2023 No. 91

Environmental Protection, England

The Environmental Targets (Biodiversity) (England) Regulations 2023
Made
29th January 2023
Coming into force
30th January 2023
The Secretary of State makes these Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 1, 3, 6(1) and 143(1) of the Environment Act 2021 (“the 2021 Act”).
In accordance with section 3(4) of the 2021 Act, the Secretary of State is satisfied that meeting the species abundance target referred to in regulation 11 will halt a decline in the abundance of species.
In accordance with section 4(1) and (2) of the 2021 Act, the Secretary of State has sought advice from persons the Secretary of State considers to be independent and to have relevant expertise, and is satisfied that the targets in these Regulations can be met.
In accordance with sections 4(8) and 143(5)(b) of the 2021 Act, a draft of these Regulations has been laid before, and approved by resolution of, each House of Parliament.
PART 1

Introduction

Citation, commencement, extent and application
1
1
These Regulations may be cited as the Environmental Targets (Biodiversity) (England) Regulations 2023.
2
These Regulations come into force on the day after the day on which they are made.
3
These Regulations extend to England and Wales but apply in relation to England only, including the territorial sea adjacent to England.

Interpretation
2
In these Regulations—
- “the 2021 Act” means the Environment Act 2021;
- “the 2022 Red List Index for England” means the document entitled “Outcome Indicator Framework for England’s 25 Year Environment Plan: D5 Conservation status of our native species, Data Sheet 2022 (NERR124)” published by Natural England in October 2022 ;
- “native species” means species which naturally occur or have in the past naturally occurred in England, and include—
  1. regularly occurring migratory species (both breeding and non-breeding) and natural colonists; and
  2. species that have been reintroduced in England following past extinction;
- “natural colonists” means species that arrived in England of their own accord and have become established, including those that become migratory species;
- “species” includes ranks below and above species level, where these are listed—
  1. for the purposes of Part 2 of these Regulations, in the 2022 Red List Index for England; or
  2. for the purposes of Part 4 of these Regulations, in Schedule 2.

Biodiversity targets
3
1
Regulations 4, 7 and 14 specify targets for the purposes of the Secretary of State’s duty in section 1 of the 2021 Act to set a long-term target in respect of biodiversity.
2
Regulation 11 specifies a target for the purposes of the Secretary of State’s duty in section 3 of the 2021 Act to set a target in respect of a matter relating to the abundance of species.
PART 2

Long-term biodiversity target: species’ extinction risk

Species’ extinction risk target
4
The long-term biodiversity target for species’ extinction risk is to reduce the risk of species’ extinction by 2042, when compared to the risk of species’ extinction in 2022.

Measurement of species’ extinction risk target
5
1
The target in regulation 4 is met by 31st December 2042 if the extinction risk value for 2042 calculated in accordance with paragraph (2) has a greater value than the baseline value, with the extinction risk value for 2042 and the baseline value being expressed as values in a range from 1 to 0 where—
a
a value of 1 would indicate that all baseline species were of Least Concern; and
b
a value of 0 would indicate that all baseline species were Regionally Extinct.
2
The Secretary of State must ensure that an extinction risk value for 2042 is calculated in 2042 using the same methodology that was used to calculate the baseline value , to indicate the aggregate risk of extinction for all baseline species at the time of its calculation.
3
In this regulation—
- “baseline species” means a species listed in the 2022 Red List Index for England;
- “the baseline value” means the value of 0.9070, being the value set out in the 2022 Red List Index for England to indicate the aggregate risk of extinction for all baseline species.
4
In this regulation—
a
a species is considered to be of Least Concern when it is classified as such for the purposes of calculating the 2022 Red List Index for England;
b
a species is Regionally Extinct when it is classified as such for the purposes of calculating the 2022 Red List Index for England.

Reporting date for the species’ extinction risk target
6
For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act (environmental targets: reporting duties), the reporting date for the target in regulation 4 is 1st July 2043.
PART 3

Long-term biodiversity target: wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation

Wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation target
7
The long-term biodiversity target for the restoration or creation of wildlife-rich habitat is that on or after the day these Regulations come into force, in excess of 500,000 hectares of a range of wildlife-rich habitats are to be restored or created by 31st December 2042.

Measurement of the habitat restoration or creation target
8
1
In order to measure the area of wildlife-rich habitat which is restored or created, the Secretary of State must obtain information about action that has been or is being undertaken in order to restore or create the wildlife-rich habitat on or after the day on which these Regulations come into force, including information about—
a
the location of the action;
b
the size of the area intended to become wildlife-rich habitat;
c
the type of wildlife-rich habitat that is being restored or created.
2
The Secretary of State must keep a record of the information obtained under paragraph (1).
3
For the purposes of this Part, habitat is restored or will be restored when appropriate action has been or is being taken to improve the condition of relict or degraded habitat which might reasonably be expected to lead to an expansion of the wildlife-rich habitat there, but excluding such action taken—
a
on protected sites; or
b
for the purpose of replacing habitat that has been lost on or after the day these Regulations come into force.
4
For the purposes of this Part, habitat is created or will be created when appropriate action has been or is being taken to establish wildlife-rich habitat on land, or water, excluding such action taken—
a
on protected sites; or
b
for the purpose of replacing habitat that has been lost on or after the day these Regulations come into force.
5
In paragraphs (3) and (4) “appropriate action” includes action—
a
to develop one or more specific wildlife-rich habitat types; or
b
to allow a dynamic mosaic of wildlife-rich habitats to develop through the restoration of natural processes and ecosystems.

Reporting date for the wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation target
9
For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 7 is 1st December 2043.

Interpretation of Part 3
10
In this Part—
- “baseline” means the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured;
- “European site” has the meaning given in regulation 8 of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (European sites and European marine sites);
- “marine conservation zone” means an area designated as a marine conservation zone under section 116(1) of the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (marine conservation zones);
- “nautical mile” means an international nautical mile of 1,852 metres;
a “protected site” means a site which is—
  1. a European site;
  2. a site of special scientific interest; or
  3. a marine conservation zone,
on or before the day these Regulations come into force, to the extent that the site is situated wholly or partly in England or in its waters;
- “site of special scientific interest” means an area notified under section 28(1) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (sites of special scientific interest);
- “territorial sea” means such of the territorial sea of the United Kingdom that is adjacent to England;
- “water” and “waters”, in relation to England only, means all waters, including, in the case of the sea, the area of the sea and the seabed below that area of the sea which is on the landward side of a line every point of which is at a distance of one nautical mile on the seaward side from the nearest point of the baseline;
- “wildlife-rich habitat” means a habitat that is one of the following types of habitat and which is of sufficient quality that it is, or will be, capable of supporting flora and fauna which are typically found in the habitat in question—
  1. a habitat type of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity listed by the Secretary of State under section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (biodiversity lists and action (England));
  2. another habitat type listed in Schedule 1.
PART 4

Targets relating to the abundance of species
CHAPTER 1

2030 Species abundance target

2030 species abundance target
11
1
The 2030 species abundance target is that the overall relative species abundance index on the specified date indicates that the decline in the abundance of species has been halted.
2
The specified date for the 2030 species abundance target described in paragraph (1) is 31st December 2030.

Measurement of 2030 species abundance target
12
1
The 2030 species abundance target is to be measured by calculating the difference between the overall relative species abundance index for the years 2029 and 2030 in order to establish whether the overall relative species abundance index for the year 2030 is the same as, or higher than, the overall relative species abundance index for the year 2029.
2
The overall relative species abundance index for a year is derived from the calculation of the geometric mean of the relative species abundance indices for every species listed in Schedule 2 for that year, which is smoothed to reduce the impact of between-year fluctuations in data collected over time.
3
The same methodology must be used to determine the overall relative species abundance index for each year.
4
In this regulation—
- “baseline index” means the index value of 100 for any species in the first year that it is included in that relative species abundance index;
- “geometric mean” means a mathematical process where a series of numbers are multiplied together and then the “n”th root of the product is calculated, where “n” is equal to the length of the series;
- “relative species abundance index” for a species means an index which—
  1. is an annual measure;
  2. provides a standardised measure of abundance of that species across England; and
  3. is expressed as a value relative to 100, where—
    1. 100 is the baseline index for each species in the first year that it is measured in that relative species abundance index; and
    2. 0 means no sightings of that species were recorded in a year .
5
Where a species listed in Schedule 2 appears in more than one dataset that meets the criteria referred to in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) of the definition of “relative species abundance index” in paragraph (4), the relative species abundance index for that species is calculated—
a
in the case of a species listed in Schedule 2 that is a plant, from the average value of species abundance for that species derived from all the species abundance datasets in which it appears;
b
in the case of a species listed in Schedule 2 that is an animal, from the species abundance dataset that the Secretary of State considers best provides—
i
an annual measure; and
ii
a standardised measure of abundance of that species with the widest coverage across England.
6
For the purposes of paragraph (4), an index is only to be used if it is calculated using the same methodology each year.

