Part 5

Civil recovery of the proceeds etc. of unlawful conduct
CHAPTER 3C

Recovery of cryptoassets: searches, seizure and detention

Definitions

Definitions
303Z20
1
In this Part—
a
“
cryptoasset
” means a cryptographically secured digital representation of value or contractual rights that uses a form of distributed ledger technology and can be transferred, stored or traded electronically;
b
“
crypto wallet
” means—
i
software,
ii
hardware,
iii
a physical item, or
iv
any combination of the things mentioned in sub-paragraphs
(i)
to
(iii)
,
which is used to store the cryptographic private key that allows cryptoassets to be accessed.
2
The Secretary of State may by regulations amend the definitions of “cryptoasset” and “crypto wallet” in this section.
3
The Secretary of State must consult the Scottish Ministers and the Department of Justice before making regulations under subsection
(2)
.
4
In this Chapter—
a
“
enforcement officer
” means—
i
an officer of Revenue and Customs,
ii
a constable,
iii
an SFO officer, or
iv
an accredited financial investigator who falls within a description specified in an order made for the purposes of this Chapter by the Secretary of State or the Welsh Ministers under section 453;
b
“
senior officer
” means—
i
an officer of Revenue and Customs of a rank designated by the Commissioners for His Majesty’s Revenue and Customs as equivalent to that of a senior police officer of at least the rank of inspector,
ii
a senior police officer of at least the rank of inspector,
iii
the Director of the Serious Fraud Office,
iv
the Director General of the National Crime Agency or any other National Crime Agency officer authorised by the Director General (whether generally or specifically) for this purpose, or
v
an accredited financial investigator who falls within a description specified in an order made for the purposes of this Chapter by the Secretary of State or the Welsh Ministers under section 453.

Searches

Searches
303Z21
1
If an enforcement officer—
a
is lawfully on any premises, and
b
has reasonable grounds for suspecting that there is on the premises a cryptoasset-related item,
the enforcement officer may search for the cryptoasset-related item there.
2
For the purposes of this Chapter, a “cryptoasset-related item” is an item of property that is, or that contains or gives access to information that is, likely to assist in the seizure under this Part of cryptoassets that—
a
are recoverable property, or
b
are intended by any person for use in unlawful conduct.
3
The powers conferred by subsection
(6)
are exercisable by an enforcement officer if—
a
the enforcement officer has reasonable grounds for suspecting that there is a cryptoasset-related item in a vehicle,
b
it appears to the officer that the vehicle is under the control of a person (the suspect) who is in or in the vicinity of the vehicle, and
c
the vehicle is in a place falling within subsection
(4)
.
4
The places referred to in subsection
(3)(c)
are—
a
a place to which, at the time of the proposed exercise of the powers, the public or any section of the public has access, on payment or otherwise, as of right or by virtue of express or implied permission, and
b
any other place to which at that time people have ready access but which is not a dwelling.
5
But if the vehicle is in a garden or yard or other land occupied with and used for the purposes of a dwelling, the enforcement officer may exercise the powers conferred by subsection
(6)
only if the enforcement officer has reasonable grounds for believing—
a
that the suspect does not reside in the dwelling, and
b
that the vehicle is not in the place in question with the express or implied permission of a person who resides in the dwelling.
6
The powers conferred by this subsection are—
a
power to require the suspect to permit entry to the vehicle;
b
power to require the suspect to permit a search of the vehicle.
7
If an enforcement officer has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person (the suspect) is carrying a cryptoasset-related item, the enforcement officer may require the suspect—
a
to permit a search of any article the suspect has with them;
b
to permit a search of the suspect’s person.
8
The powers conferred by subsections
(6)
and
(7)
are exercisable only so far as the enforcement officer thinks it necessary or expedient.
9
An enforcement officer may—
a
in exercising powers conferred by subsection
(6)
, detain the vehicle for so long as is necessary for their exercise;
b
in exercising powers conferred by subsection
(7)(b)
, detain the suspect for so long as is necessary for their exercise.
10
The powers conferred by this section are exercisable by an SFO officer or an accredited financial investigator only in relation to the following—
a
premises in England, Wales or Northern Ireland (in the case of subsection
(1)
);
b
vehicles and suspects in England, Wales or Northern Ireland (in the case of subsection
(6)
);
c
suspects in England, Wales or Northern Ireland (in the case of subsection
(7)
).

Searches: supplemental provision
303Z22
1
The powers conferred by section
303Z21
are exercisable only so far as reasonably required for the purpose of finding a cryptoasset-related item.
2
Section
303Z21
does not require a person to submit to an intimate search or strip search (within the meaning of section 164 of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979).

