Part 6

Cartel offence

Cartel offence

Cartel offence
188
1
An individual is guilty of an offence if he ... agrees with one or more other persons to make or implement, or to cause to be made or implemented, arrangements of the following kind relating to at least two undertakings (A and B).
2
The arrangements must be ones which, if operating as the parties to the agreement intend, would—
a
directly or indirectly fix a price for the supply by A in the United Kingdom (otherwise than to B) of a product or service,
b
limit or prevent supply by A in the United Kingdom of a product or service,
c
limit or prevent production by A in the United Kingdom of a product,
d
divide between A and B the supply in the United Kingdom of a product or service to a customer or customers,
e
divide between A and B customers for the supply in the United Kingdom of a product or service, or
f
be bid-rigging arrangements.
3
Unless subsection (2)(d), (e) or (f) applies, the arrangements must also be ones which, if operating as the parties to the agreement intend, would—
a
directly or indirectly fix a price for the supply by B in the United Kingdom (otherwise than to A) of a product or service,
b
limit or prevent supply by B in the United Kingdom of a product or service, or
c
limit or prevent production by B in the United Kingdom of a product.
4
In subsections (2)(a) to (d) and (3), references to supply or production are to supply or production in the appropriate circumstances (for which see section 189).
5
“Bid-rigging arrangements” are arrangements under which, in response to a request for bids for the supply of a product or service in the United Kingdom, or for the production of a product in the United Kingdom—
a
A but not B may make a bid, or
b
A and B may each make a bid but, in one case or both, only a bid arrived at in accordance with the arrangements.
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
“Undertaking” has the same meaning as in Part 1 of the 1998 Act.
8
This section is subject to section 188A.

Circumstances in which cartel offence not committed
188A
1
An individual does not commit an offence under section 188(1) if, under the arrangements—
a
in a case where the arrangements would (operating as the parties intend) affect the supply in the United Kingdom of a product or service, customers would be given relevant information about the arrangements before they enter into agreements for the supply to them of the product or service so affected,
b
in the case of bid-rigging arrangements, the person requesting bids would be given relevant information about them at or before the time when a bid is made, or
c
in any case, relevant information about the arrangements would be published, before the arrangements are implemented, in the manner specified at the time of the making of the agreement in an order made by the Secretary of State.
2
In subsection (1), “
relevant information
” means—
a
the names of the undertakings to which the arrangements relate,
b
a description of the nature of the arrangements which is sufficient to show why they are or might be arrangements of the kind to which section 188(1) applies,
c
the products or services to which they relate, and
d
such other information as may be specified in an order made by the Secretary of State.
3
An individual does not commit an offence under section 188(1) if the agreement is made in order to comply with a legal requirement.
4
In subsection (3), “
legal requirement
” has the same meaning as in paragraph 5 of Schedule 3 to the Competition Act 1998.
5
A power to make an order under this section—
a
is exercisable by statutory instrument,
b
may be exercised so as to make different provision for different cases or different purposes, and
c
includes power to make such incidental, supplementary, consequential, transitory, transitional or saving provision as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.
6
A statutory instrument containing an order under this section is subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.

Defences to commission of cartel offence
188B
1
In a case where the arrangements would (operating as the parties intend) affect the supply in the United Kingdom of a product or service, it is a defence for an individual charged with an offence under section 188(1) to show that, at the time of the making of the agreement, he or she did not intend that the nature of the arrangements would be concealed from customers at all times before they enter into agreements for the supply to them of the product or service.
2
It is a defence for an individual charged with an offence under section 188(1) to show that, at the time of the making of the agreement, he or she did not intend that the nature of the arrangements would be concealed from the CMA.
3
It is a defence for an individual charged with an offence under section 188(1) to show that, before the making of the agreement, he or she took reasonable steps to ensure that the nature of the arrangements would be disclosed to professional legal advisers for the purposes of obtaining advice about them before their making or (as the case may be) their implementation.