Reporting date for the 2030 species abundance target
13
For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 11 is 15th April 2032.
CHAPTER 2

Species abundance: long-term target

Long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance
14
The long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is that the overall relative species abundance index by 31st December 2042 is—
a
higher than the overall relative species abundance index for 31st December 2022; and
b
at least 10% higher than the overall relative species abundance index for 31st December 2030 (the specified date for the 2030 species abundance target).

Measurement of the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance
15
1
The long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is to be measured by calculating the overall relative species abundance index for the following dates—
a
31st December 2022;
b
31st December 2030; and
c
31st December 2042.
2
Regulation 12(2) to (6) applies in relation to the measurement of the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance as it applies to the measurement of the 2030 species abundance target described in regulation 11.

Reporting date for the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance
16
For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 14 is 15th April 2044.
Trudy Harrison
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
29th January 2023
SCHEDULE 1

Types of wildlife-rich habitat
Regulation 10
Broad habitat | Wildlife-rich habitat other than a habitat type of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity listed by the Secretary of State under section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006
Acid grassland | Lowland acid grassland
Acid grassland | Upland acid grassland
Boundary and linear features | Line of trees (ecologically valuable – such that the line includes at least one tree per 30m length of ancient or veteran quality)
Boundary and linear features | Line of trees (ecologically valuable – such that the line includes at least one tree per 30m length of ancient or veteran quality) – with bank or ditch
Boundary and linear features | Native hedgerow with trees
Boundary and linear features | Native hedgerow – associated with bank or ditch
Boundary and linear features | Native hedgerow with trees – associated with bank or ditch
Boundary and linear features | Native species-rich hedgerow
Boundary and linear features | Native species-rich hedgerow – associated with bank or ditch
Boundary and linear features | Native species-rich hedgerow with trees
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland | Blackthorn scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland | Bramble scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland | Gorse scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland | Hawthorn scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland | Hazel scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland | Mixed scrub
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland | Mixed woodland: mainly native broadleaved (with a minimum requirement of 70% native broadleaved species)
Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland | Native woodland: broadleaved
Fen, marsh and swamp | Floodplain wetland mosaic
Inland rock | Inland rock and scree
Littoral rock | Features of littoral rock
Littoral rock | High energy littoral rock
Littoral rock | Low energy littoral rock
Littoral rock | Moderate energy littoral rock
Littoral sediment | Coastal saltmarsh and saline reedbeds
Littoral sediment | Features of littoral sediment
Littoral sediment | Littoral coarse sediment
Littoral sediment | Littoral mixed sediments
Littoral sediment | Littoral muddy sand
Littoral sediment | Littoral sand
Neutral grassland | Neutral grassland
Rivers and streams | Rivers and streams
Standing open waters | Ponds
Sublittoral rock | Circalittoral rock
Sublittoral rock | Infralittoral rock
Sublittoral rock | Subtidal stony reef
Sublittoral sediment | Native oyster (Ostrea edulis) beds
Sublittoral sediment | Subtidal coarse sediment
Sublittoral sediment | Subtidal mixed sediments
Sublittoral sediment | Subtidal mud
Sublittoral sediment | Subtidal sand
Sublittoral sediment | Subtidal seagrass beds
SCHEDULE 2

