The Export of Goods (Control) Order 1992

Note: The database portion is not considered to be part of the generic software;

• “geographically dispersed” is where each sensor location is distant from any other by more than 1,500 m in any direction; mobile sensors are always considered geographically dispersed;

• “global interrupt latency time” means the time taken by a computer system to recognize an interrupt due to an event, service the interrupt and perform a context switch to an alternate memory—resident task waiting on the interrupt;

• “guidance set” means systems that integrate the process of measuring and computing a vehicles position and velocity (i.e.,navigation) with that of computing and sending commands to the vehicles flight control systems to correct the trajectory;

• “hot isostatic densification” means the process of pressurising a casting at temperatures exceeding 375 K (102°C) in a closed cavity through various media (including gas, liquid or solid particles) to create equal force in all directions to reduce or eliminate internal voids in the casting;

• “hybrid computer” means equipment which can:

  1. (a)

     accept data;

  2. (b)

     process data, in both analogue and digital representations; and

  3. (c)

     provide output of data;

• “hybrid integrated circuit” means any combination of integrated circuit(s), integrated circuits with circuit elements or discrete components connected together to perform a specific function and having all the following characteristics:

  1. (a)

     containing at least one unencapsulated device;

  2. (b)

     connected together using typical integrated circuit production methods;

  3. (c)

     replaceable as an entity; and

  4. (d)

     not normally capable of being disassembled;

• “image enhancement” means the processing of externally derived information—bearing images by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g.,fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform); this does not include algorithms using only linear or rotational transformation of a single image, such as translation, feature extraction, registration or false colouration;

• “improvised explosive devices” means devices placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic or incendiary chemicals, designed to destroy, disfigure or harass; they may incorporate military stores, but are normally devised from non—military components;

• “information security” is all the means and functions ensuring the accessibility, confidentiality or integrity of information or communications, excluding the means and functions intended to safeguard against malfunctions; this includes cryptography, cryptanalysis, protection against compromising emanations and computer security; for this purpose, `cryptanalysis' is the analysis of a cryptographic system or its inputs and outputs to derive confidential variables or sensitive data, including clear text;

• “instantaneous bandwidth” means the bandwidth over which output power remains constant within 3 dB without adjustment of other operating parameters;

• “instrumented range” means the specified unambiguous display range of a radar;

• “insulation” is applied to the components of a rocket motor, i.e., the case, nozzle, inlets, case closures, and includes cured or semi—cured compounded rubber sheet stock containing an insulating or refractory material; it may also be incorporated as stress relief boots or flaps;

• “Integrated Services Digital Network” (ISDN) means a unified end—to—end digital network, in which data originating from all types of communication (e.g.,voice, text, data, still and moving pictures) are transmitted from one port (terminal) in the exchange (switch) over one access line to and from the subscriber;

• “interconnected radar sensors” means two or more radar sensors which mutually exchange data in real time;

• an “intrinsic magnetic gradiometer” is a single magnetic field gradient sensing element and associated electronics, the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient;

• “ISO” means the International Organization for Standardization;

• “isostatic presses” means equipment capable of pressurising a closed cavity through various media (including gas, liquid and solid particles) to create equal pressure in all directions within the cavity upon a workpiece or material;

• a “laser” is an assembly of components which produce both spatially and temporally coherent light which is amplified by stimulated emission of radiation;

• “linearity” (usually measured in terms of non—linearity) means the maximum deviation of the actual characteristic (average of upscale and downscale readings), positive or negative, from a straight line so positioned as to equalise and minimise the maximum deviations;

• a “local area network” is a data communication system which:

  1. (a)

     allows any number of independent data devices to communicate directly with each other; and

  2. (b)

     is confined to a geographical area of moderate size (e.g., office building, plant, campus, warehouse);

• “magnetic gradiometers” are instruments designed to detect the spatial variation of magnetic fields from external sources; they consist of multiple magnetometers and associated electronics, the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient;

• “magnetometers” are instruments designed to detect magnetic fields from external sources; they consist of a single magnetic field sensing element and associated electronics, the output of which is a measure of the magnetic field;

• “main storage” means the primary storage for data or instructions for rapid access by a central processing unit; it consists of the internal storage of a digital computer and any hierarchical extension thereto, such as cache storage or non—sequentially accessed extended storage;