Cartel offence: supplementary
189
1
For section 188(2)(a), the appropriate circumstances are that A’s supply of the product or service would be at a level in the supply chain at which the product or service would at the same time be supplied by B in the United Kingdom.
2
For section 188(2)(b), the appropriate circumstances are that A’s supply of the product or service would be at a level in the supply chain—
a
at which the product or service would at the same time be supplied by B in the United Kingdom, or
b
at which supply by B in the United Kingdom of the product or service would be limited or prevented by the arrangements.
3
For section 188(2)(c), the appropriate circumstances are that A’s production of the product would be at a level in the production chain—
a
at which the product would at the same time be produced by B in the United Kingdom, or
b
at which production by B in the United Kingdom of the product would be limited or prevented by the arrangements.
4
For section 188(2)(d), the appropriate circumstances are that A’s supply of the product or service would be at the same level in the supply chain as B’s.
5
For section 188(3)(a), the appropriate circumstances are that B’s supply of the product or service would be at a level in the supply chain at which the product or service would at the same time be supplied by A in the United Kingdom.
6
For section 188(3)(b), the appropriate circumstances are that B’s supply of the product or service would be at a level in the supply chain—
a
at which the product or service would at the same time be supplied by A in the United Kingdom, or
b
at which supply by A in the United Kingdom of the product or service would be limited or prevented by the arrangements.
7
For section 188(3)(c), the appropriate circumstances are that B’s production of the product would be at a level in the production chain—
a
at which the product would at the same time be produced by A in the United Kingdom, or
b
at which production by A in the United Kingdom of the product would be limited or prevented by the arrangements.

Cartel offence: penalty and prosecution
190
1
A person guilty of an offence under section 188 is liable—
a
on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to a fine, or to both;
b
on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum, or to both.
2
In England and Wales and Northern Ireland, proceedings for an offence under section 188 may be instituted only—
a
by the Director of the Serious Fraud Office, or
b
by or with the consent of the CMA.
3
No proceedings may be brought for an offence under section 188 in respect of an agreement outside the United Kingdom, unless it has been implemented in whole or in part in the United Kingdom.
4
Where, for the purpose of the investigation or prosecution of offences under section 188, the CMA gives a person written notice under this subsection, no proceedings for an offence under section 188 that falls within a description specified in the notice may be brought against that person in England and Wales or Northern Ireland except in circumstances specified in the notice.

Cartel offence: prosecution guidance
190A
1
The CMA must prepare and publish guidance on the principles to be applied in determining, in any case, whether proceedings for an offence under section 188(1) should be instituted.
2
The CMA may at any time issue revised or new guidance.
3
Guidance published by the CMA under this section is to be published in such manner as it considers appropriate.
4
In preparing guidance under this section the CMA must consult—
a
the Director of the Serious Fraud Office;
b
the Lord Advocate; and
c
such other persons as it considers appropriate.

Extradition
191. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Criminal investigations by OFT

Investigation of offences under section 188
192
1
The CMA may conduct an investigation if there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that an offence under section 188 has been committed.
2
The powers of the CMA under sections 193 and 194 are exercisable, but only for the purposes of an investigation under subsection (1), in any case where it appears to the CMA that there is good reason to exercise them for the purpose of investigating the affairs, or any aspect of the affairs, of any person (“the person under investigation”).

Powers when conducting an investigation
193
1
The CMA may by notice in writing require the person under investigation, or any other person who it has reason to believe has relevant information, to answer questions, or otherwise provide information, with respect to any matter relevant to the investigation at a specified place and either at a specified time or forthwith.
2
The CMA may by notice in writing require the person under investigation, or any other person, to produce, at a specified place and either at a specified time or forthwith, specified documents, or documents of a specified description, which appear to the CMA to relate to any matter relevant to the investigation.
3
If any such documents are produced, the CMA may—
a
take copies or extracts from them;
b
require the person producing them to provide an explanation of any of them.
4
If any such documents are not produced, the CMA may require the person who was required to produce them to state, to the best of his knowledge and belief, where they are.
5
A notice under subsection (1) or (2) must indicate—
a
the subject matter and purpose of the investigation; and
b
the nature of the offences created by section 201.