Species for the targets relating to the abundance of species
Regulation 12
Scientific name | Common name
Birds
Acanthis cabaret | Lesser redpoll
Accipiter gentilis | Northern goshawk
Accipiter nisus | Sparrowhawk
Acrocephalus palustris | Marsh warbler
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus | Sedge warbler
Acrocephalus scirpaceus | Reed warbler
Actitis hypoleucos | Common sandpiper
Aegithalos caudatus | Long-tailed tit
Alauda arvensis | Skylark
Alcedo atthis | Kingfisher
Anas acuta | Pintail
Anas crecca | Teal
Anas platyrhynchos | Mallard
Anser albifrons | European white-fronted goose
Anser anser | Greylag goose
Anser brachyrhynchus | Pink-footed goose
Anthus pratensis | Meadow pipit
Anthus trivialis | Tree pipit
Apus apus | Swift
Ardea cinerea | Grey heron
Arenaria interpres | Turnstone
Aythya ferina | Common pochard
Aythya fuligula | Tufted duck
Aythya marila | Scaup
Botaurus stellaris | Eurasian bittern
Branta bernicla | Brent goose
Bucephala clangula | Common goldeneye
Burhinus oedicnemus | Stone-curlew
Buteo buteo | Buzzard
Calidris alba | Sanderling
Calidris alpina | Dunlin
Calidris canutus | Knot
Calidris maritima | Purple sandpiper
Calidris pugnax | Ruff
Caprimulgus europaeus | Nightjar
Carduelis carduelis | Goldfinch
Certhia familiaris | Treecreeper
Cettia cetti | Cetti’s warbler
Charadrius hiaticula | Ringed plover
Chloris chloris | Greenfinch
Chroicocephalus ridibundus | Black-headed gull
Cinclus cinclus | Dipper
Circus aeruginosus | Marsh harrier
Circus cyaneus | Hen harrier
Circus pygargus | Montagu’s harrier
Coloeus monedula | Jackdaw
Columba oenas | Stock dove
Columba palumbus | Woodpigeon
Corvus corax | Raven
Corvus corone | Carrion crow
Corvus frugilegus | Rook
Coturnix coturnix | Common quail
Crex crex | Corncrake
Cuculus canorus | Cuckoo
Curruca communis | Whitethroat
Curruca undata | Dartford warbler
Cyanistes caeruleus | Blue tit
Cygnus columbianus | Bewick’s swan
Cygnus cygnus | Whooper swan
Cygnus olor | Mute swan
Delichon urbicum | House martin
Dendrocopos major | Great spotted woodpecker
Dryobates minor | Lesser spotted woodpecker
Egretta garzetta | Little egret
Emberiza calandra | Corn bunting
Emberiza cirlus | Cirl bunting
Emberiza citrinella | Yellowhammer
Emberiza schoeniclus | Reed bunting
Erithacus rubecula | Robin
Falco columbarius | Merlin
Falco peregrinus | Peregrine
Falco subbuteo | Hobby
Falco tinnunculus | Kestrel
Fringilla coelebs | Chaffinch
Fulica atra | Common coot
Fulmarus glacialis | Northern fulmar
Gallinago gallinago | Snipe
Gallinula chloropus | Moorhen
Garrulus glandarius | Jay
Grus grus | Common crane
Haematopus ostralegus | Oystercatcher
Hirundo rustica | Swallow
Ichthyaetus melanocephalus | Mediterranean gull
Lagopus lagopus | Red grouse
Lanius collurio | Red-backed shrike
Larus argentatus | Herring gull
Limosa lapponica | Bar-tailed godwit
Limosa limosa | Black-tailed godwit
Linaria cannabina | Linnet
Linaria flavirostris | Twite
Locustella luscinioides | Savi’s warbler
Lullula arborea | Woodlark
Luscinia megarhynchos | Nightingale
Lyrurus tetrix | Black grouse
Mareca penelope | Wigeon
Mareca strepera | Gadwall
Mergus merganser | Goosander
Mergus serrator | Red-breasted merganser
Milvus milvus | Red kite
Morus bassanus | Northern gannet
Motacilla alba | Pied wagtail
Motacilla cinerea | Grey wagtail
Motacilla flava | Yellow wagtail
Muscicapa striata | Spotted flycatcher
Numenius arquata | Curlew
Oenanthe oenanthe | Wheatear
Oriolus oriolus | Golden oriole
Pandion haliaetus | Osprey
Panurus biarmicus | Bearded tit
Parus major | Great tit
Passer domesticus | House sparrow
Passer montanus | Tree sparrow
Perdix perdix | Grey partridge
Periparus ater | Coal tit
Pernis apivorus | Honey-buzzard
Phalacrocorax aristotelis | European shag
Phalacrocorax carbo | Great cormorant
Phoenicurus ochruros | Black redstart
Phoenicurus phoenicurus | Redstart
Phylloscopus collybita | Chiffchaff
Phylloscopus sibilatrix | Wood warbler
Phylloscopus trochilus | Willow warbler
Pica pica | Magpie
Picus viridis | Green woodpecker
Platalea leucorodia | Eurasian spoonbill
Pluvialis apricaria | Golden plover
Pluvialis squatarola | Grey plover
Podiceps cristatus | Great crested grebe
Podiceps nigricollis | Black-necked grebe
Poecile montanus | Willow tit
Poecile palustris | Marsh tit
Porzana porzana | Spotted crake
Prunella modularis | Dunnock
Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Bullfinch
Recurvirostra avosetta | Avocet
Regulus ignicapilla | Firecrest
Regulus regulus | Goldcrest
Riparia riparia | Sand martin
Rissa tridactyla | Black-legged kittiwake
Saxicola rubetra | Whinchat
Saxicola rubicola | Stonechat
Sitta europaea | Nuthatch
Somateria mollissima | Eider
Spatula clypeata | Shoveler
Spatula querquedula | Garganey
Spinus spinus | Siskin
Sterna dougallii | Roseate tern
Sterna hirundo | Common tern
Sterna paradisaea | Arctic tern
Sternula albifrons | Little tern
Streptopelia decaocto | Collared dove
Streptopelia turtur | Turtle dove
Strix aluco | Tawny owl
Sturnus vulgaris | Starling
Sylvia atricapilla | Blackcap
Sylvia borin | Garden warbler
Sylvia curruca | Lesser whitethroat
Tachybaptus ruficollis | Little grebe
Tadorna tadorna | Shelduck
Thalasseus sandvicensis | Sandwich tern
Tringa totanus | Redshank
Troglodytes troglodytes | Wren
Turdus merula | Blackbird
Turdus philomelos | Song thrush
Turdus torquatus | Ring ouzel
Turdus viscivorus | Mistle thrush
Uria aalge | Guillemot
Vanellus vanellus | Lapwing
Bumblebees
Bombus pascuorum | Common carder bee
Bombus lapidarius | Red-tailed bumblebee
Bombus pratorum | Early bumblebee
Bombus hypnorum | Tree bumblebee
Bombus hortorum | Garden bumblebee
Bombus lucorum / terrestris | White-tailed / buff-tailed bumblebee
Bombus vestalis | Southern cuckoo bumblebee
Bombus sylvestris | Forest cuckoo bumblebee
Bombus campestris | Field cuckoo bumblebee
Bombus rupestris | Red-tailed cuckoo bumblebee
Bombus humilis | Brown-banded carder bee
Fish
Abramis brama | Common bream
Alburnus alburnus | Bleak
Ammodytes tobianus | Lesser sandeel
Anguilla anguilla | Eel
Atherina presbyter | Sand smelt
Barbatula barbatula | Stone loach
Barbus barbus | Barbel
Blicca bjoerkna | Silver bream
Carassius carassius | Crucian carp
Chelon labrosus | Thick lipped grey mullet
Clupea harengus | Herring
Cobitis taenia | Spined loach
Cottus gobio | Bullhead
Dicentrarchus labrax | Sea bass
Esox lucius | Pike
Gasterosteus aculeatus | Three spined stickleback
Gobio gobio | Gudgeon
Gymnocephalus cernuus | Ruffe
Leuciscus leuciscus | Dace
Liza aurata | Golden grey mullet
Liza ramada | Thin lipped grey mullet
Osmerus eperlanus | Smelt
Perca fluviatilis | Perch
Phoxinus phoxinus | Minnow
Platichthys flesus | Flounder
Pleuronectes platessa | Plaice
Pomatoschistus microps | Common goby
Pomatoschistus minutus | Sand goby
Pungitius pungitius | Ten spined stickleback
Rutilus rutilus | Roach
Salmo salar | Atlantic salmon
Salmo trutta | Brown trout
Scardinius erythrophthalmus | Rudd
Sprattus sprattus | Sprat
Squalius cephalus | Chub
Syngnathus acus | Greater pipefish
Thymallus thymallus | Grayling
Tinca tinca | Tench
Freshwater invertebrates
Acroloxus lacustris | Lake limpet
Adicella reducta |
Aeshna spp. | Hawkers
Agabus spp. | Agabus (beetle)
Agapetus spp. |
Agraylea multipunctata | Salt and pepper microcaddis
Alboglossiphonia heteroclita | White leech
Ameletus inopinatus | Upland summer mayfly
Amphinemura spp. | Spring stoneflies
Ampullaceana balthica | Wandering snail
Anabolia nervosa |
Anacaena globulus |
Anacaena limbata |
Ancylus fluviatilis | River limpet
Anisus leucostoma | White-lipped ramshorn
Anisus vortex | Whirlpool ramshorn
Antocha vitripennis |
Aphelocheirus aestivalis |
Asellus aquaticus | Pond slater / Water louse
Atherix ibis | Yellow-legged water-snipefly
Athripsodes spp. |
Austropotamobius pallipes | White-clawed crayfish
Baetis buceratus | Scarce olive
Baetis muticus | Iron blue
Baetis rhodani | Large dark olive
