http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/5/notes/division/6Postal servicesLegislationCommunicationTrade unionsConsultationExplanatory Notes to Postal Services Act 2011Department for Business, Innovation and SkillsKing's Printer of Acts of Parliament2020-04-21 5 13 June 2011 25 Part 1 of the Act is concerned with the restructuring of the Royal Mail group of companies, including Post Office Limited which is currently a subsidiary of Royal Mail Group Limited. In particular, the provisions ensure that any Post Office company engaged in the provision of post offices remains wholly owned by the Crown, except where it moves to a mutual ownership structure. 26 Furthermore, this Part of the Act includes provisions to lift all restrictions on the sale of shares in Royal Mail, and provides for an employee ownership scheme to be established prior to a sale of shares in the company. 27 To facilitate the internal group restructuring that will be necessary before any sale of shares in Royal Mail, this Part of the Act contains transfer scheme provisions which enable the transfer of property, rights or liabilities between companies in the Royal Mail group. 28 This Part also contains provisions to ensure that there are no unintended tax consequences resulting from the group restructure, and reporting requirements relating to the post office network and to Royal Mail's activities in relation to the Royal Mail archive and the British Postal Museum collection. 29 Subsection (1) repeals sections 65 to 67 of the Postal Services Act 2000. These sections contain restrictions on the issue and transfer of shares or share rights in Royal Mail Holdings plc and its relevant subsidiaries. Sections 65 and 66 prevent the issue or disposal of shares or share rights to anybody other than the Secretary of State, the Treasury (or either’s nominees) or, in the case of a relevant subsidiary, Royal Mail Holdings plc unless approved under section 67. A relevant subsidiary, as defined in the 2000 Act, includes Royal Mail Group Limited and Post Office Limited. Section 67 enables, subject to Parliamentary approval, the issue or disposal of shares or share rights in certain limited circumstances 30 Subsection (2) of this section indicates that new restrictions on the issue and transfer of shares and share rights in Post Office companies (which will cover Post Office Limited) are included in section 4 of the Act. 31 This section places a duty on the Secretary of State to report to Parliament when a decision has been made to undertake a relevant disposal of shares or share rights in a Royal Mail company owned by the Crown. The Secretary of State also has a duty to report if he has decided that another person (e.g. Royal Mail Holdings plc or Royal Mail Group Limited) may undertake such a disposal. 32 The Secretary of State’s report must include: the kind of disposal that will be undertaken, e.g. whether it is subject to an auction or an Initial Public Offering; the timescale for the disposal process; and the objective intended to be achieved by the disposal. 33 The Secretary of State's report must also give information about the expected commercial relationship, after the proposed disposal, between the Royal Mail company in question and any Post Office company (as defined in section 6). 34 When shares are proposed to be put into the employee share scheme (as defined in section 3) for the first time, the Secretary of State's report must also give details of the scheme. 35 A relevant disposal is defined in subsection (5) as the issue or transfer of shares or share rights that reduces the proportion of a Royal Mail company owned by the Crown. 36 Subsection (6) defines a Royal Mail company as a company that provides a universal postal service and is or has been in the same group as: Royal Mail Holdings plc (“the original holding company”) or another company that is or has at any time been a Royal Mail company 37 The latter is intended to ensure that the definition covers any companies providing a universal postal service that may no longer be a subsidiary of Royal Mail Holdings plc when a relevant disposal is made. 38 Subsection (1) requires that the Secretary of State must ensure that arrangements have been made for the establishment of an employee share scheme before a relevant disposal is made in relation to a Royal Mail company (as defined in section 2). 39 Subsection (2) requires that the arrangements made under subsection 1 must ensure, either at or before the time the Crown no longer owns any of the company, that the proportion of it owned by or on behalf of the employee share scheme is or has been at least 10%. 40 Subsection (3) clarifies that shares held directly by employees, and shares held by the scheme on behalf of employees, are to be included within the calculation of the percentage set out in Subsection (2). 41 Subsection (4) defines an employee share scheme as being a scheme for encouraging or facilitating the holding of shares or share rights by or for the benefit of persons who are or include employees of a Royal Mail company (or another company in the same group). 42 This section prohibits a sale of the Post Office by preventing a disposal of the Crown’s interest in a Post Office Company (as defined in section 6) save where the disposal is to a relevant mutual (as defined in section 7). Disposals of the Crown’s interest in a Post Office company to a relevant mutual may be made as a result of either a transfer of existing shares or share rights or an issue of new shares or share rights by a Post Office company. 43 Under subsection (2) the Secretary of State is given powers to make an order to direct a Post Office company to issue shares or share rights to a relevant mutual or to direct a company that owns shares or share rights in a Post Office company to transfer them to a relevant mutual. Such directions may only be given where the company the subject of the direction is wholly owned by the Crown. 44 Subsection (3) deals with issues and transfers of shares or share rights to a relevant mutual other than as a result of a direction by the Secretary of State. In these circumstances, the Secretary of State’s approval by order is required. 45 Subsection (4) provides that any order by the Secretary of State to direct or approve the disposal of the Crown's interest in a Post Office company to a relevant mutual is subject to the affirmative resolution procedure. 46 Subsection (5) ensures that once a relevant mutual has taken ownership of shares or share rights in a Post Office company, it may not transfer them, save where the transfer is to another relevant mutual, the Secretary of State or the Treasury (or a nominee of either of them), or a company wholly owned by the Crown. 47 Should an attempt be made to dispose of the Crown’s interest in a Post Office company in contravention of these restrictions (for example a sale to a company that is not wholly owned by the Crown or a relevant mutual), subsection (6) provides that this would have no effect. 48 Subsection (8) explains what is meant by a disposal of a person’s interest in a Post Office company. In relation to shares, it means an issue or transfer of shares the effect of which is to reduce the proportion of the Post Office company owned by the person. In relation to share rights, it means an issue or transfer of share rights to a person the effect of which would be, if the shares to which those share rights relate were transferred to the person, to reduce the proportion of a Post Office company owned by the person. 49 Section 14 contains provisions which define what is meant by ownership of a company in these circumstances. 50 Section 5 requires the Secretary of State, before making any order directing or approving the disposal of the Crown’s interest in a Post Office company to a relevant mutual, whether by the issue or transfer of shares or share rights, to lay a report before Parliament on the issue or transfer in question. 51 Subsection (3) sets out requirements as to the content of the report. A report must give details of the proposed issue or transfer, including the expected time-scale for the issue or transfer. It must also name the body to which shares or share rights are to be issued or transferred. Finally it must explain how that body satisfies the conditions for being a relevant mutual set out in section 7. 52 Subsection (1) defines a Post Office company as one which meets three criteria: the company must be engaged in the provision of post offices (as defined in section 15); the company must also be designated as a Post Office company by order made by the Secretary of State; finally, the company must also be (or have been) either a subsidiary of Royal Mail Holdings plc (referred to in the Act as “the original holding company”) or in the same group as a company that is or was designated as a Post Office company by order made by the Secretary of State. Only if all three criteria are satisfied will the company be a Post Office company for the purposes of the Act. 53 Subsection (2) places a limitation on the circumstances in which the Secretary of State can designate a company under subsection (1). This can only happen if the company is wholly owned by the Crown immediately before designation. Subsection (3) provides that a designation order under subsection (1) may not be amended or revoked. 54 Subsection (4) prevents the commencement of section 1 (removal of restrictions on ownership of Royal Mail Holdings plc etc) until the Secretary of State has designated Post Office Limited as a Post Office company. This provision therefore ensures that at all times the Crown’s ownership of Post Office Limited is subject either to the restrictions set out in sections 65 to 67 of the Postal Services Act 2000, or those in this legislation. 55 Section 7 sets out the conditions which the Secretary of State must consider are (and will continue to be) met for a body to be a relevant mutual. Under the ownership restrictions in section 4, a relevant mutual is the only body permitted to own shares or share rights in a Post Office company other than the Crown (directly or indirectly). 56 The first condition, set out in subsection (2), is that the purpose (or main purpose) for which the body exists is to act for the public benefit by promoting the use by the public of services provided by a Post Office company or at its post offices. 57 The second condition, set out in subsection (3), is that the members of the body are persons who have an interest in the use by the public of services provided by a Post Office company or at its post offices. This would include employees of the Post Office company and other persons engaged in the provision of the Post Office company’s post offices (for example, subpostmasters). Other members of a relevant mutual could include the Crown, or potentially customers of a Post Office company. Persons who act on behalf of, or represent persons who have an interest in the use by the public of services provided by a Post Office company or at its post offices (for example trustees) are also permitted to be members of a relevant mutual. 58 The third condition, set out in subsection (4), is that the body has in place arrangements for the prevention of disposals of property or rights by the Post Office company that would be inconsistent with the purpose (or main purpose) for which the body exists. 59 This section enables the Secretary of State or original holding company (Royal Mail Holdings plc), if wholly owned by the Crown, to make one or more transfer schemes. Transfer schemes may transfer property, rights and liabilities (or create interests, rights and liabilities) between: the original holding company and a subsidiary of that company, provided they are wholly owned by the Crown, any of those companies and the Secretary of State, the Treasury, a nominee of either of them or another company that is wholly owned by the Crown. 60 The power to make transfer schemes will enable the Secretary of State to ensure that in any restructuring the appropriate property, rights and liabilities are located in the appropriate company in the group. Transfer schemes made by the original holding company have to be approved by the Secretary of State and can be modified by the Secretary of State (subsection (4)). The Secretary of State must consult the original holding company (Royal Mail Holdings plc) before making a transfer scheme or modifying a scheme made by the company (subsection (5)). Under subsection (6), the Secretary of State may also direct the original holding company (Royal Mail Holdings plc) to make a transfer scheme, provided it is wholly owned by the Crown. 61 Subsection (9) requires a company that could be the subject of a transfer scheme to provide the Secretary of State with any information or other assistance that the Secretary of State may reasonably require for the purposes of, or in connection with, the making of a transfer scheme. This duty is enforceable in civil proceedings and overrides any contractual or other requirement to keep information in confidence (subsections (10) and (11)). 62 Further detailed provisions relating to transfer schemes are set out in Schedule 1. 63 This section ensures that the protections set out in the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/246) (“the TUPE Regulations”) will apply to staff affected by the proposed reorganisation of the Royal Mail group of companies. For example, staff working for Post Office Limited are currently employed by Royal Mail Group Limited and seconded to Post Office Limited. Prior to any disposal of shares in a Royal Mail company those staff will need to transfer across to formal employment arrangements with Post Office Limited. This transfer could be effected by agreement between the relevant companies or by transfer scheme made under section 8. Where the transfer is to be made by agreement the provisions in this section will ensure that the TUPE Regulations apply to the transfer. Where the transfer is to be made under a transfer scheme the equivalent provisions are set out in paragraphs 15 and 16 of Schedule 1. 64 Subsections (2) and (3) provide that the section relates to any agreement between companies in the Royal Mail group of companies which are wholly owned by the Crown which provides: for employees’ rights and liabilities under contracts of employment with one company to be transferred to another company in the group; or for the cessation of arrangements under which one company in the Royal Mail group of companies provides employees to another company in the group in circumstances where that other company now intends to employ those employees. 65 Pursuant to subsection (4) the Secretary of State may, at any time before any agreement comes into force, designate (by specification or wider description – see subsection (5)) any contract of employment the right and liabilities under which it is agreed are to be transferred and any employee of a Royal Mail group company currently provided to another member of the Group. Pursuant to subsection (6) on the coming into force of any agreement covered by this section the TUPE Regulations will apply in relation to the transfer of the designated contracts of employment or cessation of the provision of designated employees whether or not the provision made by the agreement would otherwise constitute a relevant transfer under the TUPE Regulations. Subsection (7) makes provision for continuity of employment. 66 This section introduces Schedule 2 which contains tax provisions relating to the restructuring of the Royal Mail group of companies. 67 Subsection (1) requires a Post Office company to submit a report to the Secretary of State on its post office network each year. Under the interpretation provisions in section 15(3), a Post Office company’s network of post offices comprises the post offices it is engaged in providing, not just the ones it directly owns. This ensures that, for example, details of sub post offices (which are owned and managed by subpostmasters under contractual arrangement with Post Office Limited) are included in a report. 68 Subsection (2) sets out the details of what that report must contain. Paragraph (a) requires information about the number and location of post offices in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Paragraph (b) specifies that the report must include details of the services offered at those post offices, including in particular the postal services, services provided under arrangements with a government department and other services (which would, for example, include financial services). Under paragraph (c), a Post Office company must also report on the accessibility of the post offices to those who use the services. 69 Subsection (3) clarifies that the report must include details of postal services provided under arrangements between a Post Office company and a universal postal service provider. 70 Under subsection (4) there is a requirement for a Post Office company to provide specific information in the report about the accessibility of post offices to particular groups or individuals. These include individuals living in rural and in urban areas, small businesses, disadvantaged individuals, individuals with low incomes, individuals with disabilities and elderly individuals. 71 Under the power contained in subsection (5) the Secretary of State can also require a Post Office company to include other information in the report. 72 Subsection (6) requires the Secretary of State to lay a copy of the annual report before Parliament. 73 Subsection (7) requires the Secretary of State to give a copy of the report to the Scottish Ministers, the Welsh Ministers and the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister in Northern Ireland. 74 Subsection (8) provides that a Post Office company's duty to provide an annual report on the network of post offices is enforceable by the Secretary of State through civil proceedings. 75 Subsection (1) requires a Royal Mail company to report annually to the Secretary of State on its activities in relation to the British Postal Museum Collection and the Royal Mail Archive, and subsection (5) clarifies that this applies irrespective of whether the name of these entities change. 76 Subsection (2) requires that before preparing the report, a Royal Mail company must consult any Post Office company. 77 Subsection (3) requires the Secretary of State to lay a copy of the report before Parliament. 78 Subsection (4) provides that a Royal Mail company's duty to report is enforceable through civil proceedings. 79 This section provides that directions given under this Part of the Act must be in writing and may be varied or revoked by further directions. A person in receipt of a direction has a duty to comply with it and that duty is enforceable in civil proceedings. 80 Powers of direction are contained in sections 4(2) and 8(6) of this Part. 81 This section sets out what is meant by ownership of a company for the purposes of Part 1. 82 Subsections (2) and (3) clarify that the references to ownership are to the ownership of a company’s issued share capital and include indirect ownership. An example of indirect ownership is where a person owns all the shares in a holding company and, therefore, has ownership of that company’s subsidiary or subsidiaries. At present, the Crown owns all the shares in Royal Mail Holdings plc and has indirect ownership of its subsidiary, Royal Mail Group Limited. 83 Subsection (4) clarifies that a reduction in the proportion of a company owned by the Crown includes the disposal of all of the issue shared capital held by the Crown. 84 Subsection (5) makes it clear that the property and rights of the Secretary of State, the Treasury or a nominee of either of them shall be regarded as those of the Crown. 