Power to enter premises under a warrant
194
1
On an application made to it by the CMA or, in Scotland, the procurator fiscal, the appropriate body may issue a warrant if it is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for believing—
a
that there are on or accessible from any premises documents which the CMA has power under section 193 to require to be produced for the purposes of an investigation; and
b
that—
i
a person has failed to comply with a requirement under that section to produce the documents;
ii
it is not practicable to serve a notice under that section in relation to them; or
iii
the service of such a notice in relation to them might seriously prejudice the investigation.
1A
In subsection (1), “
appropriate body
” means—
a
in England and Wales and Northern Ireland, the High Court or the Competition Appeal Tribunal;
b
in Scotland, the sheriff.
2
A warrant under this section shall authorise a named officer of the CMA, and any other officers of the CMA whom the CMA has authorised in writing to accompany the named officer—
a
to enter the premises, using such force as is reasonably necessary for the purpose;
b
to search the premises and—
i
take possession of any documents appearing to be of the relevant kind, or
ii
take, in relation to any documents appearing to be of the relevant kind, any other steps which may appear to be necessary for preserving them or preventing interference with them;
c
to require any person to provide an explanation of any document appearing to be of the relevant kind or to state, to the best of his knowledge and belief, where it may be found;
d
to require any information which is stored in any electronic form and is accessible from the premises ... to be produced in a form—
i
in which it can be taken away, and
ii
in which it is visible and legible or from which it can readily be produced in a visible and legible form.
e
to operate any equipment found on the premises for the purposes of producing such information in such a form;
f
to require any person on the premises to give the named officer any assistance the named officer may reasonably require (including for the purposes of paragraphs (d) and
(e)
);
g
to take copies of, or seize, anything produced in accordance with paragraph (d) or
(e)
which the named officer considers relates to any matter relevant to the investigation.
3
Documents are of the relevant kind if they are of a kind in respect of which the application under subsection (1) was granted.
4
A warrant under this section may authorise persons specified in the warrant to accompany the named officer who is executing it.
4A
An application for a warrant under this section must be made—
a
in the case of an application to the High Court or the sheriff, in accordance with rules of court;
b
in the case of an application to the Competition Appeal Tribunal, in accordance with rules made under section 15.
5
In Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (c. 16) (powers of seizure to which section 50 of that Act applies), after paragraph 73 there is inserted—

Enterprise Act 2002
73B
The power of seizure conferred by section 194(2) of the Enterprise Act 2002 (seizure of documents for the purposes of an investigation under section 192(1) of that Act).

Exercise of powers by authorised person
195
1
The CMA may authorise any competent person who is not an officer of the CMA to exercise on its behalf all or any of the powers conferred by section 193 or 194.
2
No such authority may be granted except for the purpose of investigating the affairs, or any aspect of the affairs, of a person specified in the authority.
3
No person is bound to comply with any requirement imposed by a person exercising powers by virtue of any authority granted under this section unless he has, if required to do so, produced evidence of his authority.

Privileged information etc.
196
1
A person may not under section 193 or 194 be required to disclose any information or produce any document which he would be entitled to refuse to disclose or produce on grounds of legal professional privilege in proceedings in the High Court, except that a lawyer may be required to provide the name and address of his client.
2
A person may not under section 193 or 194 be required to disclose any information or produce any document in respect of which he owes an obligation of confidence by virtue of carrying on any banking business unless—
a
the person to whom the obligation of confidence is owed consents to the disclosure or production; or
b
the CMA has authorised the making of the requirement.
2A
Nothing in section 194 authorises an officer to produce or take possession of, or make copies of or take extracts from, anything which, by virtue of subsections (1) or (2), a person could not be required to disclose or produce under section 193 or 194.
3
In the application of this section to Scotland, the reference in subsection (1)—
a
to proceedings in the High Court is to be read as a reference to legal proceedings generally; and
b
to an entitlement on grounds of legal professional privilege is to be read as a reference to an entitlement by virtue of any rule of law whereby—
i
communications between a professional legal adviser and his client, or
ii
communications made in connection with or in contemplation of legal proceedings and for the purposes of those proceedings,
are in such proceedings protected from disclosure on the ground of confidentiality.

Restriction on use of statements in court
197
1
A statement by a person in response to a requirement imposed by virtue of section 193 or 194 may only be used in evidence against him—
a
on a prosecution for an offence under section 201(2); or
b
on a prosecution for some other offence where in giving evidence he makes a statement inconsistent with it.
2
However, the statement may not be used against that person by virtue of paragraph (b) of subsection (1) unless evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, by or on behalf of that person in the proceedings arising out of the prosecution.

Use of statements obtained under Competition Act 1998
198
In the 1998 Act, after section 30 there is inserted—

Use of statements in prosecution
30A
A statement made by a person in response to a requirement imposed by virtue of any of sections 26 to 28 may not be used in evidence against him on a prosecution for an offence under section 188 of the Enterprise Act 2002 unless, in the proceedings—
a
in giving evidence, he makes a statement inconsistent with it, and
b
evidence relating to it is adduced, or a question relating to it is asked, by him or on his behalf.