Baetis scambus group | Small dark olive
Baetis vernus | Medium olive
Bathyomphalus contortus | Twisted ramshorn
Beraea maurus |
Beraea pullata |
Beraeodes minutus |
Beris spp. | Green soldier flies
Bithynia leachii |
Bithynia tentaculata | Faucet snail
Brachycentrus subnubilus |
Brachyptera risi |
Brychius elevatus |
Caenis horaria |
Caenis luctuosa group | Angler’s curse
Caenis pusilla |
Caenis rivulorum |
Caenis robusta |
Callicorixa praeusta | Water boatman
Calopteryx spp. | Damselflies
Capnia spp. | Small winter stoneflies
Centroptilum luteolum | Small spurwing
Ceraclea spp. | Long-horned caddisflies
Chaetopteryx villosa |
Cheumatopsyche lepida |
Chloroperla tripunctata |
Cloeon dipterum | Pond olive
Coenagrion spp. | Eurasian bluets damselflies
Cordulegaster boltonii | Golden-ringed dragonfly
Crenobia alpina | Alpine flatworm
Crunoecia irrorata |
Cyrnus flavidus |
Cyrnus trimaculatus |
Dendrocoelum lacteum | Aquatic flatworm
Dicranota spp. |
Dinocras cephalotes |
Diplectrona felix |
Dixa nebulosa |
Dixa puberula |
Drusus annulatus |
Dryops spp. |
Dugesia polychroa group |
Dytiscus spp. |
Ecclisopteryx dalecarlica |
Ecdyonurus spp. |
Electrogena spp. |
Elmis aenea |
Elodes spp. |
Eloeophila spp. |
Enallagma cyathigerum | Common blue damselfly
Ephemera spp. |
Erpobdella spp. |
Erythromma najas | Red-eyed damselfly
Esolus parallelepipedus |
Galba truncatula | Dwarf pond snail
Gammarus pulex group | Common freshwater shrimp
Gammarus zaddachi |
Gerris spp. |
Glossiphonia complanata |
Glossiphonia verrucata |
Glossosoma spp. |
Glyphotaelius pellucidus |
Goera pilosa |
Graptodytes pictus |
Gyraulus albus | White ramshorn
Gyraulus crista | Nautilus ramshorn
Gyraulus laevis | Smooth ramshorn
Gyrinus substriatus |
Gyrinus urinator |
Habrophlebia fusca | Ditch dun
Halesus spp. |
Haliplus confinis |
Haliplus lineatocollis |
Haliplus ruficollis group |
Helobdella stagnalis |
Helophorus brevipalpis |
Hemiclepsis marginata |
Heptagenia spp. |
Hesperocorixa sahlbergi | Lesser waterboatman
Hippeutis complanatus | Flat ramshorn
Hydraena gracilis |
Hydraena riparia |
Hydrobius fuscipes |
Hydroporus palustris |
Hydropsyche angustipennis |
Hydropsyche contubernalis |
Hydropsyche instabilis |
Hydropsyche pellucidula |
Hydropsyche siltalai |
Hydroptila spp. |
Hyphydrus ovatus |
Ibisia marginata | Black-legged water-snipefly
Ilybius spp. |
Ilyocoris cimicoides | Saucer bug
Ischnura elegans | Blue-tailed damselfly
Isoperla grammatica | Common yellow sally
Ithytrichia spp. |
Laccobius spp. |
Laccophilus hyalinus |
Lepidostoma basale |
Lepidostoma hirtum |
Leptophlebia spp. |
Leuctra spp. |
Limnephilus extricatus |
Limnephilus flavicornis |
Limnephilus lunatus | Cinnamon sedge
Limnephilus marmoratus |
Limnephilus rhombicus |
Limnius volckmari |
Lymnaea stagnalis | Great pond snail
Lype spp. |
Melampophylax mucoreus |
Micronecta spp. |
Micropterna lateralis |
Micropterna sequax |
Molanna angustata |
Mystacides spp. |
Nebrioporus depressus group |
Nemoura spp. |
Nemurella pictetii |
Nepa cinerea | Water scorpion
Neureclipsis bimaculata |
Nigrobaetis spp. |
Noterus clavicornis | Larger noterus
Notonecta glauca | Common backswimmer
Notonecta maculata |
Notonecta viridis |
Ochthebius spp. |
Odontocerum albicorne |
Oecetis spp. |
Orectochilus villosus |
Oreodytes sanmarkii |
Oulimnius spp. |
Oxycera spp. |
Oxyethira spp. |
Paraleptophlebia spp. |
Pedicia spp. |
Perla bipunctata |
Perlodes mortoni | Orange-striped stonefly
Phagocata vitta |
Philopotamus montanus | Yellow spotted sedge
Phryganea bipunctata |
Physa fontinalis | Common bladder snail
Pilaria spp. |
Piscicola geometra | Common fish leech
Pisidium spp. |
Planorbarius corneus | Great ramshorn
Planorbis spp. |
Platambus maculatus |
Platycnemis pennipes | White-legged damselfly
Plea minutissima |
Plectrocnemia spp. |
Polycelis spp. |
Polycentropus spp. |
Potamanthus luteus | Yellow mayfly
Potamophylax cingulatus |
Potamophylax latipennis |
Potamophylax rotundipennis |
Proasellus meridianus | One-spotted waterlouse
Procloeon pennulatum |
Prosimulium spp. |
Protonemura spp. |
Psychomyia pusilla |
Ptychoptera spp. |
Pyrrhosoma nymphula | Large red damselfly
Radix auricularia | Ear pond snail
Rhithrogena spp. |
Rhyacophila dorsalis | Sandfly
Rhyacophila fasciata |
Rhyacophila munda |
Rhyacophila obliterata |
Riolus spp. |
Sericostoma personatum |
Serratella ignita | Blue-winged olive
Sialis fuliginosa |
Sialis lutaria | Common alderfly
Sigara dorsalis |
Sigara falleni |
Sigara fossarum |
Silo nigricornis |
Silo pallipes |
Simulium (Wilhemia) spp. |
Simulium angustitarse group |
Simulium argyreatum group |
Simulium aureum group |
Simulium costatum |
Simulium cryophilum-vernum group |
Simulium erythrocephalum |
Simulium noelleri |
Simulium ornatum group |
Simulium reptans |
Simulium tuberosum complex | Twinn’s black fly
Siphlonurus spp. |
Siphonoperla torrentium | Small yellow sally
Sisyra spp. |
Sphaerium spp. |
Stagnicola spp. |
Stictotarsus duodecimpustulatus |
Taeniopteryx nebulosa | February red
Theodoxus fluviatilis | River nerite
Theromyzon tessulatum | Duck leech
Tinodes unicolor |
Tinodes waeneri |
Tipula spp. |
Triaenodes bicolor |
Trocheta spp. |
Valvata cristata | Flat valve snail
Valvata piscinalis | European valve snail
Velia spp. |
Viviparus viviparus | Common river snail
Wormaldia spp. |
Lepidoptera (Butterfly)
Aglais io | Peacock
Aglais urticae | Small tortoiseshell
Anthocharis cardamines | Orange-tip
Apatura iris | Purple emperor
Aphantopus hyperantus | Ringlet
Argynnis adippe | High brown fritillary
Argynnis paphia | Silver-washed fritillary
Aricia agestis | Brown argus
Aricia artaxerxes | Northern brown argus
Boloria euphrosyne | Pearl-bordered fritillary
Boloria selene | Small pearl-bordered fritillary
Callophrys rubi | Green hairstreak
Celastrina argiolus | Holly blue
Coenonympha pamphilus | Small heath
Colias croceus | Clouded yellow
Cupido minimus | Small blue
Erebia aethiops | Scotch argus
Erynnis tages | Dingy skipper
Euphydryas aurinia | Marsh fritillary
Favonius quercus | Purple hairstreak
Gonepteryx rhamni | Brimstone
Hamearis lucina | Duke of burgundy
Hesperia comma | Silver-spotted skipper
Hipparchia semele | Grayling
Lasiommata megera | Wall
Leptidea sinapis | Wood white
Limenitis camilla | White admiral
Lycaena phlaeas | Small copper
Maculinea arion | Large blue
Maniola jurtina | Meadow brown
Melanargia galathea | Marbled white
Melitaea athalia | Heath fritillary
Melitaea cinxia | Glanville fritillary
Ochlodes sylvanus | Large skipper
Papilio machaon | Swallowtail
Pararge aegeria | Speckled wood
Pieris brassicae | Large white
Pieris napi | Green-veined white
Pieris rapae | Small white
Plebejus argus | Silver-studded blue
Polygonia c-album | Comma
Polyommatus bellargus | Adonis blue
Polyommatus coridon | Chalk hill blue
Polyommatus icarus | Common blue
Pyrgus malvae | Grizzled skipper
Pyronia tithonus | Gatekeeper
Satyrium pruni | Black hairstreak
Satyrium w-album | White-letter hairstreak
Speyeria aglaja | Dark green fritillary
Thecla betulae | Brown hairstreak
Thymelicus acteon | Lulworth skipper
Thymelicus lineola | Essex skipper
Thymelicus sylvestris | Small skipper
Vanessa atalanta | Red admiral
Vanessa cardui | Painted lady
Lepidoptera (Moths)
Abraxas grossulariata | The magpie
Abraxas sylvata | Clouded magpie
Abrostola tripartita | The spectacle
Abrostola triplasia | Dark spectacle
Acasis viretata | Yellow-barred brindle
Achlya flavicornis | Yellow horned
Acronicta psi | Grey dagger
Acronicta rumicis | Knot grass
Acronicta tridens | Dark dagger
Aethalura punctulata | Grey birch
Agriopis aurantiaria | Scarce umber
Agriopis leucophaearia | Spring usher
Agriopis marginaria | Dotted border
Agrochola helvola | Flounced chestnut
Agrochola litura | Brown-spot pinion
Agrochola lota | Red-line quaker
Agrochola macilenta | Yellow-line quaker
Agrochola circellaris | The brick
Agrochola lychnidis | Beaded chestnut
Agrotis clavis | Heart & club
Agrotis exclamationis | Heart & dart