Prior approval
303Z23
1
The powers conferred by section
303Z21
may be exercised only with the appropriate approval unless, in the circumstances, it is not practicable to obtain that approval before exercising the power.
2
The appropriate approval means the approval of a judicial officer or (if that is not practicable in any case) the approval of a senior officer.
3
A judicial officer means—
a
in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, a justice of the peace;
b
in relation to Scotland, the sheriff.
4
If the powers are exercised without the approval of a judicial officer in a case where—
a
no property is seized by virtue of section
303Z26
, or
b
any property so seized is not detained for more than 48 hours (calculated in accordance with section
303Z27
),
the relevant officer who exercised the power must give a written report to the appointed person.
5
But the duty in subsection
(4)
does not apply if, during the course of exercising the powers conferred by section
303Z21
, the enforcement officer seizes cash by virtue of section 294 or property by virtue of section 303J and the cash or property so seized is detained for more than 48 hours (calculated in accordance with section 295(1B) or 303K(5)).
6
A report under subsection
(4)
must give particulars of the circumstances which led the relevant officer to believe that—
a
the powers were exercisable, and
b
it was not practicable to obtain the approval of a judicial officer.
7
In this section and in section
303Z24
the appointed person means—
a
in relation to England and Wales, a person appointed by the Secretary of State;
b
in relation to Scotland, a person appointed by the Scottish Ministers;
c
in relation to Northern Ireland, a person appointed by the Department of Justice.
8
The appointed person must not be a person employed under or for the purposes of a government department or of the Scottish Administration; and the terms and conditions of the person’s appointment, including any remuneration or expenses to be paid to the person, are to be determined by the person making the appointment.

Report on exercise of powers
303Z24
1
As soon as possible after the end of each financial year, the appointed person must prepare a report for that year.
2
“
Financial year
” means—
a
the period beginning with the day on which this section came into force and ending with the next 31 March (which is the first financial year), and
b
each subsequent period of 12 months beginning with 1 April.
3
The report must give the appointed person’s opinion as to the circumstances and manner in which the powers conferred by section
303Z21
are being exercised in cases where the enforcement officer who exercised them is required to give a report under section
303Z23
(4)
.
4
In the report, the appointed person may make any recommendations they consider appropriate.
5
The appointed person must send a copy of the report to whichever of the Secretary of State, the Scottish Ministers or the Department of Justice appointed the person.
6
The Secretary of State must lay a copy of any report the Secretary of State receives under this section before Parliament and arrange for it to be published.
7
The Scottish Ministers must lay a copy of any report they receive under this section before the Scottish Parliament and arrange for it to be published.
8
The Department of Justice must lay a copy of any report it receives under this section before the Northern Ireland Assembly and arrange for it to be published.
9
Section 41(3) of the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 applies for the purposes of subsection
(8)
in relation to the laying of a copy of a report as it applies in relation to the laying of a statutory document under an enactment.

Codes of practice
303Z25
1
The requirements to make codes of practice set out in sections 303G, 303H and 303I apply in relation to the powers conferred by section
303Z21
as they apply in relation to the powers conferred by section 303C.
2
A requirement in section 303G(2), 303H(2) or 303I(2), as applied by subsection (1), to carry out a relevant action may be satisfied by the carrying out of that action before this section comes into force.
3
In subsection
(2)
“
relevant action
” means any of the following—
a
publishing a draft code of practice;
b
considering any representations made about the draft;
c
modifying the draft in light of any such representations.
4
The requirement in section 303G(3), as applied by subsection (1), to consult the Attorney General may be satisfied by consultation carried out before this section comes into force.

Seizure and detention of cryptoasset-related items

Seizure of cryptoasset-related items
303Z26
1
An enforcement officer may seize any item of property if the enforcement officer has reasonable grounds for suspecting that the item is a cryptoasset-related item.
2
If an enforcement officer is lawfully on any premises, the officer may, for the purpose of—
a
determining whether any property is a cryptoasset-related item, or
b
enabling or facilitating the seizure under this Chapter of any cryptoasset,
require any information which is stored in any electronic form and accessible from the premises to be produced in a form in which it can be taken away and in which it is visible and legible, or from which it can readily be produced in a visible and legible form.
3
But subsection
(2)
does not authorise an enforcement officer to require a person to produce privileged information.
4
In this section “
privileged information
” means information which a person would be entitled to refuse to provide—
a
in England and Wales and Northern Ireland, on grounds of legal professional privilege in proceedings in the High Court;
b
in Scotland, on grounds of legal privilege as defined by section 412.
5
Where an enforcement officer has seized a cryptoasset-related item under subsection
(1)
, the officer may use any information obtained from the item for the purpose of—
a
identifying or gaining access to a crypto wallet, and
b
by doing so, enabling or facilitating the seizure under this Chapter of any cryptoassets.
6
This section does not authorise the seizure by an SFO officer or an accredited financial investigator of an item found in Scotland.