85 Part 2 of the Act gives power to the Secretary of State to remove historic pension liabilities from the Royal Mail and transfer them to government. In particular, the Secretary of State is given power to: establish a new statutory scheme which may be used to provide benefits to certain members of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP”); transfer rights and remove liabilities from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP; transfer assets from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP to the government; divide the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP into sections and to allocate assets and liabilities between those sections. 86 When exercising the powers conferred by this Part, the Secretary of State must ensure that the pension provision in respect of anyone in the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP (or who has benefits transferred to the new statutory scheme) is in all material respects at least as good immediately after the power has been used as it was before that use of the power (section 20). This protection covers existing members of the plan, their dependants and contingent beneficiaries and beneficiaries who are already in receipt of death benefits. In addition, where the Secretary of State transfers assets to the government the ratio of assets to liabilities in the scheme after the transfer must be at least as good as the ratio before any assets transfer and attendant transfer of benefits (section 22). 87 Subsection (1) defines the three main concepts in this Part of the Act. 88 The first concept is “qualifying member of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP”. This means a group of persons who are or have been members of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP specified by the Secretary of State by an order under this Part. 89 The second concept is “qualifying time”. This is the cut off date by reference to which it is determined what rights or entitlements under the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP scheme are “qualifying accrued rights”. 90 The third concept is “qualifying accrued rights”. These are the entitlements under the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP scheme that may be transferred to the new scheme under section 17. Qualifying accrued rights will cover rights of qualifying members or their beneficiaries to future benefits under the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP; rights of qualifying members or their beneficiaries to the current payment of a pension, or other benefit. 91 Subsection (2) provides that “qualifying accrued rights” exclude money purchase benefits, but include other benefits related to additional voluntary contributions (for example those relating to the purchase of added years of service), and also include pension credit rights, which are pension rights provided to the ex-spouse of a member if that member’s pension benefit is divided between them pursuant to a pension sharing order on divorce. 92 Subsection (3) provides that, if “qualifying members” include members who are in service after the qualifying time, their “qualifying accrued rights” will be calculated as if they had left the scheme at the qualifying time. So, in the case of current or active (rather than retired) members, the right that is transferred is to be calculated by reference to service up to the qualifying time and by reference to the member’s salary at or near the qualifying time, in accordance with the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP rules. If further rights accrue in respect of service before the qualifying time (e.g. where the pension is linked to the member’s final salary), amendments to the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP scheme will make it clear that these further rights will remain in the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP scheme. The Secretary of State has power to amend the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP scheme under section 19 to achieve this. 93 Subsection (1) confers power on the Secretary of State to establish a new scheme for pensionable service in the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP up to the qualifying time in respect of members designated as qualifying members. 94 Subsection (2) allows the Secretary of State to transfer “qualifying accrued rights” of such members to this new scheme. 95 Subsection (3) allows for the discharge of liabilities of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP trustees in respect of the qualifying accrued rights which are transferred to the new scheme. 96 Subsection (4) provides that the benefits payable by a new scheme may be increased on such basis as the Secretary of State may determine and gives the Secretary of State power to pay a transfer value in respect of a member’s qualifying accrued rights. It also enables the Secretary of State to include provision in the scheme for further payments to active members of greater value than a deferred pension. In addition it provides that the new scheme can accept transfers from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP scheme. This provision will enable members of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP who have bought money purchase additional voluntary contributions (AVCs) to transfer a proportion of their AVC fund from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP to the new Government scheme immediately prior to their retirement so as to ensure that members can take as much of their AVCs in cash as they could immediately before the exercise of the power to set up a new scheme under section 17(1). Without this flexibility members may not be able to take as much of their AVCs as a lump sum from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP due to the HMRC limit on lump sums as 25 per cent of benefit value. 97 A new scheme established under this section will not otherwise come within the definition of an occupational pension scheme in section 1(1) of the Pension Schemes Act 1993. Subsection (5) therefore provides that a new scheme may be deemed to be an occupational pension scheme for the purposes of applying any legislation to the scheme as may be prescribed by the Secretary of State. 98 Subsection (6) provides that an order by the Secretary of State may provide for a new scheme to be treated as a contracted-out scheme and as capable of providing contracted-out benefits for the purposes of Part 3 of the Pension Schemes Act 1993. This will allow benefits which are contracted out under the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP scheme to transfer to the new scheme. 99 Subsection (7) permits an order to have retrospective effect. This power may be used to enable the new scheme to be established with effect from a date before an order is made under this section. This may be necessary if an effective date for the purpose of the transfer of liabilities has been agreed as part of a wider arrangement with a third party which precedes the date of an order. In addition this power would enable the Secretary of State to amend the new scheme rules to have retrospective effect, for example, to ensure that the rules complied with changes in legislation. 100 Under subsection (8) the Secretary of State may provide for a new scheme to be administered by any person and may delegate to any person any functions exercisable by the Secretary of State under a new scheme. 101 Subsection (1) allows the Secretary of State by order to divide the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP into sections and to allocate assets, rights, liabilities and obligations between different sections, and to provide for different companies to participate in different sections. The Government expects to use this power in order to create a section in the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP for Post Office Limited. 102 Subsection (2) allows an order under this section to have retrospective effect. As with a new scheme established under section 17, this may be necessary if an effective date for the purpose of the transfer of liabilities has been agreed as part of a wider arrangement with a third party which precedes the date of an order. 103 Subsection (1) provides that the Secretary of State may by order make amendments to the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP in such a way as the Secretary of State considers appropriate in connection with an order under section 17 or 18. 104 Subsection (2) provides that these amendments can cover benefits payable in respect of pensionable service before and after the qualifying time. This would enable amendments to the scheme rules in relation to benefits payable in addition to the qualifying accrued rights, so that it was clear whether these benefits were met from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP scheme or from the new scheme established under section 17. It would also enable amendments to be made to any other documents governing or relating to the financial support provided to the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP, to address the effect of dividing the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP into sections. 105 Subsection (3) allows an order under this section to have retrospective effect. As with sections 17 and 18, this may be necessary if an effective date for the purpose of the transfer of liabilities has been agreed as part of a wider arrangement with a third party which precedes the date of an order. 106 This section provides two forms of protection against Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP members’ benefits being adversely affected. 107 Subsections (1) to (3) provide that the Secretary of State must secure that the pension provision for current and past members of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP (including any such persons in a new scheme established under section 17) accrued under the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP is, in all material respects, at least as good immediately after the exercise of any power provided under this Part to transfer liabilities from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP to the new scheme, divide the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP into sections, and/or amend the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP, as such provision was immediately before the power was exercised. These provisions only apply to the Secretary of State when exercising those powers, and are not intended to constrain the ability of Royal Mail and the trustees of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP to make amendments to the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP. Nor do the provisions affect the ability of the Secretary of State to make any changes that may be required to the new scheme in the future, which is instead constrained by subsection (6). 108 Subsection (4) makes clear that subsections (1) to (3) do not require the Secretary of State to include any provision in a new scheme established under section 18 that would be incompatible with any UK or EU law, should any questions concerning compatibility arise. 109 Subsection (5) provides that the section is not to be read as requiring the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP trustees or the Secretary of State (as regards the new scheme) to exercise their powers or perform their duties in a particular way, or as affecting their power to make future amendments to their respective scheme’s rules. It also makes clear that the new scheme need not be in the same form as the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP (for example it is not required to have trustees). 110 Subsection (6) provides that the power of the Secretary of State to make any changes that may be required to the new scheme in the future may not be exercised in any manner which would, or might, adversely affect any provision of the scheme in respect of qualifying accrued rights, unless any member affected has given consent in accordance with requirements prescribed under subsection (7), or the modification has been made in a prescribed manner. This reflects the current protection for Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP members under section 67 of the Pensions Act 1995. 111 This section enables the Secretary of State to provide by order for the transfer of assets from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP to the Secretary of State, or the Treasury, or a fund established by the Secretary of State to hold the assets before they are disposed of and the proceeds paid into the Consolidated Fund. 112 Subsection (2) provides that this power can only be exercised where there has been an order under section 17 (transferring accrued rights to a new scheme) or such an order is being made. 113 Subsection (3) allows the Secretary of State to delegate the management and administration of the fund referred to in subsection (1) and to make arrangements for the payment of investment income from assets or the proceeds of sales of assets into the Consolidated Fund. 114 This section places a limit on the assets that the Secretary of State may transfer out of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP using the powers under section 21. 115 Subsection (1) requires that the ratio of assets to liabilities in the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP is no worse immediately after the transfer of assets under section 21 than it was immediately before the transfer. 116 Under subsection (3) the valuation of assets and liabilities are to be made by a person, and in a manner, determined by the Secretary of State. 117 Subsection (4) disapplies any provision in the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP which limits the calculation of the scheme’s liabilities by reference to the scheme assets. This has been included because pension scheme rules typically include provisions limiting the scheme’s liabilities by reference to the assets available in the event that the scheme is wound up. 118 Subsection (5) ensures that, where assets are moved from the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP to government in multiple transfers, the effective date of transfer is the same date. Any adjustments made to account for investment and market movement in the time since the initial transfer are to be disregarded when assessing the ratio of assets to liabilities in the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP under subsection (1). 119 Subsections (1) and (4) of this section allow the Treasury by regulations to modify the way in which any relevant tax would otherwise have effect in relation to the new scheme, the members of the new scheme or a fund within section 21(1)(c). 120 Subsection (2) allows the Treasury to make regulations providing for the new scheme to be treated as a registered pension scheme under Part 4 of the Finance Act 2004 121 Subsections (3) and (4) allow the Treasury by regulations to modify the taxation treatment that could otherwise arise as a consequence of the changes effected by an order under Part 2 of this Act. This will allow tax provision to be made in respect of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP, members of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP, and Royal Mail group companies in relation to payments made, directly or indirectly, in relation to the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP or its members. These subsections will enable tax provision to be made mitigating the tax charges that might otherwise have arisen in respect of transfers of assets and in respect of tax consequences for the Royal Mail group companies of the changes to the pension arrangements. 122 Subsection (5) provides that regulations under subsections (1) and (3) can have retrospective effect provided that the regulations do not impose a charge to tax or withdraw a tax relief. 123 Subsection (6) enables the Treasury to make regulations to extinguish trade losses, made by companies in the Royal Mail group, in a qualifying accounting period, that the Treasury consider are attributable to deductions relating to contributions in respect of qualifying members of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP. Such regulations would prevent companies in the Royal Mail group from using the losses to offset future tax liabilities. 124 Subsection (7) defines a qualifying accounting period for the purpose of subsection (6). 125 Subsection (8) ensures that regulations under subsection (6) only have effect if the company is wholly owned by the Crown on the day before an order is made establishing a new public scheme or transferring qualified accrued rights to a new public scheme. 126 Subsection (9) lists the taxes for which provision can be made and defines terms used in the section 127 Subsection (1) enables the Secretary of State to make provision, by order, requiring prescribed persons to disclose information required by the Secretary of State for any purpose under Part 2 of the Act. 128 Subsection (2) ensures that information relating to pensions or other benefits under the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP or the new public scheme may be shared among the relevant persons defined in subsection (3), which includes the Secretary of State, the administrators of the new public scheme, the Trustee of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP and any of the Trustee's administrators, and the employer of qualifying members of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP. 129 Subsection (4) ensures that the information sharing arrangements also apply to any section of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP that is constituted as a separate pension scheme, where that separate scheme consists of or includes persons who are qualifying members of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP. 130 Subsection (1) of this section provides that before the Secretary of State exercises his powers under section 17(1) or (2) to establish a new scheme or transfer qualifying accrued rights, or exercises his powers under any other section in this Part, the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP trustees and a Royal Mail company (as defined in section 2(5)) must be consulted. 131 Subsection (2) provides that the Secretary of State may not make an order under this Part, other than under section 24, without the consent of the Treasury. 132 Subsection (4) allows the Secretary of State to commence any order (or any provision of any order) made under this Part of the Act on a specified day. 133 This section sets the meanings and definitions of terms used in Part 2 of the Act. In subsection (2) it is made clear that the power of the Secretary of State to amend the rules of the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP (section 19) also applies to related documents put in place to provide financial support to the Royal Mail Pension Plan (“RMPP (a specific example being the escrow agreement put in place at the time of the March 2006 triennial valuation). 134 Part 3 of the Act provides for a new regulatory framework that will apply to all postal operators. This new regulatory framework provides for the implementation of the amended Postal Service Directive 97/67 EC (“the Directive”). 135 The Act abolishes the criminal offence of conveying certain letters without a licence currently contained in the Postal Services Act 2000. In the new regulatory framework for postal services, there is no need to apply for a licence. Persons are automatically entitled to provide postal services provided that, if required, they notify OFCOM of this intention and comply with certain regulatory conditions set by OFCOM. 