• a “matrix” means a substantially continuous phase that fills the space between particles, whiskers or fibres;

• “maximum bit transfer rate” of a disk drive or solid state storage device means the number of data bits per second transferred between the drive or the device and its controller;

• “mechanical alloying” means an alloying process resulting from the bonding, fracturing and rebonding of elemental and master alloy powders by mechanical impact; non—metallic particles may be incorporated in the alloy by addition of the appropriate powders;

• “media access unit” means equipment which contains one or more communication interfaces (network access controller, communications channel controller, modem or computer bus) to connect terminal equipment to a network;

• “melt extraction” means a process to solidify rapidly and extract a ribbon—like alloy product by the insertion of a short segment of a rotating chilled block into a bath of a molten metal alloy;

• “melt spinnning” means a process to solidify rapidly a molten metal stream impinging upon a rotating chilled block, forming a flake, ribbon or rod—like product;

• “microcomputer microcircuit” means a monolithic integrated circuit or multichip integrated circuit containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of executing general purpose instructions from an internal storage (or on an internal storage augmented by an external storage), on data contained in the internal storage;

• “microprocessor microcircuit” means a monolithic integrated circuit or multichip integrated circuit containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of executing a series of general purpose instructions from an external storage;

• “missiles” means complete rocket systems and unmanned air vehicle systems, capable of a range of at least 300km;

• “monolithic integrated circuit” means a combination of passive or active circuit elements or both which:

  1. (a)

     are formed by means of diffusion processes, implantation processes or deposition processes in or on a single semiconducting piece of material;

  2. (b)

     can be considered as indivisibly associated; and

  3. (c)

     performs the function of a circuit;

• “motion control board” means an electronic assembly specially designed to provide a computer system with the capability to coordinate simultaneously the motion of axes of machine tools for contouring control;

• “multichip integrated circuit” means two or more monolithic integrated circuits bonded to a common substrate;

• “multi—data—stream processing” means the microprogramme or equipment architecture technique which permits simultaneous processing of two or more data sequences under the control of one or more instruction sequences by means such as:

  1. (a)

     Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) architectures such as vector or array processors;

  2. (b)

     Multiple Single Instruction Multiple Data (MSIMD) architectures;

  3. (c)

     Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) architectures, including those which are tightly coupled, closely coupled or loosely coupled; or

  4. (d)

     Structured arrays of processing elements, including systolic arrays;

• “multilevel security” means a class of system containing information with different sensitivities that simultaneously permits access by users with different security clearances, but prevents users from obtaining access to information for which they lack authorization;

• “multispectral imaging sensors” are capable of simultaneous or serial acquisition of imaging data from two or more discrete spectral bands; sensors having more than twenty discrete spectral bands are sometimes referred to as hyperspectral imaging sensors;

• “network access controller” means a physical interface to a distributed switching network which:

  1. (a)

     uses a common medium operating throughout at the same digital transfer rate;

  2. (b)

     uses arbitration (e.g., token or carrier sense) for transmission control;

  3. (c)

     independently from any other, selects data packets or data groups addressed to it; and

  4. (d)

     is an assembly that can be integrated into computer or telecommunications equipment to provide communications access;

• “neural computer” means a computational device designed or modified to mimic the behaviour of a neuron or a collection of neurons, i.e., a computational device which is distinguished by its hardware capability to modulate the weights and numbers of the interconnections of a multiplicity of computational components based on previous data;

• “noise level” means an electrical signal given in terms of power spectral density; the relation between noise level expressed in peak—to—peak is given by S²pp = 8 N₀(f₂–f₁), where Spp is the peak—to—peak value of the signal (e.g., nanoteslas), N₀ is the power spectral density (e.g., (nanotesla)²/Hz) and (f₂–f₁) defines the bandwidth of interest;

• “numerical control” means the automatic control of a process performed by a device that makes use of numeric data usually introduced as the operation is in progress;

• “object code” (sometimes referred to as object language) is an equipment executable form of a convenient expression of one or more processes (source code) which has been converted by a programming system;