Agrotis ipsilon | Dark sword-grass
Agrotis puta | Shuttle-shaped dart
Agrotis segetum | Turnip moth
Agrotis vestigialis | Archer’s dart
Alcis jubata | Dotted carpet
Alcis repandata | Mottled beauty
Allophyes oxyacanthae | Green-brindled crescent
Alsophila aescularia | March moth
Amphipoea lucens | Large ear
Amphipoea oculea | Ear moth
Amphipyra berbera | Svensson’s copper underwing
Amphipyra pyramidea | Copper underwing
Amphipyra tragopoginis | Mouse moth
Anaplectoides prasina | Green arches
Anarta trifolii | Nutmeg
Anorthoa munda | Twin-spotted quaker
Anticlea derivata | The streamer
Antitype chi | Grey chi
Apamea anceps | Large nutmeg
Apamea crenata | Clouded-bordered brindle
Apamea epomidion | Clouded brindle
Apamea lithoxylaea | Light arches
Apamea monoglypha | Dark arches
Apamea remissa | Dusky brocade
Apamea scolopacina | Slender brindle
Apamea sordens | Rustic shoulder-knot
Apamea unanimis | Small clouded brindle
Apeira syringaria | Lilac beauty
Aplocera efformata | Lesser treble-bar
Aplocera plagiata | Treble-bar
Apocheima hispidaria | Small brindled beauty
Aporophyla lutulenta | Deep-brown dart
Aporophyla nigra | Black rustic
Apterogenum ypsillon | Dingy shears
Arctia caja | Garden tiger
Aspitates gilvaria | Straw belle
Aspitates ochrearia | Yellow belle
Asteroscopus sphinx | The sprawler
Asthena albulata | Small white wave
Atethmia centrago | Centre-barred sallow
Athetis pallustris | Marsh moth
Autographa bractea | Gold spangle
Autographa gamma | Silver Y
Autographa jota | Plain golden Y
Autographa pulchrina | Beautiful golden Y
Axylia putris | The flame
Biston betularia | Peppered moth
Biston strataria | Oak beauty
Brachylomia viminalis | Minor shoulder-knot
Bryophila domestica | Marbled beauty
Bupalus piniaria | Bordered white
Cabera exanthemata | Common wave
Cabera pusaria | Common white wave
Calliteara pudibunda | Pale tussock
Campaea margaritaria | Light emerald
Camptogramma bilineata | Yellow shell
Caradrina clavipalpis | Pale mottled willow moth
Caradrina morpheus | Mottled rustic
Catarhoe rubidata | Ruddy carpet
Catocala nupta | Red underwing
Celaena haworthii | Haworth’s minor
Cerapteryx graminis | Antler moth
Cerastis rubricosa | Red chestnut
Ceramica pisi | Broom moth
Charanyca trigrammica | Treble lines
Chesias legatella | The streak
Chesias rufata | Broom-tip
Chiasmia clathrata | Latticed heath
Chloroclysta miata | Autumn green carpet
Chloroclysta siterata | Red-green carpet
Chloroclystis v-ata | The V-pug
Cidaria fulvata | Barred yellow
Cilix glaucata | Chinese character
Cirrhia gilvago | Dusky-lemon sallow
Cirrhia icteritia | Sallow
Cleorodes lichenaria | Brussels lace
Clostera curtula | Chocolate-tip
Coenobia rufa | Small rufous
Coenotephria salicata | Striped twin-spot carpet
Coleophora vibicella |
Colocasia coryli | Nut-tree tussock
Colostygia multistrigaria | Mottled grey
Colostygia pectinataria | Green carpet
Colotois pennaria | Feathered thorn
Comibaena bajularia | Blotched emerald
Conistra ligula | Dark chestnut
Conistra rubiginea | Dotted chestnut
Conistra vaccinii | The chestnut
Cosmia affinis | Lesser-spotted pinion
Cosmia pyralina | Lunar-spotted pinion
Cosmia trapezina | The dun-bar
Cosmorhoe ocellata | Purple bar
Craniophora ligustri | The coronet
Crocallis elinguaria | Scalloped oak
Cucullia umbratica | The shark
Cybosia mesomella | Four-dotted footman
Cyclophora albipunctata | Birch mocha
Cyclophora linearia | Clay triple-lines
Cyclophora punctaria | Maiden’s blush
Cymatophorina diluta | Oak lutestring
Deilephila elpenor | Elephant hawk-moth
Deileptenia ribeata | Satin beauty
Deltote pygarga | Marbled white spot
Denticucullus pygmina | Small wainscot
Diachrysia chrysitis | Burnished brass
Diacrisia sannio | Clouded buff
Diaphora mendica | Muslin moth
Diarsia brunnea | Purple clay
Diarsia dahlii | Barred chestnut
Diarsia mendica | Ingrailed clay
Diarsia rubi | Small square-spot
Diloba caeruleocephala | Figure of eight
Drepana falcataria | Pebble hook-tip
Drymonia dodonaea | Marbled brown
Drymonia ruficornis | Lunar marbled brown
Dryobotodes eremita | Brindled green
Dypterygia scabriuscula | Bird’s wing
Dysstroma citrata | Dark marbled carpet
Dysstroma truncata | Common marbled carpet
Earophila badiata | Shoulder-stripe
Ecliptopera silaceata | Small phoenix
Ectropis crepuscularia | The engrailed
Eilema complana | Scarce footman
Eilema depressa | Buff footman
Eilema griseola | Dingy footman
Eilema lurideola | Common footman
Eilema sororcula | Orange footman
Electrophaes corylata | Broken-barred carpet
Ennomos alniaria | Canary-shouldered thorn
Ennomos autumnaria | Large thorn
Ennomos erosaria | September thorn
Ennomos fuscantaria | Dusky thorn
Ennomos quercinaria | August thorn
Entephria caesiata | Grey mountain carpet
Epione repandaria | Bordered beauty
Epirrhoe alternata | Common carpet
Epirrhoe galiata | Galium carpet
Epirrhoe rivata | Wood carpet
Epirrita autumnata | Autumnal moth
Epirrita christyi | Pale November moth
Epirrita dilutata | November moth
Epirrita filigrammaria | Small autumnal moth
Erannis defoliaria | Mottled umber
Eremobia ochroleuca | Dusky sallow
Euchoeca nebulata | Dingy shell
Eugnorisma glareosa | Autumnal rustic
Eulithis mellinata | The spinach
Eulithis populata | Northern spinach
Eulithis prunata | The phoenix
Eulithis testata | The chevron
Euphyia biangulata | Cloaked carpet
Euphyia unangulata | Sharp-angled carpet
Eupithecia abbreviata | Brindled pug
Eupithecia absinthiata | Wormwood pug
Eupithecia assimilata | Currant pug
Eupithecia centaureata | Lime-speck pug
Eupithecia dodoneata | Oak-tree pug
Eupithecia exiguata | Mottled pug
Eupithecia haworthiata | Haworth’s pug
Eupithecia icterata | Tawny speckled pug
Eupithecia indigata | Ochreous pug
Eupithecia innotata | Angle-barred pug
Eupithecia intricata | Freyer’s pug
Eupithecia inturbata | Maple pug
Eupithecia lariciata | Larch pug
Eupithecia linariata | Toadflax pug
Eupithecia nanata | Narrow-winged pug
Eupithecia phoeniceata | Cypress pug
Eupithecia pulchellata | Foxglove pug
Eupithecia pusillata | Juniper pug
Eupithecia satyrata | Satyr pug
Eupithecia simpliciata | Plain pug
Eupithecia subfuscata | Grey pug
Eupithecia succenturiata | Bordered pug
Eupithecia tantillaria | Dwarf pug
Eupithecia tenuiata | Slender pug
Eupithecia tripunctaria | White-spotted pug
Eupithecia venosata | Netted pug
Eupithecia virgaureata | Golden-rod pug
Eupithecia vulgata | Common pug
Euplexia lucipara | Small angle shades
Euproctis chrysorrhoea | Brown-tail
Euproctis similis | Yellow-tail
Eupsilia transversa | The satellite
Eustroma reticulata | Netted carpet moth
Euthrix potatoria | The drinker
Euxoa nigricans | Garden dart
Euxoa tritici | White-line dart
Falcaria lacertinaria | Scalloped hook-tip
Furcula furcula | Sallow kitten
Gandaritis pyraliata | Barred straw
Gastropacha quercifolia | The lappet
Geometra papilionaria | Large emerald
Gortyna flavago | Frosted orange
Graphiphora augur | Double dart
Griposia aprilina | Merveille du jour
Gymnoscelis rufifasciata | Double-striped pug
Habrosyne pyritoides | Buff arches
Hada plebeja | The shears
Hadena bicruris | The lychnis
Hadena confusa | Marbled coronet
Hadena perplexa | Tawny shears
Hecatera bicolorata | Broad-barred white
Helotropha leucostigma | Crescent
Hemistola chrysoprasaria | Small emerald
Hemithea aestivaria | Common emerald
Hepialus humuli | Ghost moth
Herminia grisealis | Small fan-foot
Herminia tarsipennalis | The fan-foot
Hoplodrina ambigua | Vine’s rustic
Hoplodrina blanda | The rustic
Hoplodrina octogenaria | Uncertain
Horisme tersata | The fern
Horisme vitalbata | Small waved umber
Hydraecia micacea | Rosy rustic
Hydraecia osseola | Marsh mallow moth
Hydrelia flammeolaria | Small yellow wave
Hydria cervinalis | Scarce tissue
Hydria undulata | Scallop shell
Hydriomena furcata | July highflyer
Hydriomena impluviata | May highflyer
Hylaea fasciaria | Barred red
Hypena crassalis | Beautiful snout
Hypena proboscidalis | The snout