136 This section defines terms which are used in Part 3 of the Act: “postal services”, “postal packet” and “postal operator”. 137 Subsection (4) excludes from the definition of “postal operator” a person who only receives packets on behalf of another (either as agent or otherwise), and subsection (5) confers a power on the Secretary of State to prescribe by regulations circumstances in which that exclusion does not apply. 138 Subsection (6) provides that the regulations made by the Secretary of State under subsection (5) are subject to affirmative resolution procedure. 139 This section enables the shift from a licensing regime as established under the Postal Services Act 2000 to a regulatory framework based on general authorisation. 140 Subsection (1) provides that persons may provide postal services without the need for a licence or authorisation, but that OFCOM may impose regulatory conditions on postal operators who do provide postal services. 141 Subsection (2) lists the conditions that can be imposed: designated USP conditions (sections 36 and 37), USP access conditions (section 38 and Schedule 3), USP accounting conditions (section 39), notification condition (section 41), general universal service conditions (section 42), essential conditions (section 49), general access conditions (section 50 and Schedule 3) and consumer protection conditions (sections 51 and 52). 142 Subsection (1) of this section provides that the primary duty of OFCOM in relation to postal services is to secure the provision of a universal postal service. This section should be read in conjunction with paragraph 57 of Schedule 12 to the Act, which amends the Communications Act 2003 to provide that, in pursuing their duties in relation to postal services, OFCOM must give priority to the duty under this section to secure the provision of a universal postal service. 143 Subsection (2) makes it clear that OFCOM’s duty to impose access conditions, and other regulatory conditions, is subject to their duty under subsection (1) to secure the provision of a universal postal service. 144 Subsection (3) sets out that OFCOM must have regard to both the need for the provision of a universal postal service to be financially sustainable and to the need for the provision of a universal postal service to be efficient before the end of a reasonable period of time when performing their duty under subsection (1). 145 Subsection (4) provides that, when having regard to the need for the universal service to be financially sustainable under subsection (3)(a), OFCOM must include the need for a reasonable commercial rate of return for a universal service provider on any expenditure incurred for the purpose of, or in connection with, providing the universal postal service. 146 Subsection (5) defines "reasonable period" in subsection (3)(b) as a period beginning on the day that the provisions in this Part of the Act come into force and which OFCOM consider, in all the circumstances, to be reasonable. 147 Subsection (6) requires OFCOM to carry out their functions in relation to postal services in a way that they consider will secure the provision of sufficient access points to meet the reasonable needs of users of the universal postal service. 148 Subsection (7) enables the Secretary of State to direct OFCOM to take, or refrain from taking, action to ensure that sufficient access points are provided throughout the United Kingdom to meet the interests of the public. "Interests of the public" in this subsection may be distinct from "user needs" in subsection (6). Subsection (10) requires the Secretary of State to consult OFCOM before making such a direction. 149 Subsection (11) defines the meaning of "access points" in this Part of the Act. 150 Subsection (1) provides that OFCOM must set out in an order, which will be known as the “universal postal service order”, a description of services that they consider must be provided in the United Kingdom as a universal postal service. This subsection also provides that they must set out the standards with which those services must comply. 151 Subsection (2) introduces section 31 which contains the minimum requirements for a universal postal service. 152 Subsection (3) provides that before making or modifying the universal postal service order, OFCOM must assess the extent to which the postal market in the United Kingdom is meeting the reasonable needs of users. This “market testing” is to enable OFCOM to determine what services (if any), other than those specified in section 31, should be provided as part of the universal service in the United Kingdom, in order to meet the reasonable needs of users. 153 Subsection (4) waives the requirement for OFCOM to carry out an assessment described in subsection (3) for their first universal postal service order. It requires that OFCOM must have carried out such an assessment within 18 months of Part 3 coming generally into force. 154 Subsection (5) allows the Secretary of State to direct OFCOM to exclude certain types of postal services from their first universal postal service order. 155 In Part 3 of the Act, the universal postal service means the universal postal service as defined by OFCOM in their order. 156 This section sets out the services that must as a minimum be included in a universal postal service. These minimum requirements are broadly similar to those set out previously in the Postal Services Act 2000 (section 4) and comply with the requirements of Article 3 of the Directive defining the universal postal service. They are subject to certain exceptions as set out in Section 33. 157 “Requirement 1” is that, as a minimum, the universal postal service must include at least one delivery of letters every Monday to Saturday and one delivery of other postal packets every Monday to Friday. It makes clear that international mail is part of this minimum requirement. 158 “Requirement 2” is that at least one collection of letters every Monday to Saturday from every access point in the United Kingdom, and at least one collection of other postal packets every Monday to Friday. It makes clear that international mail is part of this minimum requirement. 159 “Requirement 3” is that there must be a service of conveying postal packets at affordable prices determined in accordance with a uniform public tariff. It makes clear that international mail is part of this minimum requirement. 160 “Requirement 4” is that there must be a registered items service at affordable prices determined in accordance with a uniform public tariff. 161 “Requirement 5” is that there must be an insured items service at affordable prices determined in accordance with a uniform public tariff. 162 “Requirement 6” is that specified services for blind or partially sighted persons are provided free of charge. 163 “Requirement 7” is that there must be a service of conveying qualifying legislative petitions to Parliament and devolved legislatures free of charge. 164 This section gives the definitions of “insured items service”, “legislative petitions and addresses” and “registered items service” for the purposes of section 31. 165 Subsection (1) introduces the term “insured items service”, defined by Article 2(10) of the Directive, which makes specific provision for the payment of an amount up to the value declared by the sender in the event of theft, loss or damage of a postal packet. 166 The definition of “legislative petitions and addresses” broadly reproduces the description of Parliamentary petitions and addresses given in the Postal Services Act 2000 at section 100. 167 Subsections (2) and (3) clarify that legislative petitions and addresses are those petitions to Her Majesty sent to a member of a legislative body (which includes either House of Parliament, the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales or the Northern Ireland Assembly); or those addressed to a legislative body and sent to a member of such a body or to the Clerk of the Scottish Parliament; or those forwarded to Her Majesty (or in Northern Ireland the Secretary of State). 168 Subsection (3) clarifies that petitions and addresses (other than those forwarded to Her Majesty or, in Northern Ireland, the Secretary of State) fall within the definition only if they do not exceed 1kg and are sent without covers or in covers open at the side. 169 Subsection (4) defines the meaning of “registered items service”, which is similar to that in section 125 of the Postal Services Act 2000. 170 Subsection (5) clarifies that references made in the section to conveying postal packets from one place to another include conveying them to places outside the United Kingdom. 171 This section sets out when the minimum requirements described in section 31 need not be met. 172 Subsection (1) sets out the maximum weight and dimensions of postal packets (as defined in section 27(2) to include letters) to which the minimum requirements apply. This definition is similar to the definition of “relevant postal packets” in the section 4(7) Postal Services Act 2000 and implements Article 3(5) and (6) of the Directive. 173 Subsection (2) removes UK public holidays from the requirements of section 31. It further provides that the minimum requirements do not need to be met in geographical conditions or other circumstances that OFCOM consider to be exceptional. 174 Subsection (3) provides that the services required by section 31 do not need necessarily to continue uninterrupted during an emergency. It further provides that nothing in section 31 prevents individual agreements with customers on prices. 175 This section gives OFCOM the power to review the needs of users of postal services and the extent to which the minimum requirements specified in section 31 meet those needs. Subsection (2) allows such a review to consider whether the minimum requirements could be changed better to reflect those needs. 176 Under subsection (3) a copy of any review of this nature that OFCOM does conduct must be sent to the Secretary of State and subsection (4) gives the Secretary of State the power to direct OFCOM to undertake such a review at any time. 177 Subsection (5) gives the Secretary of State the power to amend, by order, the minimum requirements for a universal service, provided that OFCOM have carried out a review under subsection (1). An order to amend is to be subject to the affirmative resolution procedure. No order can result in the service being non-uniform throughout the United Kingdom in respect of the tariffs, number of days' collection or number of days’ delivery. 178 OFCOM may designate one or more postal operators as universal service providers. They may only designate more than one universal service provider in two situations. The first situation is following a procurement determination under section 45. The second situation is following a postal administration order under Part 4. OFCOM must publish each designation. OFCOM may also review the designation(s) and consider what (if any) designated USP conditions (see section 36) should continue to apply to the designated universal service provider(s). 179 The procedure for making designations must be provided in regulations made by OFCOM. The procedures must be efficient, objective, proportionate, and transparent and should not give rise to any undue discrimination. These regulations must provide that if all of the universal service conditions that apply to a designated universal service provider are revoked then the designation should cease to have effect. 180 Subsection (11) specifies that OFCOM must notify the European Commission of each designation and the identity of each person designated. They must also notify the European Commission when designations cease to have effect. Article 4 of the Directive provides that each Member State must ensure the provision of the universal service and that member States may designate one or more undertakings as universal service providers so that the whole of the country is covered. 181 Article 4 of the Directive also provides that member States must notify the European Commission of the identity of universal service providers that they designate and that designations shall be subject to periodic review. This section therefore implements these provisions of the Directive. 182 Subsections (1) and (2) describe the designated USP conditions that OFCOM may impose on a universal service provider designated under section 35. OFCOM may impose one or more of the following types of requirement on the designated universal service provider. The first, under sub-section (2)(a), is a requirement to provide a universal service or part of such a service, throughout or in a specified part of the UK, in accordance with the standards set out in the universal postal service order. The second is to provide, or make arrangements for the provision of, access points for the purposes of a universal postal service. The third is to provide, to other postal operators and postal services users, specified information about the services it is required to provide under subsection (2)(a). OFCOM may also impose a requirement to do anything else that they consider appropriate for the purposes of or in consequence of the preceding requirements. 183 Subsection (3) provides that a designated USP condition may only be imposed if it appears to OFCOM it is necessary to do so in order to secure the provision of the universal service in accordance with the standards as set out in the universal service order (made under section 30). 184 Subsections (4) and (5) provide that a designated USP condition may also set tariffs (price controls) for the provision of a universal service or part of a universal service. OFCOM must ensure that the prices that are set are affordable, take account of the costs of providing the service or part of a service, and that they incentivise the service to be provided efficiently. 185 Subsection (6) provides that a designated USP condition may also impose performance targets. 186 Subsection (7) provides that where there is more than one universal service provider, OFCOM must ensure that universal service obligations imposed on the providers do not overlap, and designated universal service provider conditions can include requirements on providers to make arrangements that will help ensure a uniform and effective universal postal service throughout the UK. 187 This section provides that designated USP conditions must include provision requiring a designated universal service provider to publish information about its provision of a universal service in accordance with specified standards, and may include other conditions requiring information to be published in relation to its performance in complying with specified requirements. “Specified” means specified in the condition. These conditions must also include a requirement for the provider to publish an annual performance report which must be audited by a person who is independent of both OFCOM and universal service providers for accuracy and, if there are two or more universal service providers, for its usefulness in comparing information published by another provider. Information previously published must be updated and published again. When and where it is published may also be specified. 188 The Directive requires Member States to ensure that universal service providers publish annual reports which have been independently audited (Article 16 and 19). These provisions implement the publication requirements of those Articles. 189 This section provides for OFCOM to set a condition which enables other postal operators or users to access the network of the universal service provider and to require the universal service provider to maintain separate accounts so that costs of access can be accurately calculated. 190 Subsection (2) describes the access condition that OFCOM may impose on the universal service provider requiring it to give access to other postal operators, or users of postal services, and/or to maintain accounting separation relating to access to its postal network. Access may be required to the postal network of the universal service provider and this is defined in subsection (3) as the systems and all the resources used for the purpose of complying with its universal service obligations, including arrangements made with others for the provision of any service. This is in line with Article 11a of the Directive which gives Member States the right to adopt measures to ensure access to the postal network under transparent, proportional and non-discriminatory conditions. 191 Subsection (4) provides that OFCOM may not impose a USP access condition unless it appears to them that it is appropriate to promote efficiency, effective competition and to confer significant benefits on the users of postal services. 192 Subsection (5) provides that OFCOM may not impose any price controls on the universal service provider unless it appears to them that the USP might charge excessively high prices or impose a price squeeze. 193 Subsection (6) provides that in imposing price controls in a USP access condition, OFCOM must have regard to such of the costs incurred in the provision of that network, or part of that network, as OFCOM consider appropriate. This will allow OFCOM to consider both actual and efficient costs. 194 Subsection (7) provides that when imposing price controls, OFCOM may have regard to the prices at which services are available in comparable competitive markets and determine what they consider to be efficiency by using cost accounting methods. 195 Subsection (8) provides that in deciding what obligations to impose in a USP access condition, OFCOM must take account of a number of factors in addition to their overarching duty to secure the provision of the universal postal service set out in section 29. These include technical and economic viability, feasibility, investment made by the universal service provider, the need to secure effective competition in the long term, and intellectual property rights. 196 Subsection (9) clarifies that the giving of access to the postal network includes giving a person an entitlement to use, be provided with or become a party to any services, facilities or arrangements comprised in that network. 197 This section is supplemented by the provisions in Schedule 3, which provide for the kind of matters that may be included in USP access conditions and the resolution of access disputes by OFCOM. 198 Subsections (1) and (2) of this section describe the USP accounting conditions that OFCOM may impose on a universal service provider to maintain separate accounts between different matters as directed by OFCOM, to comply with rules about cost identification and orientation or the use of accounting systems in relation to those matters and to have compliance with those systems audited annually by a qualified independent auditor. This is in line with Article 14 of the Directive on the separation of accounts of universal service providers. 199 Subsection (3) provides that when OFCOM imposes a USP accounting obligation that requires accounting separation, the obligation may provide for accounting separation to be maintained for different services, facilities or products (including in different areas) and may impose requirements about the accounting methods to be used. 200 Subsection (4) provides that when OFCOM imposes a USP accounting obligation that requires compliance with rules about cost identification or the use of accounting systems, the obligation may include the application of presumptions on fixing or determining costs and charges and may require publication of the accounts and other information related to the condition. Additionally, when the USP accounting condition relates to the use of cost accounting systems, subsections (6) and (7) provide that OFCOM may require a description of the accounting system be made publicly available, including details of the cost categories and rules of cost allocation. 