail at the time of the offence (this exception does not apply in an extradition case);

(c) the defendant need not be granted bail if, having been released on bail in the case on a previous occasion, the defendant since has been arrested for breach of bail;

(d) the defendant need not be granted bail if in custody pursuant to a sentence;

(e) the defendant need not be granted bail if it appears to the court that it would be impracticable to complete enquiries or a report for which the case is to be adjourned without keeping the defendant in custody;

(f) the defendant may not be granted bail if charged with murder, unless the court is of the opinion that there is no significant risk of the defendant committing an offence while on bail that would, or would be likely to, cause physical or mental injury to some other person;

(g) the defendant in an extradition case need not be granted bail if he or she was on bail on the date of the alleged offence and that offence is not one that could be tried only in a magistrates’ court if it were committed in England or Wales.

Exceptions (a)(i), (b) and (c) do not apply where—

(a) the defendant is 18 or over;

(b) the defendant has not been convicted of an offence in those proceedings; and

(c) it appears to the court that there is no real prospect that the defendant will be sentenced to a custodial sentence in those proceedings.

In deciding whether an exception to the right to bail applies the court must have regard to any relevant consideration, including—

(a) the nature and seriousness of the offence, and the probable method of dealing with the defendant for it;

(b) the character, antecedents, associations and community ties of the defendant;

(c) the defendant’s record of fulfilling obligations imposed under previous grants of bail; and

(d) except where the case is adjourned for enquires or a report, the strength of the evidence of the defendant having committed the offence.

Under Part IA of Schedule 1 to the 1976 Act, where the offence is punishable with imprisonment, and is one that can be tried only in a magistrates’ court—

(a) the defendant need not be granted bail if it appears to the court that—

(i) having previously been granted bail in criminal proceedings, the defendant has failed to surrender as required and, in view of that failure, the court believes that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would fail to surrender to custody, or

(ii) the defendant was on bail on the date of the offence and the court is satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would commit an offence while on bail;

(b) the defendant need not be granted bail if the court is satisfied that—

(i) there are substantial grounds for believing that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would commit an offence while on bail by engaging in conduct that would, or would be likely to, cause physical or mental injury to some other person, or cause some other person to fear such injury,

(ii) the defendant should be kept in custody for his or her own protection or welfare, or

(iii) it has not been practicable, for want of time since the institution of the proceedings, to obtain sufficient information for the court to take the decisions required;

(c) the defendant need not be granted bail if in custody pursuant to a sentence;

(d) the defendant need not be granted bail if, having been released on bail in the case on a previous occasion, the defendant since has been arrested for breach of bail, and the court is satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would fail to surrender to custody, would commit an offence, or would interfere with witnesses or otherwise obstruct the course of justice.

Exceptions (a) and (d) do not apply where—

(a) the defendant is 18 or over;

(b) the defendant has not been convicted of an offence in those proceedings; and

(c) it appears to the court that there is no real prospect that the defendant will be sentenced to a custodial sentence in those proceedings.

Under Part II of Schedule 1 to the 1976 Act, where the offence is not punishable with imprisonment—

(a) the defendant need not be granted bail if it appears to the court that having previously been granted bail in criminal proceedings, the defendant has failed to surrender as required and, in view of that failure, the court believes that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would fail to surrender to custody;

(b) the defendant need not be granted bail if the court is satisfied that the defendant should be kept in custody for his or her own protection or welfare;

(c) the defendant need not be granted bail if in custody pursuant to a sentence;

(d) the defendant need not be granted bail if, having been released on bail in the case on a previous occasion, the defendant since has been arrested for breach of bail, and the court is satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would fail to surrender to custody, would commit an offence, or would interfere with witnesses or otherwise obstruct the course of justice;

(e) the defendant need not be granted bail if, having been released on bail in the case on a previous occasion, the defendant since has been arrested for breach of bail, and the court is satisfied that there are substantial grounds for believing that, if released on bail (with or without conditions), the defendant would commit an offence while on bail by engaging in conduct that would, or would be likely to, cause physical or mental injury to an associated person (within the meaning of section 33 of the Family Law Act 1996), or to cause that person to fear such injury.