• “operate autonomously” means operating fully submerged, without snorkel, all systems working and cruising at the minimum speed at which the submersible can safely control its depth dynamically by using its depth planes only, with no need for a support vessel or support base on the surface, sea—bed or shore, and containing a propulsion system for submerged or surface use;

• “optical amplification”, in optical communications, means an amplification technique that introduces a gain of optical signals that have been generated by a separate optical source, without conversion to electrical signals, using semiconductor optical amplifiers or optical fibre lumineeescent amplifiers;

• “optical computer” means a computer designed or modified to use light to represent data and whose computational logic elements are based on directly coupled optical devices;

• “optical fibre preforms” means bars, ingots, or rods of glass, plastic or other materials which have been specially processed for use in fabricating optical fibres; the characteristics of an optical fibre preform determine the basic parameters of the resultant drawn optical fibres;

• “optical integrated circuit” means a monolithic integrated circuit or a hybrid integrated circuit, containing one or more parts designed to function as a photosensor or photoemitter or to perform an optical or an electro—optical function;

• “optical switching” means the routing of, or switching of, signals in optical form without conversion to electrical signals;

• “overall current density” means the total number of ampere—turns in the coil (i.e., the sum of the number of turns multiplied by the maximum current carried by each turn) divided by the total cross—section of the coil (comprising the superconducting filaments, the metallic matrix in which the superconducting filaments are embedded, the encapsulating material, any cooling channels, etc.);

• “peak power”, as it relates to lasers, means energy per pulse in joules divided by the pulse duration in seconds;

• “personalized smart card” means a smart card containing a microcircuit, in accordance with ISO/IEC 781, which has been programmed by the issuer and cannot be changed by the user;

• “power management” means changing the transmitted power of the altimeter signal so that received power at the aircraft altitude is always at the minimum necessary to determine the altitude;

• an element is a “principal element” when its replacement value is more than 35% of the total value of the system of which it is an element; element value is the cost of the element for the manufacturer of the system, or by the system integrator; total value is the normal international selling price to unrelated parties at the point of manufacture or consolidation of shipment;

• “Private Automatic Branch Exchange” (PABX) means an automatic telephone exchange, (whether or not incorporating a position for an attendant), designed to provide access to the public network and serving extensions within an institution;

• “production equipment” means tooling, templates, jigs, mandrels, moulds, dies, fixtures, alignment mechanisms, test equipment, other machinery and components therefor, limited to those specially designed or modified for development or for one or more phases of production;

• “production facilities” means equipment and specially designed software therefor integrated into installations for development or for one or more phases of production;

• “pulse compression” means the coding and processing of a radar signal pulse of long time duration to one of short time duration, while maintaining the benefits of high pulse energy;

• “pulse duration” is the duration of a laser pulse measured at Full Width Half Intensity (FWHI) levels;

• “Q—switched laser” means a laser in which the energy is stored in the population inversion or in the optical resonator and subsequently emitted in a pulse;

• “radar frequency agility” means any technique which changes, in a pseudo—random sequence, the carrier frequency of a pulsed radar transmitter between pulses or between groups of pulses by an amount equal to or larger than the pulse bandwidth;

• “radar spread spectrum” means any modulation technique for spreading energy originating from a signal with a relatively narrow frequency band, over a much wider band of frequencies, by using random or pseudo—random coding;

• “real time bandwidth” for dynamic signal analysers is the widest frequency range which the analyser can output to display or mass storage without causing any discontinuity in the analysis of the input data; for analysers with more than one channel, the channel configuration yielding the widest real—time bandwidth shall be used to make the calculation;

• “real time processing” means processing of data by an electronic computer in response to an external event according to time requirements imposed by the external event;

• “required”, as applied to technology or software, refers to only that portion of technology or software which is peculiarly responsible for achieving or exceeding the specified performance levels, characteristics or functions; such required technology or software may be shared by different products;

• “resolution” means the least increment of a measuring device; on digital instruments, the least significant bit;

• “robot” means a manipulation mechanism, which may be of the continuous path or of the point-to-point variety, may use sensors, and which:

  1. (a)

     is multifunctional;

  2. (b)

     is capable of positioning or orienting material, parts, tools or special devices through variable movements in three dimensional space;

  3. (c)

     incorporates three or more closed or open loop servo—devices which may include stepping motors; and