201 Subsection (5) provides that when OFCOM imposes a USP accounting condition requiring the auditing of a provider’s compliance with accounting systems, OFCOM may require the universal service provider concerned to meet the costs of the audit. 202 Subsection (8) provides that the reference to a ‘qualified independent auditor’ in subsection (2) means a person qualified to act as a statutory auditor under the Companies Act 2006 and one who can be classified as independent under that Act. 203 This section defines the meaning of “services within the scope of the universal postal service”. This definition is relevant to those who may be subject to general universal service conditions under section 42. This definition is also relevant to those who may be subject to the recovery of administrative charges incurred by OFCOM (section 43) and to general access conditions (section 50). 204 Subsection (1) sets out that a service is within the scope of the universal service, first, if it falls within the description of a service set out in the universal postal service order made under section 30. Second, a service is within the scope of the universal service if it would fall within the description of a service set out in the universal postal service order, but collection and delivery are not provided on each of the days required under section 31, or the service is not provided throughout the UK, or the service is not provided at an affordable uniform price. Finally, a service is also within the scope of the universal postal service if OFCOM believe it is inter-changeable from users’ point of view with one set out in the universal postal service order. 205 This section provides that OFCOM may impose a notification condition on any person providing or intending to provide a service within the scope of the universal postal service. A notification condition requires the person to give OFCOM advance notice of their intention to provide a letters business on a specified scale, or to expand the business by a specified extent. 206 Subsection (4) enables the Secretary of State to direct OFCOM to impose a notification condition. 207 Subsection (1) provides that OFCOM may impose a general universal service condition on every postal operator providing a service within the scope of the universal service or to specified descriptions of such operators. 208 Subsection (2) of this section describes a general universal service condition. It is either a condition OFCOM consider necessary for the purpose of securing that a universal service is provided in accordance with the standards set out in the universal postal service order, or it is a condition imposed for the purposes of sharing the financial burden of universal service obligations. 209 Subsection (3) sets out some of the things that general universal service conditions may require postal operators providing services within the scope of the universal service to do. Subsection (3) also provides that the conditions may require persons to make contributions towards the costs of complying with designated USP conditions, in accordance with section 46. 210 Subsection (4) provides that, where there is a designated universal service provider, OFCOM cannot impose a general universal service condition requiring a person to provide services required by section 31. 211 OFCOM may impose charges on postal operators providing services within the scope of the universal postal service to meet OFCOM’s costs in regulating postal services. Schedule 4 contains further provision about these charges. 212 Section 44 provides that OFCOM may from time to time review the extent of the financial burden for a universal service provider of complying with its universal service obligations. These are defined as the obligations imposed on it by a designated USP condition. As part of any such review OFCOM must consider the extent to which the universal service provider is complying with those obligations cost-efficiently. No review under this section may be carried out for five years from the day this section comes into force unless the Secretary of State directs otherwise. 213 OFCOM must apply the method of calculating the burden set out in designation regulations (section 35), where those regulations require the financial burden to be taken into account in the designation decision and provide for a particular method of calculation. Where the regulations under section 35 do not provide for a particular method of calculation of the financial burden, subsection (4) provides that the financial burden shall be taken to be the net cost of compliance after allowing for market benefits of being the designated universal service provider. The conclusions of this review, and a summary of the audit, must be published. 214 This section together with section 46 transposes new Article 7 of the Directive. This new article expands the provision of former Article 9(4) to clarify a range of alternatives available to Member States when there is a need for external financing of the universal service obligations. The financing alternatives include the establishment of a compensation fund with contributions from service providers (and user’s fees), where the Member State has determined that universal services obligations entail a net cost which represents an unfair financial burden on the universal service provider(s). 215 This section requires OFCOM, where they have concluded from a section 44 review that universal service obligations impose a financial burden on a universal service provider, and published that conclusion, to determine whether they consider it would be unfair for that provider to bear the whole or part of the burden. 216 OFCOM must determine whether the burden would be unfair for a provider to bear or continue to bear, and the extent (if any) to which the burden would be unfair, in accordance with regulations they have made under subsection (3). They must publish the determination. 217 If OFCOM make such a determination, they must submit a report to the Secretary of State with a recommendation for what action (if any) they consider necessary to deal with the burden. The report may make recommendations about the order in which action should be taken and whether certain actions should be contingent on other actions. The recommended action may consist of one or more of: a review under section 34 (review of minimum requirements); requiring contributions to be made in accordance with section 46; and making a procurement determination. 218 Subsection (9) sets out that a procurement determination is a determination by OFCOM as to whether any particular postal operator or operators (including the provider) could meet the universal service obligations in such a way that would mean no unfair burden or less of an unfair burden than the burden identified in OFCOM’s determination in subsection (6). Any such determination must be made in accordance with regulations made by OFCOM. Subsection (14) prevents OFCOM from making a procurement determination within ten years from the day that this Part of the Act comes into force, unless the universal service provider agrees to such a determination. 219 After receiving the report, the Secretary of State must determine what action (if any) ought to be taken to deal with the burden and can then direct OFCOM to take that action. 220 This section applies where the Secretary of State has directed OFCOM to require contributions to be made for meeting some or all of the burden concerned. 221 OFCOM may then determine that contributions for meeting that financial burden are to be made by postal operators providing services within the scope of the universal service, and/or through the charges paid by users for using a service, as provided by the Directive. 222 Subsection (3) provides that OFCOM may require contributions only from a description of postal operator or user. 223 Subsection (4) provides that the assessment, collection and distribution of contributions can only be made if it is in accordance with a mechanism in a scheme contained in regulations made by OFCOM. 224 Subsection (5) provides that in making any regulations under this section, OFCOM must seek to ensure that the assessment, collection and distribution of contributions is objective, proportionate and transparent, does not involve (or tend to give rise to) any undue discrimination, and avoids or minimises distortion of competition. 225 Subsections (6) and (7) provide that a scheme can be administrated by OFCOM or an independent person specified by OFCOM in their regulations. An independent person means independent of both universal service providers and postal operators providing postal services within the scope of the universal postal service. 226 Subsection (8) provides that Regulations setting out such a scheme are subject to consent by the Secretary of State, and to the affirmative resolution procedure. 227 This section requires that, where regulations provide for a scheme to share the burden of the universal service (section 46), OFCOM must report annually on the sharing mechanism and for the reports to be published. OFCOM are not required to publish confidential information. 228 Under the new authorisation system established by section 28, postal operators are not required to notify OFCOM prior to providing postal services. However, this section provides that the Secretary of State may make regulations (subject to the negative resolution procedure) requiring them to do so. The Secretary of State must consult OFCOM before making regulations. Regulations may make provisions corresponding to any of the provisions of sections 33 to 37 of the Communications Act 2003. 229 Subsection (4) provides that the maximum penalty that can be imposed by the regulations for failure to comply must not exceed the maximum under section 37(6) of the Communications Act 2003 (currently £10,000). 230 Subsections (5) to (9) provide that if the Secretary of State makes such regulations, OFCOM must establish and maintain a register to record every notification. OFCOM must publish the times when the register can be seen by the public and what fees, if any, must be paid for doing so. 231 Section 28 allows OFCOM to impose regulatory conditions on those providing postal services, which may include an “essential condition”. This section describes what “essential condition” can be imposed and on whom. 232 Subsection (1) provides that these conditions may be applied to every postal operator or to those of a particular description specified in the condition. 233 Subsection (2) provides that the essential conditions may be imposed for one of five reasons: to safeguard confidentiality of sending, conveying and delivery of letters, to safeguard security where dangerous goods are transported; to safeguard confidentiality of information conveyed; to guard against theft or loss of or damage to postal packets; and to secure the delivery of postal packets to the intended addresses. 234 This section describes the general access conditions that OFCOM may impose on any postal operator requiring it to give access to other postal operators, or users of postal services, and/or to maintain accounting separation relating to this access. Access may be required to the postal operator’s postal infrastructure, including both physical infrastructure (such as letter boxes) and non-physical infrastructure (such as information relating to postcodes), or any service which the postal operator provides within the scope of the universal postal service. This section transposes the first part of Article 11a of the Directive. 235 Subsection (4) provides that a general access condition may only be imposed if it appears to OFCOM that it is necessary to protect the interests of the users of postal services and/or to promote effective competition. 236 Subsection (5) provides that in deciding what obligations to impose in general access conditions, OFCOM must take account of a number of factors, in addition to their overarching duty to secure the provision of the universal postal service set out in section 29. These include technical and economic viability, feasibility, investment made by the postal operator, the need to secure effective competition in the long term, and any relevant intellectual property rights. 237 Subsection (6) provides that for the purposes of this section, reference to giving a person access to an operator’s postal infrastructure includes giving a person an entitlement to use, be provided with or become a party to any services, facilities or arrangements comprised in the infrastructure. 238 This section is supplemented by the provisions in Schedule 3, which set out the kind of matters that may be included in general access conditions and the resolution of access disputes by OFCOM. 239 Section 28 allows OFCOM to impose regulatory conditions on those providing postal services, which may include “a consumer protection condition”. This and section 52 describe what consumer protection condition may be imposed. 240 Subsection (1) provides that the condition may be applied to every postal operator or to those of a particular description specified in the condition. 241 Subsection (2) describes the consumer protection condition that OFCOM may impose on any postal operator. It may include requiring the postal operator to assume specified liability for loss of, or damage to, postal packets, to establish and maintain procedures, standards and policies for consumer protection matters, and to make payments relating to qualifying consumer expenses of the National Consumer Council or the Office of Fair Trading. Subsection (3) provides that “consumer protection matters” include the handling of complaints, resolution of disputes, provision of remedies and redress, and information to users about service standards and users’ rights. 242 Subsection (4) provides that the reference to “qualifying consumer expenses” of the National Consumer Council or the Office of Fair Trading is to such of their expenses as the Secretary of State considers reasonable, having regard to their functions exercisable in relation to users of postal services. 243 Subsection (5) provides that in imposing a consumer protection condition, OFCOM must, as far as they consider appropriate, secure that the procedures for handling complaints and resolving disputes are easy to use, transparent, effective and facilitate the settling of disputes fairly and promptly; that they are free of charge to users; and that where postal operators contravene the condition the operator follows the procedure as may be required by the condition. 244 Subsection (6) provides that the Secretary of State may direct OFCOM to include provision within consumer protection conditions relating to the payment of expenses of the National Consumer Council or the Office of Fair Trading. 245 This section implements Article 19 of the Postal Services Directive (Directive 2008/6/EC) which provides that Member States must ensure that transparent, simple and inexpensive procedures are made available for dealing with postal users’ complaints. 246 This section provides that postal operators may be required by a consumer protection condition to be members of a redress scheme under which complaints may be made to and investigated by an independent person. Redress schemes are approved in accordance with Schedule 5. Postal operators may be required to publish information about the number of complaints made about them, how they were dealt with, and to provide OFCOM with information about their compliance with standards for handling complaints. In the case of the designated universal service provider, a consumer protection condition must include a requirement to publish information about the number of complaints made about them. This is required by and implements Article 19.2 of the Postal Services Directive (Directive 2008/6/EC). 247 This section introduces Schedule 6, which provides for the imposition, modification or revocation of regulatory conditions. 248 This section introduces Schedule 7, which provides for the enforcement of regulatory requirements imposed on postal operators by OFCOM. 249 This section introduces Schedule 8, which provides for requirements to provide information to OFCOM, the enforcement of those requirements and supplementary provisions. 250 Subsection (3) provides that nothing in Schedule 7 of the Postal Services Act 2000 (disclosure of information) prevents the Postal Services Commission from disclosing information to OFCOM for the purposes of OFCOM’s functions in relation to postal services. 251 This section prohibits the disclosure of information obtained by virtue of Part 3 that relates to an individual or particular business during their lifetime or so long as the business is carried on, except as permitted by the section. 252 Subsection (2) provides that disclosure is permitted: with the consent of those concerned; to facilitate the carrying out of functions of OFCOM, the Secretary of State, the Treasury or the Competition Commission or to facilitate the carrying out by a person prescribed (by order of the Secretary of State) of functions under an enactment prescribed (by order of the Secretary of State); in relation to criminal investigations or proceedings; in relation to civil proceedings brought by virtue of Part 3 of the Act or any enactment prescribed (by the Secretary of State by order); to meet EU obligations; or other circumstances or purposes prescribed by the Secretary of State by order. Subsection (4) provides that an order by the Secretary of State is subject to the affirmative resolution procedure. 253 Subsection (5) provides that this section does not apply to information made public in circumstances in which, or for a purpose for which, disclosure is not precluded by this section. 254 Subsection (6) provides that the section does not apply either to information obtained by OFCOM for its competition functions or to information obtained by the National Consumer Council, as this information is subject to the disclosure regime in Part 9 of the Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40). 255 Subsections (7) and (8) provide that it is an offence to disclose information in contravention of the prohibition in this section, punishable by a fine or imprisonment of no more than two years. 256 Subsection (1) defines a 'qualifying decision' for the purposes of this section as a decision by OFCOM that: imposes or modifies a regulatory condition; gives, modifies or withdraws a direction, consent or approval to impose a regulatory condition as set out in paragraph 2 of Schedule 6; imposes a penalty or gives or modifies a direction under Schedules 4, 7 or 8 (which relate to recovery of administrative charges, enforcement of regulatory requirements and information provisions respectively); gives or modifies a direction under section 89A or 116(2A) of the Postal Services Act 2000 (terms and conditions for provision of postal services and the Postcode Address File); or gives a direction under section 25(5) of the Consumers, Estate Agents and Redress Act 2007 (enforcement of requirements to give information to the National Consumer Council - which is now part of Consumer Focus). 257 Subsection (2) provides that a person affected by a qualifying decision (as defined in subsection 1) may appeal against it to the Competition Appeal Tribunal (the CAT). 258 Subsection (3) specifies that an appeal must be made by sending a notice of appeal to the CAT in accordance with rules made under section 15 of the Enterprise Act 2002. These rules are set out in a Statutory Instrument and can be found on the CAT website www.catribunal.org.uk. Subsection (4) requires that the notice of appeal must be sent within the period set out in the rules. 