Hypomecis punctinalis | Pale oak beauty
Hypomecis roboraria | Great oak beauty
Idaea aversata | Riband wave
Idaea biselata | Small fanfooted wave
Idaea dimidiata | Single-dotted wave
Idaea emarginata | Small scallop
Idaea fuscovenosa | Dwarf cream wave
Idaea ochrata | Bright wave moth
Idaea rusticata | Least carpet
Idaea seriata | Small dusty wave
Idaea straminata | Plain wave
Idaea subsericeata | Satin wave
Idaea trigeminata | Treble brown spot
Ipimorpha subtusa | The olive
Jodis lactearia | Little emerald
Korscheltellus fusconebulosa | Map-winged swift
Korscheltellus lupulina | Common swift
Lacanobia oleracea | Bright-line brown-eye
Lacanobia suasa | Dog’s tooth
Lacanobia thalassina | Pale-shouldered brocade
Lampropteryx otregiata | Devon carpet
Lampropteryx suffumata | Water carpet
Laothoe populi | Poplar hawk-moth
Larentia clavaria | The mallow
Lasiocampa quercus | Oak eggar
Laspeyria flexula | Beautiful hook-tip
Lateroligia ophiogramma | Double lobed
Leucania comma | Shoulder-striped wainscot
Ligdia adustata | Scorched carpet
Litoligia literosa | Rosy minor
Lithophane leautieri | Blair’s shoulder-knot
Lithophane ornitopus | Grey shoulder-knot
Lithophane socia | Pale pinion
Lobophora halterata | The seraphim
Lomaspilis marginata | Clouded border
Lomographa bimaculata | White-pinion spotted
Lomographa temerata | Clouded silver
Luperina testacea | Flounced rustic
Lycia hirtaria | Brindled beauty
Lycia zonaria | Belted beauty
Lycophotia porphyrea | True lover’s knot
Lygephila pastinum | The blackneck
Lymantria monacha | Black arches
Macaria alternata | Sharp-angled peacock
Macaria liturata | Tawny-barred angle
Macaria notata | Peacock moth
Macaria wauaria | The V-moth
Macrothylacia rubi | Fox moth
Malacosoma neustria | The lackey
Mamestra brassicae | Cabbage moth
Melanchra persicariae | Dot moth
Melanthia procellata | Pretty chalk carpet
Menophra abruptaria | Waved umber
Mesapamea secalis / didyma |
Mesoleuca albicillata | Beautiful carpet
Mesoligia furuncula | Cloaked minor
Mesotype didymata | Twin-spot carpet
Miltochrista miniata | Rosy footman
Mniotype adusta | Dark brocade
Mythimna albipuncta | White-point
Mythimna ferrago | The clay
Mythimna conigera | Brown-line bright-eye
Mythimna impura | Smoky wainscot
Mythimna pallens | Common wainscot
Naenia typica | The gothic
Noctua comes | Lesser yellow underwing
Noctua fimbriata | Broad-bordered yellow underwing
Noctua interjecta | Least yellow underwing
Noctua janthe | Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing
Noctua pronuba | Large yellow underwing
Nola confusalis | Least black arches
Nola cucullatella | Short-cloaked moth
Nomophila noctuella | Rush veneer
Notodonta dromedarius | Iron prominent
Notodonta ziczac | Pebble prominent
Nudaria mundana | Muslin footman
Nycteola revayana | Oak nycteoline
Ochropacha duplaris | Common lutestring
Ochropleura plecta | Flame shoulder
Odontopera bidentata | Scalloped hazel
Odontosia carmelita | Scarce prominent
Oligia fasciuncula | Middle-barred minor
Oligia latruncula | Tawny marbled minor
Oligia strigilis | Marbled minor
Oligia versicolor | Rufous minor
Omphaloscelis lunosa | Lunar underwing
Operophtera brumata | Winter moth
Operophtera fagata | Northern winter moth
Opisthograptis luteolata | Brimstone moth
Orgyia antiqua | The vapourer
Orthonama vittata | Oblique carpet
Orthosia cerasi | Common quaker
Orthosia cruda | Small quaker
Orthosia gothica | Hebrew character
Orthosia gracilis | Powdered quaker
Orthosia incerta | Clouded drab
Orthosia populeti | Lead-coloured drab
Ourapteryx sambucaria | Swallow-tailed moth
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria | Horse chestnut
Panolis flammea | Pine beauty
Parascotia fuliginaria | Waved black
Parectropis similaria | Brindled white-spot
Pasiphila rectangulata | Green pug
Pelurga comitata | Dark spinach
Pennithera firmata | Pine carpet
Peribatodes rhomboidaria | Willow beauty
Peridea anceps | Great prominent
Perizoma affinitata | The rivulet
Perizoma albulata | Grass rivulet
Perizoma alchemillata | Small rivulet
Perizoma bifaciata | Barred rivulet
Perizoma flavofasciata | Sandy carpet
Petrophora chlorosata | Brown silver-line
Phalera bucephala | Buff-tip
Pheosia gnoma | Lesser swallow prominent
Pheosia tremula | Swallow prominent
Phigalia pilosaria | Pale brindled beauty
Philereme transversata | Dark umber
Philereme vetulata | Brown scallop
Phlogophora meticulosa | Angle shades
Photedes fluxa | Mere wainscot
Photedes minima | Small dotted buff
Phragmatobia fuliginosa | Ruby tiger
Phymatopus hecta | Gold swift
Plagodis dolabraria | Scorched wing
Plagodis pulveraria | Barred umber
Plemyria rubiginata | Blue-bordered carpet
Plusia festucae | Gold spot
Plutella xylostella | Diamond-back moth
Poecilocampa populi | December moth
Polia nebulosa | Grey arches
Polychrysia moneta | Golden plusia
Polymixis flavicincta | Large ranunculus
Polymixis lichenea | Feathered ranunculus
Polyploca ridens | Frosted green
Pseudoips prasinana | Green silver-lines
Pseudoterpna pruinata | Grass emerald
Pterapherapteryx sexalata | Small seraphim
Pterostoma palpina | Pale prominent
Ptilodon capucina | Coxcomb prominent
Pyropteron chrysidiformis | Fiery clearwing
Rhizedra lutosa | Large wainscot
Rhodometra sacraria | The vestal
Rivula sericealis | Straw dot
Rusina ferruginea | Brown rustic
Saturnia pavonia | Emperor moth
Schrankia costaestrigalis | Pinion-streaked snout
Scoliopteryx libatrix | The herald
Scopula floslactata | Cream wave
Scopula imitaria | Small blood-vein
Scopula immutata | Lesser cream wave
Scopula marginepunctata | Mullein wave
Scotopteryx chenopodiata | Shaded broad-bar
Scotopteryx luridata | July belle
Scotopteryx mucronata | Lead belle
Scythris siccella |
Selenia dentaria | Early thorn
Selenia lunularia | Lunar thorn
Selenia tetralunaria | Purple thorn
Sideridis rivularis | Campion
Siona lineata | Black-veined moth
Spaelotis ravida | Stout dart
Spilosoma lubricipeda | White ermine
Spilosoma lutea | Buff ermine
Stauropus fagi | Lobster moth
Stilbia anomala | The anomalous
Subacronicta megacephala | Poplar grey
Tethea ocularis | Figure of eighty
Thalera fimbrialis | Sussex emerald
Thalpophila matura | Straw underwing
Thera Britannica | Spruce carpet
Thera juniperata | Juniper carpet
Thera obeliscata | Grey pine carpet
Theria primaria | Early moth
Tholera cespitis | Hedge rustic
Tholera decimalis | Feathered gothic
Thumatha senex | Round-winged muslin
Thyatira batis | Peach blossom
Tiliacea aurago | Barred sallow
Tiliacea citrago | Orange sallow
Timandra comae | Blood-vein
Trichiura crataegi | Pale eggar
Trichopteryx carpinata | Early tooth-striped
Triodia sylvina | Orange swift
Triphosa dubitata | The tissue
Tyria jacobaeae | The cinnabar
Udea ferrugalis | Rusty dot pearl
Venusia cambrica | Welsh wave
Watsonalla binaria | Oak hook-tip
Watsonalla cultraria | Barred hook-tip
Xanthia togata | Pink-barred sallow
Xanthorhoe decoloraria | Red carpet
Xanthorhoe designata | Flame carpet
Xanthorhoe ferrugata | Dark-barred twin-spot carpet
Xanthorhoe fluctuata | Garden carpet
Xanthorhoe montanata | Silver-ground carpet
Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata | Large twin-spot carpet
Xanthorhoe spadicearia | Red twin-spot carpet
Xestia agathina | Heath rustic
Xestia baja | Dotted clay
Xestia castanea | Neglected rustic
Xestia c-nigrum | Setaceous Hebrew character
Xestia ditrapezium | Triple-spotted clay
Xestia sexstrigata | Six-striped rustic
Xestia triangulum | Double square-spot
Xestia xanthographa | Square-spot rustic
Xylocampa areola | Early grey
Mammals
Arvicola amphibius | Water vole
Capreolus capreolus | Roe deer
Dama dama | Fallow deer
Eptesicus serotinus | Serotine bat
Lepus europaeus | Brown hare
Muscardinus avellanarius | Dormouse
Myotis daubentonii | Daubenton’s bat
Myotis mystacinus/Myotis brandtii | Whiskered bat/Brandt’s bat
Myotis nattereri | Natterer’s bat
Nyctalus noctula | Noctule bat
Oryctolagus cuniculus | Rabbit