  4. (d)

     has user—accessible programmability by means of the teach/playback method or by means of an electronic computer which may be a programmable logic controller, i.e., without mechanical intervention;

  except:

  1. (1)

     manipulation mechanisms which are only manually/teleoperator controllable;

  2. (2)

     fixed sequence manipulation mechanisms, which are automated moving devices, operating according to programmes where the motions are limited by fixed stops, such as pins or cams and the sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are not variable or changeable by mechanical, electronic or electrical means;

  3. (3)

     mechanically controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms, which are automated moving devices, operating according to programmes where the motions are limited by fixed, but adjustable stops, such as pins or cams and the sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are variable within the fixed programme pattern; variations or modifications of the programme pattern (e.g., changes of pins or exchanges of cams) in one or more motion axes are accomplished only through mechanical operations;

  4. (4)

     non—servo—controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms, which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions; the programme is variable but the sequence proceeds only by the binary signal from mechanically fixed electrical binary devices or adjustable stops;

  5. (5)

     stacker cranes defined as Cartesian coordinate manipulator systems manufactured as an integral part of a vertical array of storage bins and designed to access the contents of those bins for storage or retrieval;

• “rotary atomisation” means a process to reduce a stream or pool of molten metal to droplets to a diameter of 500 micrometre or less by centrifugal force;

• “run out” (out—of—true running) means radial displacement in one revolution of the main spindle measured in a plane perpendicular to the spindle axis at a point on the external or internal revolving surface to be tested;

• “scale factor” means the ratio of change in output to a change in the input intended to be measured; scale factor is generally evaluated as the slope of the straight line that can be fitted by the method of least squares to input—output data obtained by varying the input cyclically over the input range;

• “settling time” means the time required for the output to come within one—half bit of the final value when switching between any two levels of the converter;

• “signal analysers” means apparatus capable of measuring and displaying basic properties of the single—frequency components of multi—frequency signals;

• “signal processing” means the processing of externally derived information—bearing signals by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform);

• “simple educational devices” means devices designed for use in teaching basic scientific principles and demonstrating the operation of those principles in educational institutions;

• “solidify rapidly” means solidification of molten material at cooling rates exceeding1,000 K/sec;

• “source code” (sometimes referred to as source language) is a convenient expression of one or more processes which may be turned by a programming system into equipment executable form (object code);

• “spacecraft” means active and passive satellites and space probes;

• “space qualified” refers to products which are stated by the manufacturer as designed and tested to meet the special electrical, mechanical or environmental requirements for use in rockets, satellites or high—altitude flight systems operating at altitudes of 100 km or more;

• “specific modulus” is Young’s modulus in pascals, equivalent to N/m² divided by specific weight in N/m³, measured at a temperature of (296±2) K ((23±2)°C) and a relative humidity of (50±5)%;

• “specific tensile strength” is ultimate tensile strength in pascals, equivalent to N/m² divided by specific weight in N/m³, measured at a temperature of (296±2) K ((23±2)°C) and a relative humidity of (50±5)%;

• “spectral efficiency” is a figure of merit which characterizes the efficiency of transmission systems which use complex modulation schemes including QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), Trellis coding and QPSK (Q—phased shift key); it is calculated as follows:

  $\mathrm{spectral}\mathrm{efficiency}=\genfrac{}{}{0.1ex}{}{\mathrm{digital}\mathrm{transfer}\mathrm{rate}\left(\mathrm{bits}/\text{second}\right)}{6\text{dB spectrum bandwidth (Hz)}}$

• “splat quenching” means a process to solidify rapidly a molten metal stream impinging upon a chilled block, forming a flake—like product;

• “spread spectrum” means the technique whereby energy in a relatively narrow—band communication channel is spread over a much wider energy spectrum;

• “sputtering” means an overlay coating process wherein positively charged ions areaccelerated by an electric field towards the surface of a target (coating material); the kinetic energy of the impacting ions is sufficient to cause target surface atoms to be released and deposited on the substrate; triode, magnetron or radio frequency sputtering to increase adhesion of coating and rate of deposition are ordinary modifications of the process;