259 Subsection (5) requires the CAT, in determining an appeal under this section, to apply the same principles as would be applied by a court on an application for judicial review. 260 Subsection (6) provides that the CAT may either dismiss the appeal or quash all or part of the decision against which the appeal was made. If the CAT quashes all or part of the decision, subsection (7) provides that it may refer the matter back to the decision maker (OFCOM) directing them to reconsider and make a new decision which takes account of the ruling.  Subsection (8) ensures that the CAT  , in making such a direction, cannot require  OFCOM to take action which they would not otherwise have the powers to take in relation to the decision. 261 Subsection (9) provides that the decision of the Regulator stands while an appeal is being made. The exception to this is in cases concerning a penalty of the imposition or enforcement of a regulatory condition. 262 Subsection (1) provides that an appeal on a point of law may be made to the appropriate court (as set out in subsection (4) this is the Court of Appeal in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland, and the Court of Session in Scotland). 263 Subsection (2) provides that such an appeal may be brought by a party to the proceedings in the original appeal or by any other person who has a sufficient interest in the matter. 264 Subsection (3) provides that an appeal may be made only with the permission of the CAT or the appropriate court. 265 This section provides for an appeal to the Competition Commission against a price control decision on the grounds that OFCOM has made a material error (or errors). It also sets out the timeframe in which appeals must be determined. 266 An appeal must be made within two months of the original decision and must be made in accordance with the requirements of the Commission on the form of appeals or the way in which they must be made. The Commission must determine the appeal within four months of the day on which OFCOM refer the appeal or 6 months in exceptional circumstances. The making of an appeal against a decision does not suspend the effect of the decision whilst the appeal is being considered. 267 Subsection (6) provides that on determining the appeal, the Commission must dismiss the appeal, allow the appeal and make its own decision on the subject matter of the appeal or quash all or part of the price control decision to which the appeal relates. 268 The Commission may only allow the appeal, or quash all or part of the price control decision to which it relates, if it considers that OFCOM made a material error. Subsection (8) provides that, on quashing all or part of the price control decision, the Commission may refer the matter back to OFCOM with a direction to make a new decision in accordance with its ruling. The Commission may not direct OFCOM to take any action which they would not otherwise have the power to take. 269 Subsection (10) provides that OFCOM must give effect to any decision of the Commission as soon as is reasonably practicable after it is made. 270 Subsection (11) provides that the Commission may investigate any matter or do any other thing in order to allow the appeal or reach its own decision. 271 Subsection (12) provides that decisions made by the Competition Commission in respect of this section may be appealed to the CAT as provided for under section 55. 272 Subsection (13) defines a price control decision for the purposes of this section. 273 This section provides a power for the Competition Commission to make rules regulating the conduct of appeals under section 59. 274 Subsection (2) provides that the rules may impose time limits and other restrictions on the taking of evidence and the making of representations or observations at an oral hearing. 275 Subsection (5) provides that the Commission must consult in the making of its rules, and subsection (4) provides that the Commission must publish the rules that it makes. 276 Subsection (6) provides for the Secretary of State by order to apply the investigation powers the Commission currently has under the Enterprise Act 2002 in relation to its appeal function under section 59 and make provision for extending the period within which appeals must be determined when requirements as to attendance of witnesses and production of documents have not been complied with. 277 Subsection (7) ensures that an order made by the Secretary of State under subsection (6) cannot impose civil or criminal penalties at greater levels that those specified in the Enterprise Act 2002. 278 This section enables the Secretary of State to give guidance to OFCOM, in respect of carrying out their functions relating to postal services, on its contribution to social or environmental policies set out in the guidance, in which case OFCOM must have regard to that guidance. The Secretary of State must consult OFCOM, the National Consumer Council and other persons as considered appropriate on any proposed guidance and a draft must be laid before Parliament. Parliament may resolve that the guidance should not be given. The Secretary of State must publish any guidance given under subsection (1). 279 This section provides that the Secretary of State may give a direction to a universal service provider requiring the provider to issue postage stamps bearing the image of Her Majesty. A direction may also relate to the subject matter and frequency of stamp issues and the process for design approval. If given, a direction must require stamps bearing the image of Her Majesty not to be issued without Her Majesty’s approval. The person to whom the direction is given has a duty to comply with the detail of direction. The duty can be enforced in civil proceedings by the Secretary of State. 280 This section provides for section 403 of the Communications Act 2003 to apply to any power of OFCOM under Part 3 to make an order, a scheme or regulations. This means that orders, scheme and regulations are made by statutory instrument. OFCOM are required to give notice to those likely to be affected by an order scheme or regulations and invite their representations before making the instrument. 281 This section abolishes the Postal Services Commission, and applies the provisions of the Communications Act 2003 applicable to pre-commencement regulators under that Act in respect of transfers of property, rights and liabilities to the transfer from Postcomm to OFCOM. It makes provision for the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 to apply to the transfer of staff from Postcomm to OFCOM. It also provides that the transfer of functions, assets or liabilities from Postcomm to OFCOM under or by virtue of this Act is not to be treated as a merger for accounting purposes. 282 Subsection (1) defines various terms used in Part 3 of the Act. 283 Subsection (2) defines references to a universal postal service. 284 Subsection (3) applies references to a universal service provider to a person who provides part of a universal service or universal service provision in a specified area of the country. 285 Subsection (4) defines contravention and other references relating to contraventions (for example, remedying the consequences of a contravention). 286 Subsection (5) provides that any directions made under this Part of the Act must be in writing and may be varied or revoked by a further direction. 287 This section introduces Schedule 9, which contains transitional provisions in relation to the coming into force of Part 3 of the Act. 288 This section provides for there to be a review of the provisions of Part 3 within 5 years after the provisions of the Part generally come into force. The Secretary of State must set out the conclusions of the review in a report and lay the report before Parliament. The report must, in particular, set out the objectives intended to be achieved by the regulatory system established by the provisions; assess the extent to which the objectives have been achieved; and assess whether those objectives remain appropriate and, if so, whether they could be achieved by a system that imposed less regulation. 289 Part 4 of the Act contains provisions for a special administration regime, the purpose of which is to ensure that the objective of the administrator is to secure the continued provision of the universal postal service should a privately-owned Royal Mail (or any other universal service provider) be at risk of entering insolvency proceedings. 290 This follows precedents in the water and energy sectors. 291 A postal administration may only be commenced by an order of the court. Subsection (1) sets out the meaning of a postal administration order. The order appoints a person (the “postal administrator” - see subsection (2)) to manage the affairs, business and property of a company which is a universal service provider for the duration of the postal administration. 292 Subsection (3) gives the postal administrator an overarching objective by requiring them to manage the company’s affairs, business and property and exercise their functions to achieve the objective of the postal administration which is set out in section 69. 293 Subsection (4) clarifies that for a postal administration order applying to a foreign company, the references in this section to affairs, business and property are references to those conducted and located in the UK. 294 This section sets out the objective of a postal administration. 295 Subsection (1) states that the objective is to secure that: a universal postal service is provided in accordance with the standards set out in the universal postal service order (issued by OFCOM under section 30); and the postal administration is brought to an end by one or more of two specified means. 296 Those means are expressed in subsection (2) as the rescue as a going concern of the company subject to the postal administration order; and relevant transfers. 297 A relevant transfer, as stated in subsection (3), is a transfer as a going concern of so much of the business of the company as is appropriate for the purpose of achieving the objective of the postal administration order. The transfer can be to a single company or, as respects different parts of the business, there may be transfers to more than one company. 298 Subsection (4) provides that one of the ways by which relevant transfers can be effected is through a “hive down”. A hive down is: a transfer of the undertaking (or part of the undertaking) of the company subject to the postal administration order, to a wholly owned subsidiary of that company; and a transfer to a company of securities of a wholly-owned subsidiary to which there has been a transfer in paragraph (a). 299 Subsection (5) places limits on the extent to which relevant transfers can be used to achieve the objective of the postal administration. These emphasise that, where practicable and consistent with the objective of the postal administration, a rescue of the company as a going concern is to be preferred to transfers. Transfers can only be used to extent that: the rescue as a going concern of the company is not reasonably practicable or is not reasonably practicable without the transfers; the rescue of a company as a going concern will not achieve the objective of the postal administration or will not do so without the transfers; the transfers would produce a result for the company’s creditors as a whole that is better than the result that would be produced without them; or the transfers would, without prejudicing the interests of the company’s creditors as a whole, produce a result for the company’s members as a whole that is better than the result that would be produced without them. 300 In deciding on what course of action to adopt, the postal administrator will be under a duty to act in a way which, so far as it is consistent with the objective of protecting provision of the universal service, best protects the creditors (see section 72 (3)). 301 This section sets out the process for applications to the court for postal administration orders. 302 Subsection (1) makes it clear that only the Secretary of State or OFCOM (with the consent of the Secretary of State) can make an application for a postal administration order. 303 When applying for such an order the applicant must give notice, as soon as is practicable, of the application to a number of people as follows: every person who has appointed an administrative receiver of the company; every person who is or may be entitled to appoint an administrative receiver of the company; every person who is or may be entitled to appoint an administrator because they hold a floating charge over the company (as permitted under paragraph 14 of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986); and other persons who may be prescribed by the postal administration rules (these are rules that can be made under section 411 of the Insolvency Act 1986 – see section 73(3)). 304 The section sets out the powers of the court on hearing an application from the Secretary of State or OFCOM for a postal administration order. Subsection (1) states that the Court may: make the order; dismiss the application; adjourn the hearing conditionally or unconditionally; make an interim order; treat the application as a winding-up petition and make any order of the court could make under section 125 of the Insolvency Act 1986; and make any other order which it thinks appropriate. 305 The powers in subsection (1) mirror those for a normal administration as set out in paragraph 13(1) of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986. 306 Under subsection (2), the court may only make a postal administration order if it is satisfied that: the company is unable, or is likely to be unable, to pay its debts; or it would be just and equitable (disregarding the objective set out in section 69) to wind up the company in the public interest on a petition from the Secretary of State under section 124A of the Insolvency Act 1986 (and the Secretary of State has certified that (disregarding that objective) a petition for such a winding up would be appropriate – see subsection (3)). 307 Section 124A(1) of the Insolvency Act 1986 states: 1 Where it appears to the Secretary of State from - a any report made or information obtained under Part XIV of the Companies Act 1985 (company investigations, etc.), b any report made under section 94 or 177 of the Financial Services Act 1986 or any information obtained under section 105 of that Act. c any information obtained under section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act 1987 or section 52 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987 (fraud investigations), or d any information obtained under section 83 of the Companies Act 1989 (powers exercisable for purpose of assisting overseas regulatory authorities), that it is expedient in the public interest that a company should be wound up, he may present a petition for it to be wound up if the court thinks it just and equitable for it to be so. 308 Subsection (4) makes it clear that the court cannot make a postal administration order if the company is already in administration (under Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986) or has gone into liquidation (as defined in section 247(2) of the Insolvency Act 1986). 309 Subsection (6) explains that where the court makes an interim order it may restrict the exercise of a power of the company or its directors, or make provision to confer discretion on a person qualified to act as an insolvency practitioner in relation to the company. 310 Subsection (7) sets out that in the case of a foreign company, the restrictions would relate to powers of the company or the directors within the UK or in relation to the company’s UK affairs, business and property. 311 Subsection (8) sets out that for the purposes of this section, the test for whether a company (registered or unregistered) is unable to pay its debts is the same as that which applies under the Insolvency Act 1986. 312 This section sets out the status of a postal administrator of a company and how that administrator should exercise his or her powers. 313 Subsection (1) states that a postal administrator is an officer of the court, and in exercising and performing powers and duties in relation to the company, is the company’s agent. 314 Subsection (2) provides that the postal administrator is under a duty to perform their functions as quickly and as efficiently as is reasonably practicable. 315 Subsection (3) states that the postal administrator of a company must exercise and perform powers and duties in the way which, so far as it is consistent with the objective of the postal administration to do so, best protects: the interests of the company’s creditors as a whole, and subject to those interests, the interests of the company’s members as a whole. 316 Subsection (4) clarifies that the postal administrator has to be qualified to act as an insolvency practitioner in relation to the company. 317 Subsection (5) deals with a situation where the court appoints two or more persons as the postal administrator of a company. 318 This section introduces Schedule 10 which contains provisions applying the provisions of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986, and certain other enactments, to postal administration orders and Schedule 11 which contains provisions for transfer schemes to achieve the objective of a postal administration. A version of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency 1986 Act as modified to apply to postal administration is available on the BIS website. 319 Subsection (3) applies the power to make rules under section 411 of the Insolvency Act 1986 to Part 4 of the Act so that detailed procedural rules for a postal administration can be made in the same way that they are for a normal administration. 320 However, under subsection (4) the duty to consult the Insolvency Rules Committee about the rules is disapplied in the case of a postal administration. 321 Sections 74 to 78 prevent a postal administration from being frustrated by prior orders of various kinds being granted before the Secretary of State or OFCOM have been given an opportunity to apply for a postal administration order, or by other steps being taken when a postal administration order has been made or an application is outstanding. 322 This section applies if a person other than the Secretary of State petitions for the winding-up of a universal service provider and sets out how the court should act in certain circumstances. 323 Subsection (2) provides that the court is not to exercise its powers on a winding-up petition (for example, the power to grant the winding up order – see subsection (4)) unless: notice of the petition has been served on the Secretary of State and OFCOM, and a period of at least 14 days has elapsed since the service of the last of those notices to be served. 324 The notice and 14 day period are intended to avoid a winding up order being granted before the Secretary of State and OFCOM have been given an opportunity seek a postal administration order. 325 If an application for a postal administration order is made before the winding-up order is made (that is, within the 14 day period), subsection (3) allows the court to exercise its powers under section 71 (for example, to make a postal administration order) instead of exercising its powers on the petition for the winding up order. 326 Subsection (4) clarifies that references in this section to the court’s powers on a winding-up petition are to: its powers under section 125 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (for example, to make a winding up order or dismiss the petition etc.) other than its power of adjournment, and its powers under section 135 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (for example, to appoint a provisional liquidator). 