Pipistrellus pipistrellus | Common pipistrelle bat
Pipistrellus pygmaeus | Soprano pipistrelle bat
Plecotus auritus | Brown long-eared bat
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum | Greater horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus hipposideros | Lesser horseshoe bat
Vulpes vulpes | Red fox
Vascular Plants
Achillea millefolium | Yarrow
Aethusa cynapium | Fool’s parsley
Agrimonia eupatoria | Agrimony
Ajuga reptans | Bugle
Alisma plantago-aquatica | Water-plantain
Allium ursinum | Ramsons
Alnus glutinosa | Alder
Alopecurus geniculatus | Marsh foxtail
Ammophila arenaria | Marram
Anagallis arvensis | Scarlet pimpernel
Anthemis cotula | Stinking chamomile
Anthoxanthum odoratum | Sweet vernal-grass
Anthyllis vulneraria | Kidney vetch
Apium nodiflorum | Fool’s-water-cress
Arctium minus/nemorosum |
Armeria maritima | Thrift
Arum maculatum | Lords-and-ladies
Asplenium trichomanes | Maidenhair spleenwort
Aster tripolium | Sea aster
Atriplex portulacoides | Sea-purslane
Atriplex spp. |
Bellis perennis | Daisy
Berula erecta | Lesser-water-parsnip
Beta vulgaris | Beet
Blackstonia perfoliata | Yellow-wort
Blechnum spicant | Hard-fern
Briza media | Quaking-grass
Bromopsis erecta | Upright brome
Calluna vulgaris | Heather
Caltha palustris | Marsh-marigold
Calystegia sepium | Hedge bindweed
Campanula glomerata | Clustered bellflower
Campanula rotundifolia | Harebell
Campanula trachelium | Nettle-leaved bellflower
Capsella bursa-pastoris | Shepherd’s-purse
Cardamine pratensis | Cuckooflower
Carduus nutans | Musk thistle
Carex echinata | Star sedge
Carex nigra | Common sedge
Carex otrubae | False fox-sedge
Carex pendula | Pendulous sedge
Carex remota | Remote sedge
Carex sylvatica | Wood-sedge
Cerastium arvense | Field mouse-ear
Cerastium fontanum | Common mouse-ear
Cerastium glomeratum | Sticky mouse-ear
Ceratocapnos claviculata | Climbing corydalis
Chaerophyllum temulum | Rough chervil
Chenopodium album | Fat-hen
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium | Opposite-leaved golden-saxifrage
Circaea lutetiana | Enchanter’s-nightshade
Cirsium acaule | Dwarf thistle
Cirsium palustre | Marsh thistle
Clematis vitalba | Traveller’s-joy
Cochlearia | Scurveygrass
Conopodium majus | Pignut
Cornus sanguinea | Dogwood
Corylus avellana | Hazel
Crataegus monogyna | Hawthorn
Cruciata laevipes | Crosswort
Cynosurus cristatus | Crested dog’s-tail
Dactylorhiza fuchsii | Common spotted-orchid
Daucus carota | Carrots
Deschampsia cespitosa | Tufted hair-grass
Deschampsia flexuosa | Wavy hair-grass
Digitalis purpurea | Foxglove
Dioscorea communis | Black bryony
Dipsacus fullonum | Wild teasel
Drosera rotundifolia | Round-leaved sundew
Elytrigia atherica | Sea couch
Empetrum nigrum | Crowberry
Epilobium hirsutum | Great willowherb
Equisetum fluviatile | Water horsetail
Erica cinerea | Bell heather
Erica tetralix | Cross-leaved heath
Eriophorum angustifolium | Common cottongrass
Eriophorum vaginatum | Hare’s-tail cottongrass
Euonymus europaeus | Spindle
Euphorbia amygdaloides | Wood spurge
Euphorbia exigua | Dwarf spurge
Euphorbia helioscopia | Sun spurge
Filipendula ulmaria | Meadowsweet
Filipendula vulgaris | Dropwort
Fumaria | Fumitories
Galium mollugo | Hedge bedstraw
Galium odoratum | Woodruff
Galium palustre | Marsh-bedstraw
Galium saxatile | Heath bedstraw
Galium verum | Lady’s bedstraw
Geranium robertianum | Herb-robert
Geum urbanum | Wood avens
Glaucium flavum | Yellow horned-poppy
Glechoma hederacea | Ground-ivy
Hedera helix | Common ivy
Helictotrichon pratense | Meadow oat-grass
Heracleum sphondylium | Hogweed
Hippocrepis comosa | Horseshoe vetch
Hippuris vulgaris | Mare’s-tail
Holcus lanatus | Yorkshire-fog
Hordeum secalinum | Meadow barley
Huperzia selago |
Hyacinthoides non-scripta | Bluebell
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | Frogbit
Hydrocotyle vulgaris | Marsh pennywort
Hypericum tetrapterum | Square-stalked St John’s-wort
Hypochaeris radicata | Cat’s-ear
Ilex aquifolium | Holly
Iris pseudacorus | Yellow iris
Juncus gerardii | Saltmarsh rush
Juncus squarrosus | Heath rush
Kickxia elatine | Sharp-leaved fluellen
Kickxia spuria | Round-leaved fluellen
Knautia arvensis | Field scabious
Lamium amplexicaule | Henbit dead-nettle
Lathyrus pratensis | Meadow vetchling
Lemna trisulca | Ivy-leaved duckweed
Leucanthemum vulgare | Oxeye daisy
Limonium spp. |
Linum catharticum | Fairy flax
Lonicera periclymenum | Honeysuckle
Lotus corniculatus | Common bird’s-foot-trefoil
Lotus pedunculatus | Greater bird’s-foot-trefoil
Luzula multiflora | Heath wood-rush
Lycopus europaeus | Gypsywort
Lysimachia nemorum | Yellow pimpernel
Lysimachia vulgaris | Yellow loosestrife
Lythrum salicaria | Purple-loosestrife
Matricaria chamomilla | Scented mayweed
Medicago lupulina | Black medick
Melica uniflora | Wood melick
Mentha aquatica | Water mint
Mercurialis perennis | Dog’s mercury
Milium effusum | Wood millet
Moehringia trinervia | Three-nerved sandwort
Molinia caerulea | Purple moor-grass
Mycelis muralis | Wall lettuce
Nardus stricta | Mat-grass
Narthecium ossifragum | Bog asphodel
Nuphar lutea | Yellow water-lily
Nymphaea alba | White water-lily
Origanum vulgare | Wild marjoram
Ornithopus perpusillus | Bird’s-foot
Osmunda regalis | Royal fern
Pastinaca sativa | Parsnip species
Persicaria amphibia | Amphibious bistort
Persicaria lapathifolia | Pale persicaria
Petasites hybridus | Butterbur
Phalaris arundinacea | Reed canary-grass
Phyllitis scolopendrium | Hart’s-tongue
Picris echioides | Bristly oxtongue
Pilosella officinarum | Mouse-ear-hawkweed
Plantago coronopus | Buck’s-horn plantain
Plantago lanceolata | Ribwort plantain
Plantago maritima | Sea plantain
Plantago media | Hoary plantain
Polygala serpyllifolia/vulgaris |
Potamogeton polygonifolius | Bog pondweed
Potentilla anserina | Silverweed
Potentilla erecta | Tormentil
Potentilla sterilis | Barren strawberry
Poterium sanguisorba | Salad burnet
Primula veris | Cowslip
Prunus spinosa | Blackthorn
Puccinellia maritima | Common saltmarsh-grass
Ranunculus acris | Meadow buttercup
Ranunculus bulbosus | Bulbous buttercup
Ranunculus repens | Creeping buttercup
Ranunculus sceleratus | Celery-leaved buttercup
Ranunculus spp. | Water-crowfoots
Rhamnus cathartica | Buckthorn
Rhinanthus minor | Yellow-rattle
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum | Water-cress
Rubus chamaemorus |
Rumex acetosa | Common sorrel
Rumex acetosella | Sheep’s sorrel
Rumex hydrolapathum | Water dock
Sagittaria sagittifolia | Arrowhead
Sanguisorba officinalis | Great burnet
Sanicula europaea | Sanicle
Scabiosa columbaria | Small scabious
Schoenoplectus lacustris | Common club-rush
Sherardia arvensis | Field madder
Silene dioica | Red campion
Silene flos-cuculi | Ragged-robin
Silene latifolia | White campion
Solanum dulcamara | Bittersweet
Sonchus arvensis | Perennial sow-thistle
Sonchus oleraceus | Smooth sow-thistle
Sparganium erectum | Branched bur-reed
Spirodela polyrhiza | Greater duckweed
Stachys officinalis | Betony
Stachys palustris | Marsh woundwort
Stellaria graminea | Lesser stitchwort
Stellaria holostea | Greater stitchwort
Suaeda maritima | Annual sea-blite
Succisa pratensis | Devil’s-bit scabious
Symphytum officinale | Common comfrey
Teucrium scorodonia | Wood sage
Thymus polytrichus/pulegioides |
Torilis japonica | Upright hedge-parsley
Trifolium campestre | Hop trefoil
Trifolium dubium | Lesser trefoil
Trifolium pratense | Red clover
Trifolium repens | White clover
Triglochin maritimum |
Tripleurospermum inodorum | Scentless mayweed
Typha latifolia | Bulrush
Ulex gallii/minor |
Vaccinium myrtillus | Bilberry
Vaccinium vitis-idaea | Cowberry
Veronica arvensis | Wall speedwell
Veronica beccabunga | Brooklime
Veronica montana | Wood speedwell
Veronica officinalis | Heath speedwell
Vicia cracca | Tufted vetch
Vicia hirsuta | Hairy tare
Viola arvensis | Field pansy
Viola palustris | Marsh violet
Viola reichenbachiana/riviniana |