Surveillance powers
199
1
The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (c. 23) is amended as follows.
2
In section 32 (authorisation of intrusive surveillance)—
a
after subsection (3) there is inserted—
3A
In the case of an authorisation granted by the chairman of the OFT, the authorisation is necessary on grounds falling within subsection (3) only if it is necessary for the purpose of preventing or detecting an offence under section 188 of the Enterprise Act 2002 (cartel offence).
;
b
in subsection (6) after paragraph (m) there is inserted
; and
n
the chairman of the OFT.
3
In section 33 (rules for grant of authorisations) after subsection (4) there is inserted—
4A
The chairman of the OFT shall not grant an authorisation for the carrying out of intrusive surveillance except on an application made by an officer of the OFT.
4
In subsection (5)(a) of that section, after “officer” there is inserted “ or the chairman or an officer of the OFT ”.
5
In section 34 (grant of authorisation in the senior officer’s absence)—
a
in subsection (1)(a), after “or by” there is inserted “ an officer of the OFT or ”;
b
in subsection (2)(a), after “may be,” there is inserted “ as chairman of the OFT or ”;
c
in subsection (4), after paragraph (l) there is inserted—
m
a person is entitled to act for the chairman of the OFT if he is an officer of the OFT designated by it for the purposes of this paragraph as a person entitled so to act in an urgent case.
6
In section 35 (notification of authorisations for intrusive surveillance)—
a
in subsections (1) and (10), for “or customs” there is substituted “ , customs or OFT ”;
b
in subsection (10), after paragraph (b) there is inserted—
ba
the chairman of the OFT; or
;
c
in paragraph (c) of that subsection, at the end there is inserted “ or for a person falling within paragraph (ba). ”
7
In section 36 (approval required for authorisations to take effect)—
a
in subsection (1), after paragraph (d) there is inserted
; or
e
an officer of the OFT.
;
b
in subsection (6), after paragraph (g) there is inserted
; and
h
where the authorisation was granted by the chairman of the OFT or a person entitled to act for him by virtue of section 34(4)(m), that chairman.
8
In section 37 (quashing of police and customs authorisations etc.) in subsection (1), after paragraph (d) there is inserted
; or
e
an officer of the OFT.
9
In section 40 (information to be provided to Surveillance Commissioners) after paragraph (d) there is inserted
, and
e
every officer of the OFT,
.
10
In section 46 (restrictions on authorisations extending to Scotland), in subsection (3), after paragraph (d) there is inserted—
da
the OFT;
.
11
In section 48 (interpretation of Part 2), in subsection (1), after the entry relating to “directed” and “intrusive” there is inserted—
“OFT” means the Office of Fair Trading;
.

Authorisation of action in respect of property
200
1
Part 3 of the Police Act 1997 (c. 50) (authorisation of action in respect of property) is amended as follows.
2
In section 93 (authorisation to interfere with property etc.)—
a
in subsection (1B), after “customs officer” there is inserted “ or an officer of the Office of Fair Trading ”;
b
after subsection (2A) there is inserted—
2AA
Where the authorising officer is the chairman of the Office of Fair Trading, the only purpose falling within subsection (2)(a) is the purpose of preventing or detecting an offence under section 188 of the Enterprise Act 2002.
;
c
in subsection (3), after paragraph (d) there is inserted
, or
e
if the authorising officer is within subsection (5)(i), by an officer of the Office of Fair Trading.
;
d
in subsection (5), after paragraph (h) there is inserted
; or
i
the chairman of the Office of Fair Trading.
3
In section 94 (authorisation given in absence of authorising officer) in subsection (2), after paragraph (f) there is inserted—
g
where the authorising officer is within paragraph (i) of that subsection, by an officer of the Office of Fair Trading designated by it for the purposes of this section.