327 This section prevents a universal service provider passing a resolution for voluntary winding up without the permission of the court and sets out conditions on which the court could give permission to allow the voluntary winding up of the company. 328 Subsection (3) stipulates that the court is not to grant permission unless: notice of the application has been served on the Secretary of State and OFCOM, and a period of at least 14 days has elapsed since the service of the last of those notices to be served. 329 If an application for a postal administration order is subsequently made before permission is granted, subsection (4) allows the court to exercise its powers under section 71 to make a postal administration order (instead of granting permission). 330 This section applies if a person other than the Secretary of State makes an ordinary administration application in relation to a company which is a universal service provider. It sets out how the court should act in such circumstances. 331 Subsection (2) states that the court must dismiss the application for ordinary administration if a postal administration order is in force in relation to the company, or has been made in relation to the company but is not yet in force. 332 If a postal administration order has not been made, subsection (3) requires that, on hearing the ordinary administration application, the court must not exercise its powers under paragraph 13 of schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986 (other than its power of adjournment) unless: notice of the application has been served on the Secretary of State and OFCOM; a period of at least 14 days has elapsed since the service of the last of those notices to be served; and there is no application for a postal administration order which is outstanding. 333 Paragraph 13 of Schedule B1 relates to the powers of the court on hearing an ordinary administration application (for example, to make an administration order, dismiss the application etc.). 334 Subsection (4) explains that paragraph 44 of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986 Act (which provides for an interim moratorium under which legal proceedings cannot be taken against the company except with the permission of the court) does not prevent, or require the permission of the court for, the making of an application for a postal administration order. 335 On the making of a postal administration order in relation to a company, subsection (5) requires the court to dismiss any outstanding ordinary administration application made in relation to the company. 336 This section deals with circumstances where secured creditors or directors of a universal service provider or the company itself seek to appoint an administrator under paragraphs 14 or 22 of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986 (powers to appoint administrators). 337 Subsection (2) states that a person may not take any step to make such an appointment when: a postal administration order is in force in relation to the company; a postal administration order has been made in relation to the company but is not yet in force; or an application for a postal administration order in relation to the company is outstanding. 338 Subsection (3) sets out that in any other case, an appointment of an administrator takes effect only if each of the conditions in subsection (4) are met. The conditions are: that a copy of every document in relation to the appointment that is filed or lodged with the court has been served on the Secretary of State and OFCOM; that a period of 14 days has elapsed since the service of the last of those copies to be served; that there is no outstanding application to the court for a postal administration order in relation to the company; and that the making of an application for a postal administration order in relation to the company has not resulted in the making of a postal administration order which is in force or is still to come into force. 339 Subsection (5) makes it clear that paragraph 44 of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986 Act (interim moratorium) does not prevent, or require the permission of the court for, the making of an application for a postal administration order at any time before the appointment takes effect. 340 This section prevents a person taking any step to enforce a security over property of a company which is a universal service provider unless: notice of the intention to do so has been served on the Secretary of State and OFCOM; and a period of at least 14 days has elapsed since the service of the last of those notices to be served. 341 In the case of a foreign company which is a universal service provider, subsection (2) clarifies that the reference to the property of the company is to its property in the United Kingdom. 342 This section sets out the conditions on which the Secretary of State can make grants or loans to a universal services provider in postal administration. 343 Subsection (2) enables the Secretary of State, with the consent of the Treasury, to make grants or loans to the universal service provider of amounts that the Secretary of State considers to be appropriate for achieving the objective of the postal administration. 344 Subsection (3) provides in general terms that the grants or loans may be made in whatever manner, and on whatever terms, the Secretary of State considers appropriate. Subsections (4) and (5) specify some of the terms which may be included, namely terms requiring: the whole or a part of the grants to be repaid to the Secretary of State if there is a contravention of the other terms on which they are made; the loans to be repaid at such times and by such methods as the Secretary of State may, with the consent of the Treasury, from time to time direct; and interest to be paid on the loans at such rates and at such times as the Secretary of State may, with the consent of the Treasury, from time to time direct. 345 This section applies if a postal administration order has been made in relation to a company that is a universal service provider. It enables the Secretary of State, with the consent of the Treasury, to indemnify specified “relevant persons”, for example the postal administrator, his employees, partners, fellow employees (see subsection (11)) in respect of liabilities incurred or loss or damage sustained in connection with the exercise of the postal administrator’s powers and duties. 346 Subsection (4) requires the Secretary of State to lay a statement before Parliament as soon as practicable after agreeing an indemnity under this section. 347 Subsection (5) provides for repayment by the company of any sums paid by the Secretary of State in consequence of the indemnity and for the payment of interest on outstanding sums. 348 Subsection (7) clarifies that the company does not have to repay sums paid by the Secretary of State for indemnifying a person in respect of a liability to the company. 349 If a sum has been paid out under an indemnity agreed under this section, the Secretary of State must lay a statement relating to that sum before Parliament as soon as practicable after the end of the financial year in which the sum is paid out; and, where there is an obligation on the company to repay the relevant sums, after the end of each subsequent financial year until the company has discharged the liability (including interest). 350 Subsection (10) provides that the Secretary of State can only agree to indemnify persons in respect of liabilities, loss and damage incurred or sustained by them as “relevant persons”; but can agree to indemnify persons who subsequently become “relevant persons” for example by becoming an employee of the postal administrator. 351 Subsection (11) defines the meaning of “relevant persons” for the purposes of this section, namely: the postal administrator; an employee of the postal administrator; a partner or employee of a firm of which the postal administrator is a partner; a partner or employee of a firm of which the postal administrator is an employee; a partner of a firm of which the postal administrator was an employee or partner at a time when the order was in force; a body corporate which is the employer of the postal administrator; an officer, employee or member of such a body corporate; and a Scottish firm (as defined in section 85) which is the employer of the postal administrator or of which the postal administrator is a partner. 352 This section enables the Secretary of State, with the consent of the Treasury, to give guarantees in relation to a universal service provider in postal administration. 353 Subsection (2) states that the Secretary of State may guarantee while a postal administration order is in force: the repayment of any sum borrowed by the company; the payment of interest on any sum borrowed by the company; and the discharge of any other financial obligation of the company in connection with the borrowing of any sum. 354 Subsection (4) requires the Secretary of State to lay a statement of the guarantee before Parliament as soon as practicable after giving a guarantee under this section. 355 If sums are paid out by the Secretary of State under a guarantee given under this section, subsection (5) requires that the company must pay the Secretary of State: such amounts in or towards the repayment to the Secretary of State of those sums as the Secretary of State may, with the consent of the Treasury, direct; and interest on amounts outstanding under this subsection at such rates as the Secretary of State may, with the consent of the Treasury, direct. 356 If a sum has been paid out under a guarantee given under this section, under subsections (7) and (8), the Secretary of State must lay a statement relating to that sum before Parliament as soon as practicable after the end of the financial year in which the sum is paid out; and after the end of each subsequent financial year until the company has discharged the liability (including interest). 357 This section sets out the regulatory powers available to the Secretary of State during a postal administration. 358 Subsection (1) provides that the section applies only if a postal administration order has been made. 359 Subsections (2) and (3) provide that the Secretary of State can make an order to modify the universal postal order made by OFCOM under section 30 following consultation with OFCOM and anyone else the Secretary of State considers appropriate and under subsection (4), if such an order is made, the Secretary of State rather than OFCOM must notify the European Commission of the modification. 360 Subsections (5) and (6) provide that, in a special administration situation, the Secretary of State can amend the minimum requirements for the universal postal service in section 31. The order is subject to approval after being made (which means it must be laid before Parliament after being made and ceases to have effect unless it is approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament within 28 days – see section 89 for further details) and may include necessary or expedient consequential amendments to Part 3. 361 Subsection (7) provides that the Secretary of State can modify or revoke any regulatory condition on any postal operator if the Secretary of State considers it appropriate to do so for, or in connection with, achieving the objective of the postal administration. 362 Subsection (8) extends the power under subsection (7) to include the making of incidental, consequential or transitional modifications. 363 Subsection (9) requires the Secretary of State to consult the person whose condition is being modified or revoked, OFCOM and anyone else he thinks appropriate before making a modification. 364 Subsections (10) and (11) provide that any modification or revocation of a regulatory condition must be published by the Secretary of State in such a manner as the Secretary of State considers appropriate. 365 Subsection (12) provides that the provisions in Part 3 (including the duty to secure the provision of universal postal service) apply in relation to the modification or revocation by the Secretary of State of regulatory conditions, with the exception of paragraph 3 of Schedule 6 (which relates to the publication by OFCOM of modifications etc) and sections 57 to 60 (which relate to appeals). In a special administration situation, decisions by the Secretary of State modifying or revoking regulatory conditions would be subject to judicial review by the courts. 366 Subsection (13) provides that the power conferred by subsection (2) (to modify the universal postal order) or (5) (to amend section 31) may only be exercised when a postal administration order is in force. 367 Subsection (14) provides that any duty to consult under this section may be met by consultation that took place prior to the making of the postal administration order. 368 This section outlines how the Secretary of State can modify regulatory conditions to secure the funding of a postal administration. 369 Subsection (1) provides that a modification made under section 82 can include a modification to a price control provision contained in a regulatory condition for the purpose of raising funds. 370 Subsection (2) specifies that the modified condition may require the person on whom it is imposed to pay funds to specified persons for the purpose of making good any shortfall (as defined in subsection (5)) in the property available to meet the expenses of the postal administration. 371 Subsection (3) provides that the modified condition may require that the person in receipt of the funds as result of this section uses those funds towards discharging any shortfall. 372 For the purposes of this section, subsection (4) defines a price control provision as a provision as to the tariffs as mentioned in section 36(4) (designated USP condition: tariffs), or a provision as to prices that may be charged for or in connection with the giving of access under an access condition (within the meaning of Part 3 of this Act). 373 For the purposes of this section, subsection (5) defines a ‘shortfall’ in meeting the expenses of postal administration as the property of the company being insufficient to meet the costs of the administration. It also defines making payment to make good the shortfall as discharging ‘relevant debts’ which cannot otherwise be met out of the available property. 374 Subsection (6) defines ‘relevant debts’. These include obligations to repay the grants, loans, sums paid out under indemnity and sums paid out under guarantees under sections 79, 80 and 81. 375 This section provides that the power to modify or apply enactments conferred on the Secretary of State by: sections 248 and 277 of the Enterprise Act 2002 (amendments consequential on that Act); and section 254 of that Act (power to apply insolvency law to foreign companies); includes power to make consequential modifications of this Part of the Act. The Secretary of State can make such modifications as he or she considers appropriate in connection with any other provision made under any of the specified sections of the Enterprise Act. (The Enterprise Act 2002 made substantial changes to the regime for ordinary administration and inserted Schedule B1 into the Insolvency Act 1986.) 376 Subsection (1) gives a power to the Lord Chancellor to make an order with the concurrence of the Secretary of State and the Lord Chief Justice (or a nominee), to apply (with or without modifications) any provision of Part 4 to partnerships (excluding Scottish firms). Subsection (5) gives the Secretary of State a power to make such an order in relation to Scottish firms. (Partnerships in Northern Ireland are dealt with under section 87). 377 This section contains provision about the application of this Part to Northern Ireland. 378 This section provides for there to be a review of the provisions of Part 4 within 5 years after the provisions of the Part generally come into force. The Secretary of State must set out the conclusions of the review in a report and lay the report before Parliament. The report must, in particular, set out the objectives intended to be achieved by the regulatory system established by the provisions; assess the extent to which the objectives have been achieved; and assess whether those objectives remain appropriate and, if so, whether they could be achieved by a system that imposed less regulation. 379 This section requires that orders and regulations made under provisions of the Act by the Secretary of State, the Treasury or the Lord Chancellor must be made by statutory instrument. 380 Subsection (2) provides that any orders or regulations may contain incidental, supplementary, consequential, transitional, transitory or saving provision and may make different provision for different cases or circumstances or areas. 381 Subsections (4) to (8) define “affirmative resolution procedure”, “approval after being made” and “negative resolution procedure 382 Subsection (9) gives the flexibility to include provisions requiring negative resolution procedure within a statutory instrument which is subject to an affirmative resolution procedure. 383 This section defines “enactment” and “OFCOM”. OFCOM is the independent regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries. 384 This section introduces Schedule 12 of the Act, which contains some minor and consequential amendments and repeals. 385 Subsection (3) gives the Secretary of State or the Treasury the power by order to make any further consequential amendments, repeals, revocations or modifications to any enactment as considered necessary in consequence of provisions of the Act. 386 Subsection (4) stipulates that any order made under this section is to be subject to the negative resolution procedure. 387 This section is a general financial provision that allows there to be money provided by Parliament for activities under the Act. 388 Paragraph (a) allows for money to be provided by Parliament in relation to any expenditure incurred by a Minister of the Crown or the Postal Services Commission by virtue of the Act. Paragraph (b) allows for money to be provided from Parliament in relation to any increase attributable to the Act in any moneys that are payable under any other Acts. 389 Subsection (2) of this section provides for certain specified provisions of the Act to come into force on the day after the Act is passed. 390 Subsection (3) provides that any other provisions of the Act will come into force on such day as the Secretary of State or the Treasury may by order appoint (and that different days may be appointed for different purposes). 391 Subsection (4) provides that the Secretary of State or the Treasury may by order make any transitional and savings provisions as necessary in connection with the commencement of any provision of the Act. 392 Subsections (5) and (6) provide that any amendment or repeal made by the Act has the same extent as the enactment to which it relates and that, subject to that, the provisions of the Act will extend throughout the United Kingdom. 393 This Schedule contains further provision about transfer schemes under section 8. 394 Paragraph 1 defines various terms used in Schedule 1. 395 Paragraph 2 provides that a transfer scheme may identify property, rights and liabilities to be transferred by specifying or describing them, and may specify the way in which property, rights or liabilities of any description may be identified. 396 Paragraph 3 contains further provisions as to the property, rights and liabilities that may be transferred under a scheme and the basis on which they are to be transferred. 