EXPLANATORY NOTE
(This note is not part of the Regulations)
These Regulations set long-term targets in respect of three matters within the priority area of biodiversity under section 1 of the Environment Act 2021 (c. 30). These Regulations also set a target in relation to the abundance of species in accordance with section 3 of the Environment Act 2021. The Regulations specify the standard to be achieved in respect of each target and the date by which it must be achieved.
Part 2 makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to reduce the risk of species’ extinction by 2042, when compared to the risk of species’ extinction in 2022 (regulation 4). Regulation 5 makes provision in relation to how that target is to be measured. Regulation 6 provides that the reporting date for the species’ extinction risk target is 1st July 2043.
Part 3 makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to ensure that in excess of 500,000 hectares of a range of wildlife-rich habitats are to be restored or created by 31st December 2042 (regulation 7). Regulation 8 makes provision in relation to how that target is to be measured. Regulation 9 provides that the reporting date for that target is 1st December 2043. Regulation 10 defines terms used in Part 3 including “wildlife-rich habitat”. Schedule 1 makes further provision in relation to the definition of “wildlife-rich habitat”.
Part 4 makes provision in respect of the 2030 species abundance target to ensure that by 31st December 2030 (the specified date) the decline in the abundance of species has been halted (regulation 11). Regulation 12 makes provision in relation to how the 2030 species abundance target is to be measured. Schedule 2 provides a list of species for which data are included in the relative species abundance indices. Regulation 13 provides that the reporting date for that target is 15th April 2032.
Part 4 also makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance to ensure that the overall species abundance is higher by 31st December 2042 than for 31st December 2022, and at least 10% higher than for 31st December 2030 (regulation 14). Regulation 15 makes provision in relation to how the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is to be measured. Regulation 16 provides that the reporting date for that target is 15th April 2044.
A full impact assessment of the effect that this instrument will have on the costs of business, the voluntary sector and the public sector is available from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Seacole Building, 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF, and is published with an Explanatory Memorandum alongside these Regulations on www.legislation.gov.uk.
2021 c. 30.
The 2022 Red List Index for England may be found at http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6315201438941184 . A printed copy of the 2022 Red List Index for England may be obtained from Natural England, County Hall, Spetchley Road, Worcester WR5 2NP.
An explanation of how the 2022 Red List Index for England is calculated can be found in the document named “Outcome Indicator Framework for England’s 25 Year Environment Plan: D5 Conservation status of our native species – Technical background document for D5 Conservation status of our native species” published in October 2022, which can be found online at http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6315201438941184 . A printed copy of this document may be obtained from Natural England, County Hall, Spetchley Road, Worcester WR5 2NP.
S.I. 2017/1012, as amended by S.I. 2019/579.
2009 c. 23. There are amendments of section 116, but none is relevant.
1981 c. 69. Section 28(1) was amended by section 105(1) of, and paragraph 79 of Schedule 11 to, the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (c. 16) and by section 148 of, and paragraph 2(1) and (2) of Schedule 13 to, the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (c. 23).
2006 c.16. Section 41 is amended by section 102(8) of the 2021 Act. The list published by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 41 can be found in the document entitled “List of habitats and species of principal importance in England” published on 8th September 2022 and updated on 29th November 2022. This document can be found online at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/habitats-and-species-of-principal-importance-in-england . A printed copy of this document may be obtained from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Seacole Building, 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF.
If the value of the relative species abundance index is 50, this means that the abundance of that species has decreased by 50% compared to the first year of measurement. If the value of the relative species abundance index is 200, this means that the abundance of that species has doubled compared to the first year of measurement.
The common name or names given in the second column of this Schedule are included by way of guidance only.