Exceptions (a) and (d) apply only where—

(a) the defendant is under 18; and

(b) the defendant has been convicted in those proceedings.

Further exceptions to the general right to bail are set out in section 25 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994(16), under which a defendant charged with murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, rape or another sexual offence specified in that section, and who has been previously convicted of such an offence, may be granted bail only if there are exceptional circumstances which justify it.

Requirements that may be monitored and enforced in another European Union member State

Under Article 8(1) of EU Council Framework Decision 2009/829/JHA of 23^rd October, 2009, on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to decisions on supervision measures as an alternative to provisional detention, the following are the requirements that may be monitored and enforced in a European Union member State (‘the monitoring State’) other than the state in which they were imposed as a condition of bail—

(a) an obligation for the person to inform the competent authority in the monitoring State of any change of residence, in particular for the purpose of receiving a summons to attend a hearing or a trial in the course of criminal proceedings;

(b) an obligation not to enter certain localities, places or defined areas in the issuing or monitoring State;

(c) an obligation to remain at a specified place, where applicable during specified times;

(d) an obligation containing limitations on leaving the territory of the monitoring State;

(e) an obligation to report at specified times to a specific authority;

(f) an obligation to avoid contact with specific persons in relation to the offence or offences allegedly committed.

Under Article 8(2) of the Framework Decision, other measures that a monitoring State may be prepared to monitor may include—

(a) an obligation not to engage in specified activities in relation to the offence or offences allegedly committed, which may include involvement in a specified profession or field of employment;

(b) an obligation not to drive a vehicle;

(c) an obligation to deposit a certain sum of money or to give another type of guarantee, which may either be provided through a specified number of instalments or entirely at once;

(d) an obligation to undergo therapeutic treatment or treatment for addiction; or

(e) an obligation to avoid contact with specific objects in relation to the offence or offences allegedly committed.

Grounds for refusing to monitor and enforce a supervision measure imposed in another European Union member State

Under Schedule 6 to the Criminal Justice and Data Protection (Protocol No. 36) Regulations 2014(17), the grounds for refusal are—

(a) the certificate requesting monitoring under the Framework Decision—

(i) is incomplete or obviously does not correspond to the decision on supervision measures, and

(ii) is not completed or corrected within a period specified by the court;

(b) where the defendant subject to the decision on supervision measures is lawfully and ordinarily resident in England and Wales, the defendant has not consented to return there with a view to the supervision measures being monitored there under the Framework Decision;

(c) where the defendant subject to the decision on supervision measures is not lawfully and ordinarily resident in England and Wales, the defendant—

(i) has not asked for a request to be made for monitoring of the supervision measures under the Framework Decision by a competent authority in in England and Wales, or

(ii) has asked for such a request to be made but has not given adequate reasons as to why it should be made;

(d) the certificate includes measures other than those referred to in Article 8 of the Framework Decision (see the list above);

(e) recognition of the decision on supervision measures would contravene the principle of ne bis in idem;

(f) the decision on supervision measures was based on conduct that would not constitute an offence under the law of England and Wales if it occurred there (with the exception of some specified categories of offence);

(g) the decision was based on conduct where, under the law of England and Wales—

(i) the criminal prosecution of the conduct would be statute-barred, and

(ii) the conduct falls within the jurisdiction of England and Wales;

(h) the decision on supervision measures was based on conduct by a defendant who was under the age of 10 when the conduct took place;

(i) the conduct on which the decision on supervision measures was based is such that—

(i) if there was a breach of the supervision measures, and

(ii) a warrant was issued by the issuing State for the arrest of the defendant subject to the decision

the defendant would have to be discharged at an extradition hearing under the Extradition Act 2003;

(j) it appears that the decision on supervision measures was in fact made for the purpose of punishing the defendant on account of the defendant’s race, ethnic origin, religion, nationality, language, gender, sexual orientation or political opinions.

(1)

1984 c. 60; sections 47ZA and 47ZB were inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(2)

1984 c. 60; sections 47ZC and 47ZD were inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(3)

1984 c. 60; section 47ZE was inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(4)

1984 c. 60; section 47ZF was inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(5)

1984 c. 60; section 47ZG was inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(6)

1984 c. 60; section 47ZL was inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(7)

1984 c. 60; section 47ZI was inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(8)

1984 c. 60; section 47ZJ was inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(9)

1984 c. 60; sections 47ZH and 47ZI were inserted by section 63 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 (c. 3).