397 Paragraph 4 provides that the transfer scheme may contain provision for the creation or transfer of an interest or a right in, or in relation to, property transferred and property retained. It may also contain provision for the creation of new rights and liabilities between different transferees and as between a transferee and a transferor. It also allows for the transfer scheme to contain provision to cover the interests, rights or liabilities of third parties. 398 Paragraph 5 provides that an obligation may be imposed on a transferee or transferor to enter into an agreement to effect the transfer(s) and allows for this to be enforced by an injunction or any other appropriate remedy. 399 Paragraph 6 provides that the transfer and creation of the relevant property, interests, rights and liabilities vest in the transferee at the time specified in the scheme, save where it is to be effected by an agreement or instrument entered into or executed pursuant to an obligation imposed under paragraph 5(1). 400 Paragraph 7 provides that where a person would be entitled to terminate, modify, acquire or claim an interest or right, or treat an interest or right as modified or terminated by virtue of anything done or likely to be done in connection with a transfer scheme, then that right is not enforceable until after the transfer of the interest or right under the scheme and only to the extent that the scheme provides for the interest or right to have been transferred subject to that person’s entitlement. 401 Paragraph 8 provides that a transfer scheme may contain incidental, supplementary, consequential and transitional provision, and that different provision may be made for different purposes. 402 Under Paragraph 9, a transfer scheme may provide, in relation to transfers in accordance with the scheme, that the transferee is treated as the same person in law as the transferor, for things done by the transferor to be treated as done by the transferee and for proceedings commenced by or against the transferor to be continued by or against the transferee. 403 Paragraph 10 makes provision for the transfer of foreign property. Paragraph 11 provides that a transfer scheme may make provision for and in connection with the payment of compensation to third parties whose property, rights, interests or liabilities have been affected by (or by virtue of) a transfer scheme. It also provides for the appointment of an arbitrator to determine disputes about compensation. 404 Paragraph 12 provides that a transfer scheme may make provision for certain disputes to be resolved by arbitration. 405 Paragraph 13 makes provision for persons entitled, in consequence of a transfer scheme, to possession of a document relating in part to the title to land or other property or the management of such property or land to have been treated as having given another person an acknowledgement in writing of the right of that other person to production of the document and to delivery of copies of it. 406 Paragraph 14 provides for proof of title by certificate issued by the Secretary of State. 407 Paragraph 15 provides that the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 apply to the transfer under a transfer scheme of rights or liabilities under a contract of employment. Paragraph 16 provides that where an employee of the transferor becomes an employee of the transferee the period of employment with the transferor is to be treated as a period of employment of the transferee and the transfer is not to be treated as a break in service. 408 Paragraph 17 allows for modification of a transfer scheme within three years of the vesting of a transfer, provided it is agreed by the transferor and transferee and approved by the Secretary of State. 409 Paragraph 18 disapplies certain provisions of the Companies Act 2006 (distributions), together with rules of law relating to distributions or the maintenance of capital by companies, in relation to transfers by or under a transfer scheme. 410 Paragraph 19 provides that in relation to anything done by or under a transfer scheme the Secretary of State, the Treasury, anyone employed by or acting on their behalf or their nominees are not to be regarded as shadow directors of a transferor or transferee. 411 The purpose of this schedule is to ensure that the restructuring of the Royal Mail group enabled by Part 1 of the Act does not give rise to unintended tax consequences. Paragraphs 1 and 2 refer to the transfer of securities of subsidiaries of Royal Mail Holdings to the Secretary of State, the Treasury, a nominee of either of them, or a company wholly owned by the Crown. Paragraphs 3-6 apply to the transfers of property, rights and liabilities under the transfer schemes as set out in Schedule 1. Paragraphs 7 and 8 refer to the transfer of securities of Royal Mail Holdings or a subsidiary of Royal Mail Holdings where the Crown owns 51% of the company immediately before the disposal. 412 Paragraph 1(1) sets out the circumstances in which paragraph 1 applies and paragraph 1(2) provides that such a disposal will be treated as a no gain/no loss disposal for capital gains purposes. Paragraphs 1(3) and 1(4) prevent degrouping charges arising for the purposes of corporation tax on chargeable gains and stamp duty land tax, as a result of such a disposal. Paragraph 1(5) ensures that stamp duty will not be chargeable as a result of the disposal. 413 Paragraph 2 ensures that the effect of paragraph 1 will not prevent a degrouping charge arising if the subsidiary leaves a new group as a result of a subsequent disposal of securities of the subsidiary. 414 Paragraph 3 defines a “relevant transfer”, “transferor” and “transferee” with regard to the provisions in paragraphs 4-6 which relate to the transfer of property, rights and liabilities by Schedule 1 transfer schemes 415 Paragraph 4 ensures that a relevant transfer is treated as a no gain/no loss transfer for capital gains purposes. 416 Paragraph 5 provides continuity of treatment for corporation tax purposes in relation to the transfer of loans. 417 Paragraph 6(1) treats a transfer of a chargeable intangible asset as tax neutral for corporation tax purposes. Paragraph 6(2) disapplies transfer pricing rules in relation to the transfer. Paragraph 6(3) prevents an asset created or acquired before 1 April 2002 from becoming a chargeable intangible asset of the transferee. 418 Paragraph 7(1) sets out the circumstances in which paragraph 7(2) applies and paragraph 7(2) prevents degrouping charges arising for the purposes of corporation tax on chargeable gains and stamp duty land tax, as a result of such a disposal. 419 Paragraph 8 ensures that the effect of paragraph 7 will not prevent a degrouping charge arising if Royal Mail Holdings or a subsidiary leaves a new group as a result of a subsequent disposal of securities of Royal Mail Holdings or the subsidiary 420 Paragraph 1 introduces Part 1 of the Schedule and states that access conditions of the kind set out in Part 1 may by imposed. 421 Paragraph 2 provides that an access condition may include provision relating to the terms and conditions, on which a person is willing to offer access, or require such modifications as OFCOM may direct to any offer of access. 422 Paragraph 3 provides that an access condition may include provision imposing such price controls as OFCOM may direct. An access condition may also impose rules about the identification of costs and rules about the use of cost accounting systems. An access condition may also impose an obligation to have compliance with those systems audited annually by a qualified independent auditor, including meeting the costs of the audit, and an obligation to adjust prices following a direction from OFCOM. 423 Paragraph 4 provides that an access condition may include provision requiring the application of presumptions in the fixing or determining costs and charges for the purposes of price control set out in paragraph 3. 424 Paragraph 5 sets out the publication and information requirements that may form part of an access condition which imposes rules on the use of cost accounting systems. 425 Paragraph 6 makes provision for access requirements to be imposed on another person, other than the postal operator, where the access required is subject to an arrangement between the postal operator and that person and the access requires that person’s agreement. However, such requirements can not have the effect of requiring that person to do more than they would otherwise be required to do. 426 Paragraph 7 provides that, where an access condition requires accounting separation, the condition may provide for the separation to be maintained for different services, facilities or products (including those provided in different areas) and may impose requirements about the accounting methods to be used. 427 Paragraph 8 provides that an access condition may include a restriction on the use for any other purpose of information which is obtained in connection with the giving of access. 428 Paragraph 9 provides that an access condition may set time limits for compliance. 429 Paragraph 10 provides that an access condition may include provision for securing fairness and reasonableness when dealing with requests for access. 430 Paragraph 11 provides that an access condition may include a requirement of non-discrimination in relation to the giving of access. 431 Paragraph 12 provides that an access condition may include a requirement to publish all such information as OFCOM directs, for transparency in access matters, or the terms and condition on which the person is willing to offer access. 432 Under Paragraphs 13 to 15, postal operators and users may refer disputes concerning the terms and conditions of access, including price, to OFCOM who will decide if it is appropriate from them to handle the dispute. If OFCOM does handle the dispute it must consider the dispute and make a binding determination for resolving it as soon as reasonably practicable. 433 Paragraph 16 sets out the powers that may be exercised by OFCOM when making a determination. OFCOM’s powers include: (a) setting out the rights and obligations of parties (b) fixing the terms or conditions of transactions between parties (c) imposing an obligation on parties to enter into a transaction on the terms and conditions fixed by OFCOM (d) requiring the payment, by way of an adjustment, of an underpayment or overpayment (e) requiring a party to a dispute to pay another parties costs and expenses incurred in connection with the dispute (f) ) requiring a party to a dispute to pay OFCOM’s costs in frivolous or vexations cases. 434 Paragraph 17 stipulates that the resolution of access dispute procedure is the procedure OFCOM considers appropriate. OFCOM must send a copy of their determination, and statement of reasons, to every party to the dispute and must publish so much of their determination as they consider appropriate (having regard in particular to commercial confidentiality). 435 Paragraph 18 provides that a reference to OFCOM does not prevent a person from bringing other legal proceedings. OFCOM is not prevented by a reference from exercising their powers. 436 Paragraph 19 provides that, where a dispute has been referred to OFCOM, OFCOM may require information to be provided to them. 437 Paragraph 1 provides that a postal operator providing services within the scope of the universal postal service must pay OFCOM any applicable administrative charge fixed by OFCOM. OFCOM can only fix an administrative charge if they have set out in a statement the principles they propose to apply in determining charges. The principles must be such that on OFCOM’s estimates the total amount payable (from all operators combined) each year meets but does not exceed OFCOM’s costs of carrying out their postal functions. OFCOM may impose different charges on different operators. 438 Paragraph 1 further provides that at the end of each charging year OFCOM must publish a financial statement setting out total charges received that year, total charges outstanding that year, and cost to OFCOM of carrying out their postal service functions. Any surplus or deficit is to be carried forward and taken into account in determining charges for the following year. 439 Paragraph 2 defines OFCOM’s postal services functions for the purposes of paragraph 1. Those functions extend to incidental functions (as defined by paragraph 2(3)), including any preparatory or facilitatory steps taken by OFCOM before as well as after the Act comes into force (as provided for in paragraph 2(4)). 440 Paragraph 3 provides for the procedure under which a charge is to be fixed by OFCOM under paragraph 1. 441 Paragraph 4 provides that OFCOM may only bring proceedings against a person for recovery of a charge imposed under paragraph 1 if they have given the person notification, in accordance with the procedure set out, of the amount they are seeking to recover. OFCOM must also specify the period that the person has to make representations about the notification and to pay the outstanding amount. The period must be at least one month, but it can be shorter if the two parties agree. It can also be shorter if OFCOM believe the contravention is a repeated one and they have determined that under such circumstances a shorter period would be appropriate. OFCOM may also allow a longer period. 442 Under paragraph 6, OFCOM may impose a penalty on a person acting in contravention of a requirement to pay a charge as outlined under paragraph 1 and the procedures detailed under paragraph 4 have been followed, and the person has still not paid the outstanding amount. 443 The amount of the penalty is to be determined by OFCOM and must be appropriate and proportionate to the contravention. It cannot be more than twice the charge fixed for the year in relation to which the contravention occurred. In determining the amount OFCOM must have regard to representations made by the person and to any steps the person has taken towards paying the outstanding amounts. 444 If OFCOM decide to impose a penalty they must notify the person within one week of making their decision and fix a period by which the penalty is to be paid. 445 Under paragraph 7 OFCOM may give a direction to a contravening operator to suspend or restrict their services. 446 For this to happen four conditions must be met. The first is that the contravening operator is or has been in serious and repeated (as provided for in paragraph 8(7)) contravention of requirements to pay charges. The second is that the bringing of proceedings for the recovery of amounts outstanding has not secured compliance by the contravening operator and has no reasonable prospect of doing so. The third is that the imposition of penalties under paragraph 6 failed to secure compliance. And the fourth is that giving the direction is appropriate and proportionate to the seriousness of the contraventions. 447 Paragraph 8 explains that such a direction will be for an indefinite period unless otherwise stated. 448 A direction may also impose such conditions on the operator as appear to OFCOM to be appropriate to protect users of the operator’s services. These may require making compensation payments for loss or damage, or for inconvenience. OFCOM may only give the direction if they have notified the contravening operator, provided the operator with an opportunity of making representations and proposals as to how to remedy the situation, and considered those representations. The period for this must be at least one month. 449 OFCOM may revoke a direction if they consider it appropriate. 450 Under paragraph 9 a person commits an offence if they provide a service while the entitlement to do so is suspended by a direction under paragraph 7 or in contravention of restriction contained in that direction. 451 If a person is guilty of an offence then they are liable to a fine on conviction. 452 This Schedule sets out the considerations OFCOM must have regard to deciding whether to approve a redress scheme for the purposes of section 52. These include the scheme’s provisions, how it will operate, the interests of users of postal services, and best practice in relation to schemes for providing redress to consumers. It further sets out certain requirements for a redress scheme, namely that it must be open to all postal operators, that the independent adjudicator may require members to provide complainants with the minimum types of redress (which include apologies and compensation), and that it must make satisfactory provision about other matters including what complaints may be considered and the independent adjudicator’s powers. Redress schemes may make provision for the expulsion of their members. OFCOM may determine the manner for approval of a redress scheme and OFCOM must be notified of any changes to the scheme. There are also provisions regarding applications for approval and the processes that OFCOM must follow in refusing or withdrawing approval of a redress scheme. 453 Paragraph 1 provides that OFCOM can only impose or modify a regulatory condition if they are satisfied that this is objectively justifiable, non-discriminatory, proportionate to the intent, and transparent. 454 Paragraph 2 states that the power of OFCOM to impose a regulatory condition includes powers to make directions, consent, approvals and recommendations, discretions, different provisions for different cases, and revocation and modification. 455 Paragraph 3 sets out that the procedure for imposing, modifying or revoking a regulatory condition. OFCOM must publish a notification setting out its intention to impose, modify or revoke a regulatory condition, setting out the effect and giving its reasons for making the proposal and giving at least one month for the making of representations. OFCOM must consider every representation about the proposal and have regard to every international obligation notified to them by the Secretary of State. The publication of the notification must be in a manner which brings its contents to the attention of the persons who are likely to be affected by its contents, in the case of a designated USP condition, a USP access condition or USP accounting condition, or to the attention of such persons as OFCOM consider appropriate, in any other case. 456 Paragraph 4 provides that directions, approvals or consents for the purpose of imposing a regulatory condition are subject to similar provisions as apply to the imposition of conditions, as set out in paragraphs 1 to 3. 457 Paragraph 5 deals with the delivery of copies of notifications, directions, approvals or consents or modifications and withdrawals. The Secretary of State must receive a copy of any publication required under either paragraph 3 or 4. Additionally, with respect to a designated USP condition or general universal service condition, a copy of must be sent to the European Commission. The responsibility of sending any copy rests with the person who has published it or has given, modified or withdrawn it unless it relates to a proposal published by OFCOM under paragraph 4, in which case OFCOM have the duty. 458 This Schedule provides for the enforcement of regulatory requirements imposed on postal operators (or those party to an arrangement through which access is required as a result of paragraph 6 of Schedule 3) by OFCOM. A regulatory requirement means any regulatory conditions imposed under Part 3 of the Act, as well as directions in relation to schemes about the terms and conditions for the provision of postal services (section 89A of the Postal Services Act 2000), directions in relation to the Postcode Address File (under section 116(2A) of the Postal Services Act 2000) and in relation to the enforcement of requirements to give information to the National Consumer Council (section 25(5) of the Consumers, Estate Agents and Redress Act 2007). 