Initial detention of seized cryptoasset-related items
303Z27
1
Property seized under section
303Z26
may be detained for an initial period of 48 hours.
2
Subsection
(1)
authorises the detention of property only for so long as an enforcement officer continues to have reasonable grounds for suspicion in relation to that property as described in section
303Z26
(1)
.
3
In calculating a period of 48 hours for the purposes of this section, no account is to be taken of—
a
any Saturday or Sunday,
b
Christmas Day,
c
Good Friday,
d
any day that is a bank holiday under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 in the part of the United Kingdom within which the property is seized, or
e
any day prescribed by virtue of section 8(2) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 as a court holiday in a sheriff court in the sheriff court district within which the property is seized.

Further detention of seized cryptoasset-related items
303Z28
1
The period for which property seized under section
303Z26
may be detained may be extended by an order made—
a
in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, by a magistrates’ court;
b
in Scotland, by the sheriff.
2
An order under subsection
(1)
may not authorise the detention of any property—
a
beyond the end of the period of 6 months beginning with the date of the order, and
b
in the case of any further order under this section, beyond the end of the period of 2 years beginning with the date of the first order; but this is subject to subsection
(4)
.
3
A justice of the peace may also exercise the power of a magistrates’ court to make the first order under subsection
(1)
.
4
The court or sheriff may make an order for the period of 2 years in subsection
(2)(b)
to be extended to a period of up to 3 years beginning with the date of the first order.
5
An application for an order under subsection
(1)
or
(4)
may be made—
a
in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, by—
i
the Commissioners for His Majesty’s Revenue and Customs,
ii
a constable,
iii
an SFO officer, or
iv
an accredited financial investigator who falls within a description specified in an order made for the purposes of this Chapter by the Secretary of State or the Welsh Ministers under section 453;
b
in relation to Scotland, by the Scottish Ministers in connection with their functions under section
303Z41
or by a procurator fiscal.
6
The court, sheriff or justice may make an order under subsection
(1)
if satisfied, in relation to the item of property to be further detained, that—
a
there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that it is a cryptoasset-related item, and
b
its continued detention is justified.
7
The court or sheriff may make an order under subsection
(4)
if satisfied that a request for assistance is outstanding in relation to the item of property to be further detained.
8
A “request for assistance” in subsection
(7)
means a request for assistance in obtaining evidence (including information in any form or article) in connection with the property to be further detained, made—
a
by a judicial authority in the United Kingdom under section 7 of the Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003,
b
by an enforcement officer, to an authority exercising equivalent functions in a foreign country,
c
by the Scottish Ministers in connection with their functions under this Part, to an authority exercising equivalent functions in a foreign country, or
d
by a person under section 375A or 408A (evidence overseas).
9
An order under subsection
(1)
must provide for notice to be given to persons affected by the order.

Seizure of cryptoassets
303Z29
1
An enforcement officer may seize cryptoassets if the enforcement officer has reasonable grounds for suspecting that the cryptoassets are recoverable property or intended by any person for use in unlawful conduct.
2
The circumstances in which a cryptoasset is “
seized
” for the purposes of subsection
(1)
include circumstances in which it is transferred into a crypto wallet controlled by the enforcement officer.
3
This section does not authorise the seizure by an SFO officer or an accredited financial investigator of cryptoassets as a result of information obtained from a cryptoasset-related item found in Scotland.

Prior authorisation for detention of cryptoassets
303Z30
1
Where an order is made under section
303Z28
in respect of a cryptoasset-related item, the court, sheriff or justice making the order may, at the same time, make an order to authorise the detention of any cryptoassets that may be seized as a result of information obtained from that item.
2
An application for an order under this section may be made, by a person mentioned in section
303Z28
(5)
, at the same time as an application for an order under section
303Z28
is made by that person.
3
The court, sheriff or justice may make an order under this section if satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that the cryptoassets that may be seized are recoverable property or intended by any person for use in unlawful conduct.
4
An order under this section authorises detention of the cryptoassets for the same period of time as the order under section
303Z28
authorises detention in respect of the cryptoasset-related item to which those cryptoassets relate.

Initial detention of seized cryptoassets
303Z31
1
Cryptoassets seized under section
303Z29
may be detained for an initial period of 48 hours.
2
Subsection
(1)
authorises the detention of property only for so long as an enforcement officer continues to have reasonable grounds for suspicion in relation to those cryptoassets as described in section
303Z29
(1)
.
3
In calculating a period of 48 hours for the purposes of this section, no account is to be taken of—
a
any Saturday or Sunday,
b
Christmas Day,
c
Good Friday,
d
any day that is a bank holiday under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 in the part of the United Kingdom within which the property is seized, or
e
any day prescribed by virtue of section 8(2) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 as a court holiday in a sheriff court in the sheriff court district within which the property is seized.
4
This section is subject to section
303Z30
.