(10)

1976 c. 63; section 4 was amended by section 154 of, and paragraph 145 of Schedule 7 to, the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 (c. 43), section 168 of, and paragraphs 32 and 33 of Schedule 10 to, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33), section 58 of the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 (c. 43), sections 198 and 220 of, and Schedule 4 to, the Extradition Act 2003 (c. 41), section 304 of, and paragraphs 20 and 22 of Schedule 32 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), section 42 of, and paragraph 34 of Schedule 13 to, the Police and Justice Act 2006 (c. 48), sections 6 and 148 of, and paragraphs 23 and 102 of Schedule 4 and Part 1 of Schedule 28 to, the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4) and paragraph 19 of Schedule 7, and Schedule 8, to the Policing and Crime Act 2009 (c. 26).

(11)

1976 c. 63; Schedule 1, Part IIA was added by section 154 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33).

(12)

1976 c. 63; section 3 was amended by section 65 of, and Schedule 12 to, the Criminal Law Act 1977 (c. 45), section 34 of the Mental Health (Amendment) Act 1982 (c. 51), paragraph 46 of Schedule 4 to the Mental Health Act 1983 (c. 20), section 15 of, and paragraph 9 of Schedule 2 to, the Criminal Justice Act 1987 (c. 38), section 131 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33), sections 27 and 168 of, and paragraph 12 of Schedule 9 and Schedule 11 to, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33), sections 54 and 120 of, and paragraph 37 of Schedule 8 and Schedule 10 to, the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37), paragraph 51 of Schedule 9 to the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6), section 131 of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (c. 16), sections 13 and 19 of, and paragraph 48 of Schedule 3 and Schedule 37 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), paragraphs 33 and 34 of Schedule 21 to the Legal Services Act 2007 (c. 29) and paragraphs 1 and 2 of Schedule 11, paragraphs 1 and 2 of Schedule 12, to the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4) and paragraphs 1 to 4 of Schedule 11, and paragraphs 14 and 15 of Schedule 12, to the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (c. 10).

(13)

1976 c. 63; Schedule 1 was amended by section 34 of the Mental Health (Amendment) Act 1982 (c. 51), sections 153, 154 and 155 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33), paragraph 22 of Schedule 11 to the Criminal Justice Act 1991 (c. 53), section 26 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33), paragraph 38 of Schedule 8 to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37), paragraph 54 of Schedule 9 to the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6), sections 129 and 137 of, and Schedule 7 to, the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (c. 16), section 198 of the Extradition Act 2003 (c. 41), sections 13, 14, 15, 19 and 20 of, and paragraphs 20 and 23 of Schedule 32 and paragraphs 1 and 3 of Schedule 36 to, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), paragraph 40 of the Schedule to S.I. 2005/886, paragraph 78 of Schedule 16, and Schedule 17, to the Armed Forces Act 2006 (c. 52), paragraphs 1, 4, 5 and 6 of Schedule 12 to the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4), section 114 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25) and paragraphs 10 to 31 of Schedule 11, and paragraphs 14 and 17 of Schedule 12, to the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (c. 10).

(14)

1976 c. 63; section 4(2B) was inserted by section 198 of the Extradition Act 2003 (c. 41) and amended by paragraph 34 of Schedule 13 to the Police and Justice Act 2006 (c. 48).

(15)

1996 c. 27; section 33 was amended by section 82 of, and paragraph 4 of Schedule 9 to, the Civil Partnership Act 2004 (c. 33).

(16)

1994 c. 33; section 25 was amended by section 56 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37), paragraph 160 of Schedule 9 to the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000 (c. 6), paragraph 32 of Schedule 6 to the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (c. 42), paragraph 67 of Schedule 32 and Schedule 37 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44), article 16 of S.I. 2008/1779, paragraph 3 of Schedule 17, and Schedule 23, to the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25) and paragraph 33 of Schedule 11 to the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (c. 10).

(17)

S.I. 2014/3141.