459 Paragraphs 2 to 4 provide for contravention notifications. OFCOM may give a notification that they have reasonable grounds to believe a person is contravening or has contravened a regulatory requirement. A notification must specify a period giving the person notified the opportunity to make representations, comply and remedy the consequences. That period must be one month, or less than a month by agreement, because of repeated contravention, or because the case is urgent, and OFCOM may also specify a longer period. OFCOM may give a further notification for the same contravention only if certain conditions are met. OFCOM may not give a notification if they decide that the more appropriate way of proceeding would be under the Competition Act 1998. 460 The Schedule provides for various sanctions for contraventions and a power to deal with urgent cases in case of contravention. 461 Paragraph 5 provide for enforcement notifications, where a contravention notification has been given, OFCOM have allowed an opportunity for representations, and the period for representations has ended. OFCOM may give an enforcement notification if they are satisfied that the person is in contravention and steps have not been taken for complying with the requirement and remedying the consequences of the contravention. This requires the person notified to comply with requirements and/or take remedial steps. There is a duty to comply with the notification, which is enforceable in civil proceedings. 462 As set out in paragraphs 6 and 7, OFCOM may impose, in addition to an enforcement notification, a penalty on a person who has been given a contravention notification, when OFCOM have allowed an opportunity for representations, and the period for representations has ended. Penalties must be appropriate, proportionate and not more than 10% of turnover of the person’s postal services business for the relevant period, calculated in accordance with rules made in order by the Secretary of State. Such an order is subject to affirmative resolution procedure. OFCOM must have regard to representations made by that person and any steps taken to comply or remedy the consequences of the contravention. 463 Paragraphs 8 to 10 relate to the power to deal with urgent cases. A case is urgent if the contravention results in or creates a serious threat to the safety of the public, to public health or to national security, or serious economic or operational problems for other postal operators or users. OFCOM can give a direction suspending or restricting the entitlement of the contravening person to provide postal services. In doing so, OFCOM may also impose conditions appropriate to protect users of the contravening person, including making payments for compensation. If there is a direction in an urgent case, an opportunity for making representations and for proposing remedial steps must be given as soon as reasonably practicable after making the direction. At the end of that period, OFCOM must determine whether there was a contravention and whether treating the case as urgent was justified. If so, then OFCOM may then confirm the direction. If not OFCOM must modify or revoke the direction. 464 Under paragraphs 11 to 14, OFCOM may give a direction to suspend or restrict the entitlement of a contravening person to provide postal services. OFCOM may give a direction under these paragraphs only if: (a) the contravening person has been or is in serious or repeated breach, (b) a previous attempt (through an enforcement notification or penalty) to secure compliance has failed and (c) it is appropriate and proportionate. A direction may impose conditions, including payments for compensation. Before giving a direction OFCOM must notify the contravening person, give an opportunity to make representations and propose remedying the situation, and must consider every representation. OFCOM must give one month’s minimum notice, except in urgent cases. 465 In relation to urgent cases or suspension or restriction of the entitlement of providing postal services, a person is guilty of an offence if it provides any service while it is suspended or in contravention of the restrictions imposed. 466 The duty to comply with regulatory requirements or requirements imposed by an enforcement notification, a suspension direction or a direction for urgent cases is owed to every person who may be affected by a contravention of it. A breach of that duty that causes loss or damage, or an act which intentionally causes the breach of that duty and results in loss and damages, is actionable. It is a defence for the contravening persons to show they took all reasonable steps and exercised all due diligence. Bringing proceedings for contravening the underlying regulatory obligation requires the consent of OFCOM. 467 Paragraph 1 enables OFCOM to require information necessary to carry out their functions from current or former postal operators, those providing facilities or access points or who have provided them, or any other persons who appear to OFCOM to have information required by OFCOM to pursue their functions in relation to postal services. It gives examples of the purposes for which the information would be required. 468 Paragraph 2 limits the circumstances where OFCOM may require information for the purpose of ascertaining whether there is, or has been, a contravention of a condition of general application, which are defined as a regulatory condition other than a designated USP condition, a USP condition or a USP accounting condition. OFCOM must have had a complaint, have decided to carry out an investigation, have reason to suspect a contravention, or be considering universal service burden sharing directions. 469 Paragraph 3 enables OFCOM to require information to carry out comparative overviews of the quality and prices of postal services, and for statistical purposes. 470 Information required by OFCOM to carry out their functions or related purposes must be provided in the manner and within a reasonable period specified by OFCOM, and OFCOM must describe what the information is and why it is required. Such demand for information must be contained in a notice, except where information is required by OFCOM to ascertain who is liable to administrative charges payable as a result of Schedule 4. 471 Under paragraphs 5 and 6, if OFCOM have reasonable grounds for believing that a person is contravening an information demand, they may give that person a notification. The notification must set out the determination and the requirement and contravention in question, and specify the period for making representations and for complying. This period must be at least one month, unless OFCOM and the person notified agree a shorter period, or OFCOM believes there is a repeated contravention and OFCOM considers a shorter period is appropriate. OFCOM may also extend this period. A notification may deal with more than one contravention. OFCOM may give a further notification in respect of the same contravention only in certain circumstances. 472 Paragraph 7 enables OFCOM to impose a penalty when a notification of contravention of information requirements has been given and not complied with. The penalty can be up to £50,000. The Secretary of State may substitute a different maximum amount by order. This order is subject to affirmative resolution procedure. 473 Paragraphs 8 to 11 enable OFCOM to give a direction to suspend or restrict the entitlement of a contravening person to provide postal services. OFCOM may give a direction only if: (a) the contravening person has been or is in serious or repeated breach (b) a previous attempt to secure compliance has failed and (c) it is appropriate and proportionate. A direction may impose conditions, including payments for compensation. Before giving a direction OFCOM must notify the contravening person, give an opportunity to make representations and propose remedying the situation, and consider every representation and give one month’s minimum notice, except in urgent cases (which are provided for in paragraph 11). 474 Under paragraph 12, it is an offence for a person to provide a service when entitlement to do so is suspended or restricted, punishable by a fine. 475 Paragraph 13 provides that it is an offence to fail to provide information in accordance with a requirement, punishable by a fine. An offence is not committed if it was not reasonably practicable to comply or reasonable steps have been taken. It is an offence to provide false information knowingly or recklessly, punishable by a fine and to imprisonment for no more than two years. 476 Paragraph 14 requires OFCOM to publish a statement of their general policy on the exercise of their information powers and the uses to which they propose to put information obtained by them. 477 Under paragraph 15, OFCOM must comply within one week with requests by persons as to whether they need to notify OFCOM before they carry on postal services, whether the person’s notification satisfies the relevant requirements, and information about the person’s rights in relation to access negotiation. 478 Schedule 9 enables OFCOM to carry out certain functions during the transitional period. The transitional period is the period between the day the Act is passed and the date when OFCOM take on responsibility for postal regulation, when the provisions of Part 3 of the Act generally come into force. 479 Paragraph 2 provides that until the first universal postal service order is made by OFCOM, the universal service is defined by reference to section 4 of the Postal Services Act 2000 (defining the universal service), and services within the scope of the universal service are decided by reference to section 7A of the Postal Services Act 2000, which describes the services not outside the scope of the universal postal service prior to the day the Act is passed. Paragraph 2 also makes clear that, during the transitional period, the duty to secure the provision of the universal postal service (section 28) applies to Postcomm as well as OFCOM. 480 Under paragraph 3 OFCOM may designate provisionally one or more universal service provider, but any such designation ceases to have effect when the first designation is made under section 35. 481 Under paragraph 4, OFCOM must determine before the end of the transitional period the regulatory conditions applying to postal operators when Part 3 of the Act generally comes into force. These “initial conditions” must be similar to the current licence conditions for either the designated universal service provider or other operators, save where they appear to OFCOM unnecessary to maintain the current conditions. The general test for imposing regulatory conditions (paragraph 1 of Schedule 6) applies subject to this requirement that initial conditions must be similar to those in place before the Act comes into force generally, save where they appear unnecessary. 482 Paragraph 5 provides that OFCOM may impose conditions ("transitory conditions") which replicate existing licence conditions, which they would otherwise not be able to do under Part 3. This paragraph also provides that transitory conditions are automatically revoked when the first universal service order is made, and that references to ‘initial conditions’ in paragraph 4 includes ‘transitory conditions’. 483 Paragraph 6 provides that any modifications to initial conditions must not result in conditions that could not have been imposed under Part 2 of the Postal Services Act 2000. The procedures under Schedule 6 (relating to the imposition, modification or revocation of conditions), Schedule 7 (enforcement of regulatory conditions) and under sections 57-59 (appeals) apply to the imposition of initial conditions. This paragraph, other than when revoking a transitory condition, also generally applies to transitory conditions. 484 Paragraph 7 provides that, in the first year that OFCOM recovers its charges under Schedule 4, OFCOM must prepare a statement of principles that they are proposing to apply in fixing administrative charges but that, for that first year, there is no requirement for OFCOM to have the statement in place at the start of the year or at the time the charges are fixed. 485 Paragraph 8 gives the Secretary of State power to make an order amending a provision in the universal service provider’s licence to extend a volume adjuster mechanism to allow a volume forecast index to continue to an index year ending 31 March 2012. The order made by the Secretary of State may adopt a forecast figure which has been produced by Postcomm using the same methods as used by it to determine the forecast figures for the index years currently set out in the licence condition. Before making the Order, the Secretary of State must consult the universal service provider and such other persons as he considers appropriate for a period of 21 days, and consider representations that might be received. 486 Paragraphs 9, 10 and 11 provide that, during the transitional period, the provisions relating to the universal postal service order, the designation of a universal service provider, and the imposition of conditions apply to the extent necessary for OFCOM to be able to work on those matters. This work includes market assessment and consultation. The provisions in relation to information provision (section 55 and Schedule 8) also apply to the extent necessary for OFCOM to carry out their functions during or after the transitional period. The provisions of section 56 (general restriction on disclosure of information) have effect accordingly. 487 Paragraphs 12 and 13 provide that OFCOM can rely on any work conducted by or in relation to Postcomm prior to the passing of the Act and that, during the transitional period, Postcomm must consult OFCOM before doing anything with a view to modifying or revoking a licence condition. 488 Paragraph 14 gives OFCOM the power to take forward in any way they see fit (including discontinuing) legal proceedings or other action begun by Postcomm in respect of licence condition contraventions (or anything that Postcomm considered might be a contravention) under Part 2 of the Postal Services Act 2000. Furthermore, Paragraph 15 gives OFCOM the power, after repeal of that Part, to begin legal proceedings themselves (or to do anything else they consider appropriate) if they believe a person contravened a licence condition prior to that repeal. 489 This Schedule contains provisions applying the provisions of Schedule B1 to the Insolvency Act 1986, and certain other enactments, to a postal administration (see Section 73). Schedule B1 of the Insolvency Act 1986 sets out the framework for administrations conducted under that Act. Schedule 10 is divided into 3 parts: Part 1: Modifications of Schedule B1 to 1986 Act This Part makes modifications to a number of paragraphs in Schedule B1 to adapt them to the postal administration regime established by Part 4 of the Act. It makes general modifications e.g. where the Schedule B1 uses the term "administrator", that is to be read as "postal administrator", and further specific modifications where a simple substitution of words is not sufficient. Part 2: Further modifications of Schedule B1 to 1986 Act: foreign companies This part makes further modifications to Schedule B1 to adapt that Schedule as it applies to foreign companies. In particular, section 68(4) provides that a postal administration in respect of a foreign company only affects that company's UK affairs, business and property.   This Part makes modification to Schedule B1 to give effect to that limitation. Part 3: Other modifications This Part makes further modifications, both general and specific to provisions elsewhere in the Insolvency Act and in other legislation that refers to administrations.  Specific modifications are made to the provisions of the Insolvency Act 1986 relating to company voluntary arrangements so that these do not interfere with the conduct of a postal administration. 490 Paragraph 32 grants the Secretary of State a power to amend Schedule 10 by adding further modifications to the provisions of insolvency law having effect in the case of foreign companies (defined in section 85(1) as a company incorporated outside the United Kingdom). 491 Paragraph 46 grants the Secretary of State the power to amend Part 3 of Schedule 10 by adding further modifications of insolvency law where the Secretary of State considers the modifications appropriate in relation to the postal administration regime in Part 4. 492 This Schedule contains provisions for transfer schemes to achieve the objective of a postal administration (see Section 73). 493 The Schedule sets out the content, effect and process for transfer schemes that can be made under section 69(3) where the postal administrator transfers a universal service provider’s undertaking or part of their undertaking to another company or several companies. The transfer may include any of the property, rights or liabilities of the universal service provider. This could include mail operations such as mail centres or delivery offices as well as the transfer of contracts or leases involving vehicles and machinery. It may be the case that all the property etc is transferred to one company (or divided up between several). All transfers are subject to veto or amendment by the Secretary of State. 494 Paragraphs 1 to 3 of Schedule 11 enable a universal service provider (through its postal administrator) to make a scheme or schemes for the transfer of property, rights and liabilities to a new company subject to the approval of the Secretary of State, who in turn must consult OFCOM. The Secretary of State can also modify transfer schemes (paragraph 4). 495 Paragraphs 5 and 6 set out what is covered by property, rights and liabilities and paragraph 7 allows for dividing these so that those relating to the universal postal service could, where appropriate, be split from those for non-universal postal services. It also allows for the creation of new rights and liabilities. 496 Paragraph 8 permits the new company to be treated as having been designated by OFCOM as a universal service provider and provides for the transfer of obligations under regulatory conditions from the old company to the new company. 497 Paragraph 9 permits the transfer of statutory functions, e.g. those relating to the acquisition of land, to a new company or for those functions to be carried out concurrently by the old and the new company. 498 Paragraphs 11 to 18 deal with a number of matters which provide for the smooth transition of property, rights etc from the universal service provider to the new company. These set out for example that the new company may be treated as the same person in law as the old company and references in agreements, instruments etc in relation to the old company can be treated as if these were to the new company. They include (at paragraph 15) a provision that a postal transfer scheme may contain provision for the payment of compensation to third parties if their property, rights, interests or liabilities have been affected by (or as a result of) a postal transfer scheme. 499 Paragraphs 19 and 20 deal with the transfer of employees and paragraph 21 deals with the case where the old company is a foreign company. 500 Paragraph 22 deals with the situation where there are two or more postal transfer schemes making transfers to new companies. 501 Part 1 of this Schedule contains minor and consequential amendments to the Postal Services Act 2000. 502 Part 2 of this Schedule contains minor and consequential amendments to the Communications Act 2003. 503 Part 3 of this Schedule contains minor and consequential amendments to other enactments. 3 http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/business-sectors/postal-services/postal-services-bill-2010