• “stability” means the standard deviation (1 sigma) of the variation of a particular parameter from its calibrated value measured under stable temperature conditions; this can be expressed as a function of time;

• “stored programme controlled” means controlled by using instructions stored in an electronic storage which a processor can execute in order to direct the performance of predetermined functions;

• “substrate” means a sheet of base material with or without an interconnection pattern and on which or within which discrete components or integrated circuits or both can be located;

• “substrate blanks” means monolithic compounds with dimensions suitable for the production of optical elements such as mirrors or optical windows;

• “superalloys” means nickel—, cobalt— or iron—base alloys having strengths superior to any alloys in the American Iron and Steel Society (AISI) 300 series at temperatures over 922 K (649°C) under severe environmental and operating conditions;

• “superconductive” refers to materials (i.e., metals, alloys or compounds) which can lose all electrical resistance (i.e., which can attain infinite electrical conductivity and carry very large electrical currents without Joule heating); the superconductive state of a material is individually characterised by a critical temperature, a critical magnetic field, which is a function of temperature, and a critical current density which is a function of both magnetic field and temperature;

• “Super High Power Laser” (SHPL) means a laser capable of delivering (the total or any portion of) an output energy exceeding 1 kJ within 50 ms or having an average or CW power exceeding 20 kW;

• “superplastic forming” means a deformation process using heat for metals that are normally characterised by low values of elongation (less than 20%) at the breaking point as determined at room temperature by conventional tensile strength—testing, in order to achieve elongations during processing which are at least 2 times those values;

• “swept frequency network analysers” means analysers which involve the automatic measurement of equivalent circuit parameters over a range of frequencies, involving swept frequency measurement techniques but not continuous wave point—to—point measurements;

• “switch fabric” means that hardware and associated software which provides the physical or virtual connection path for in—transit message traffic being switched;

• “Synchronous Digital Hierarchy” (SDH) means a digital hierarchy providing a means to manage, multiplex and access various forms of digital traffic using a synchronous transmission format on different types of media; the format is based on the Synchronous Transport Module (STM) which is defined by CCITT Recommendation G.703, G.707, G.708, G.709; the first level rate of SDH is 155·52 Mbit/s;

• “Synchronous Optical Network” (SONET) means a network providing a means to manage, multiplex and access various forms of digital traffic using a synchronous transmission format on fibre optics; the format is the North America version of SDH and also uses the Synchronous Transport Module (STM); however, it uses the Synchronous Transport Signal (STS) as the basic transport module with a first level rate of 51·81 Mbit/s; the SONET standards are being integrated into those of SDH;

• “systems tracks” means processed, correlated (fusion of radar target data to flight plan position) and updated aircraft flight position reports available to the Air Traffic Control centre controllers;

• “systloic array computer” means a computer where the flow and modification of the data is dynamically controllable at the logic gate level by the user;

• “terminal interface equipment” means equipment at which information enters or leaves the telecommunication system, including telephone, data device, computer and facsimile device;

• “tilting spindle” means a tool—holding spindle which alters, during the machining process, the angular position of its centre line with respect to any other axis;

• “time constant” is the time taken from the application of a light stimulus for the current increment to reach a value of 1—1/e times the final value (i.e., 63% of the final value);

• “total digital transfer rate” means the number of bits, including line coding, overhead and so forth per unit time passing between corresponding equipment in a digital transmission system;

• “transfer laser” means a laser in which the lasing species is excited through the transfer of energy by collision of a non—lasing atom or molecule with a lasing atom or molecule species;

• “tunable” refers to the ability of a laser to produce a continuous output at all wavelengths over a range of several laser transitions; a line selectable laser produces discrete wavelengths within one laser transition and is not considered tunable;

• “user—accessible programmability” means the facility allowing a user to insert, modify or replace programmes by means other than:

  1. (a)

     a physical change in wiring or interconnections; or

  2. (b)

     the setting of function controls including entry of parameters;

• “vacuum atomisation” means a process to reduce a molten stream of metal to droplets of a diameter of 500 micrometre or less by the rapid evolution of a dissolved gas upon exposure to a vacuum;

• “variable geometry airfoils” means the use of trailing edge flaps or tabs, or leading edge slats or pivoted nose droop, the position of which can be controlled in flight.