Offences
201
1
Any person who without reasonable excuse fails to comply with a requirement imposed on him under section 193 or 194 is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale or to both.
2
A person who, in purported compliance with a requirement under section 193 or 194—
a
makes a statement which he knows to be false or misleading in a material particular; or
b
recklessly makes a statement which is false or misleading in a material particular,
is guilty of an offence.
3
A person guilty of an offence under subsection (2) is liable—
a
on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to a fine or to both; and
b
on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum, or to both.
4
Where any person—
a
knows or suspects that an investigation by the Serious Fraud Office or the CMA into an offence under section 188 is being or is likely to be carried out; and
b
falsifies, conceals, destroys or otherwise disposes of, or causes or permits the falsification, concealment, destruction or disposal of documents which he knows or suspects are or would be relevant to such an investigation,
he is guilty of an offence unless he proves that he had no intention of concealing the facts disclosed by the documents from the persons carrying out such an investigation.
5
A person guilty of an offence under subsection (4) is liable—
a
on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or to a fine or to both; and
b
on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum, or to both.
6
A person who intentionally obstructs a person in the exercise of his powers under a warrant issued under section 194 is guilty of an offence and liable—
a
on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to a fine or to both; and
b
on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum.

Interpretation of sections 192 to 201
202
In sections 192 to 201—
- “documents” includes information recorded in any form and, in relation to information recorded otherwise than in a form in which it is visible and legible, references to its production include references to producing it in a form in which it is visible and legible or from which it can readily be produced in a visible and legible form;
- “person under investigation” has the meaning given in section 192(2).
S. 191 repealed (1.1.2004) by Extradition Act 2003 (c. 41), ss. 219, 220, 221, Sch. 3 para. 14, Sch. 4; S.I. 2003/3103, art. 2 (subject to savings in arts. 3-5 (as amended by S.I. 2003/3258, art. 3(2) and S.I. 2003/3312, art. 2(2)))
S. 188A inserted (25.4.2013 for specified purposes, 1.4.2014 in so far as not already in force) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 47(5), 103(1)(i)(3) (with s. 47(8)); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
S. 188(8) inserted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 47(4), 103(3) (with s. 47(8)); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
Word in s. 188(1) omitted (1.4.2014) by virtue of Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 47(2), 103(3) (with s. 47(8)); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
S. 188(6) omitted (1.4.2014) by virtue of Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 47(3), 103(3) (with s. 47(8)); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
Word in s. 190(2)(b) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 5 para. 210 (with s. 28); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(d) (with Sch.)
Word in s. 190(4) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 5 para. 210 (with s. 28); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(d) (with Sch.)
Word in s. 192(1)(2) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 5 para. 211 (with s. 28); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(d) (with Sch.)
Words in s. 193(1)-(4) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 5 para. 212 (with s. 28); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(d) (with Sch.)
S. 194(1A) inserted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 48(3), 103(3); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
S. 194(4A) inserted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 48(4), 103(3); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
Words in s. 194(1) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 48(2), 103(3); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
Word in s. 194(1)(2) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 5 para. 213 (with s. 28); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(d) (with Sch.)
Word in s. 195(1) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 5 para. 214 (with s. 28); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(d) (with Sch.)
Word in s. 196(2)(b) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 5 para. 215 (with s. 28); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(d) (with Sch.)
Word in s. 201(4)(a) substituted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), s. 103(3), Sch. 5 para. 216 (with s. 28); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(d) (with Sch.)
S. 188B inserted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 47(6), 103(3) (with s. 47(8)); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
S. 190A inserted (1.4.2014) by Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (c. 24), ss. 47(7), 103(3) (with s. 47(8)); S.I. 2014/416, art. 2(1)(b) (with Sch.)
S. 194 power extended (1.1.2025) by Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (c. 13), ss. 319, 339(1); S.I. 2024/1226, regs. 1(2), 2(1)(4)
S. 193 power extended (1.1.2025) by Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (c. 13), ss. 319, 339(1); S.I. 2024/1226, regs. 1(2), 2(1)(4)
S. 194(2)(e)-(g) inserted (1.1.2025) by Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (c. 13), ss. 141(3)(b), 339(1); S.I. 2024/1226, regs. 1(2), 2(1)(2) (with Sch. para. 12, 20)
Words in s. 194(1)(a) inserted (1.1.2025) by Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (c. 13), ss. 141(2), 339(1); S.I. 2024/1226, regs. 1(2), 2(1)(2) (with Sch. para. 12, 20)
Words in s. 194(2)(d) omitted (1.1.2025) by virtue of Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (c. 13), ss. 141(3)(a), 339(1); S.I. 2024/1226, regs. 1(2), 2(1)(2) (with Sch. para. 12, 20)
S. 196(2A) inserted (1.1.2025) by Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (c. 13), ss. 141(4), 339(1); S.I. 2024/1226, regs. 1(2), 2(1)(2) (with Sch. para. 12, 20)