Copyright, neighbouring rights, rights referred to in Directive 87/54/EECM1 and Directive 96/9/ECM2 and industrial property rights.

The freedom of the parties to a contract to choose the applicable law.

Contractual obligations concerning consumer contracts.

Formal validity of contracts creating or transferring rights in real estate where such contracts are subject to mandatory formal requirements F1under the applicable law of the United Kingdom, or any part of it, (where the real estate is situated in the United Kingdom), or of the law of the member State where the real estate is situated.

The permissibility of unsolicited commercial communications by electronic mail.