Further detention of seized cryptoassets
303Z32
1
The period for which cryptoassets seized under section
303Z29
may be detained may be extended by an order made—
a
in England and Wales or Northern Ireland, by a magistrates’ court;
b
in Scotland, by the sheriff.
2
An order under subsection
(1)
may not authorise the detention of any cryptoassets—
a
beyond the end of the period of 6 months beginning with the date of the order, and
b
in the case of any further order under this section, beyond the end of the period of 2 years beginning with the date of the first order; but this is subject to subsection
(4)
.
3
A justice of the peace may also exercise the power of a magistrates’ court to make the first order under subsection
(1)
.
4
The court or sheriff may make an order for the period of 2 years in subsection
(2)(b)
to be extended to a period of up to 3 years beginning with the date of the first order.
5
An application for an order under subsection
(1)
or
(4)
may be made—
a
in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, by—
i
the Commissioners for His Majesty’s Revenue and Customs,
ii
a constable,
iii
an SFO officer, or
iv
an accredited financial investigator who falls within a description specified in an order made for the purposes of this Chapter by the Secretary of State or the Welsh Ministers under section 453,
b
in relation to Scotland, by the Scottish Ministers in connection with their functions under section
303Z41
or by a procurator fiscal.
6
The court, sheriff or justice may make an order under subsection
(1)
if satisfied, in relation to the cryptoassets to be further detained, that there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that the cryptoassets are recoverable property or intended by any person for use in unlawful conduct.
7
The court or sheriff may make an order under subsection
(4)
if satisfied that a request for assistance is outstanding in relation to the cryptoassets to be further detained.
8
A “request for assistance” in subsection
(7)
means a request for assistance in obtaining evidence (including information in any form or article) in connection with the cryptoassets to be further detained, made—
a
by a judicial authority in the United Kingdom under section 7 of the Crime (International Co-operation) Act 2003,
b
by an enforcement officer, to an authority exercising equivalent functions in a foreign country,
c
by the Scottish Ministers in connection with their functions under this Part, to an authority exercising equivalent functions in a foreign country, or
d
by a person under section 375A or 408A (evidence overseas).
9
An order under subsection
(1)
must provide for notice to be given to persons affected by the order.

Safekeeping of cryptoassets and cryptoasset-related items
303Z33
1
An enforcement officer must arrange for any item of property seized under section
303Z26
to be safely stored throughout the period during which it is detained under this Chapter.
2
An enforcement officer must arrange for any cryptoassets seized under section
303Z29
to be safely stored throughout the period during which they are detained under this Chapter.

Release of cryptoassets and cryptoasset-related items
303Z34
1
This section applies while any cryptoasset or other item of property is detained under this Chapter.
2
A magistrates’ court or (in Scotland) the sheriff may direct the release of the whole or any part of the property if the following condition is met.
3
The condition is that the court or sheriff is satisfied, on an application by the person from whom the property was seized, that the conditions for the detention of the property in this Chapter are no longer met in relation to the property to be released.
4
A person within subsection
(5)
may, after notifying the magistrates’ court, sheriff or justice under whose order property is being detained, release the whole or any part of the property if satisfied that the detention of the property to be released is no longer justified.
5
The following persons are within this subsection—
a
in relation to England and Wales and Northern Ireland, an enforcement officer;
b
in relation to Scotland—
i
the Scottish Ministers,
ii
an officer of Revenue and Customs,
iii
a constable, and
iv
a procurator fiscal.
6
If any cryptoasset-related item which has been released is not claimed within the period of a year beginning with the date on which it was released, an enforcement officer may—
a
retain the item and deal with it as they see fit,
b
dispose of the item, or
c
destroy the item.
7
The powers in subsection
(6)
may be exercised only—
a
where the enforcement officer has taken reasonable steps to notify—
i
the person from whom the item was seized, and
ii
any other persons who the enforcement officer has reasonable grounds to believe have an interest in the item,
that the item has been released, and
b
with the approval of a senior officer.
8
Any proceeds of a disposal of the item are to be paid—
a
into the Consolidated Fund if—
i
the item was directed to be released by a magistrates’ court, or
ii
a magistrates’ court or justice was notified under subsection
(4)
of the release;
b
into the Scottish Consolidated Fund if—
i
the item was directed to be released by the sheriff, or
ii
the sheriff was notified under subsection
(4)
of the release.
Pt. 5 Chs. 3C-3F inserted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 26.4.2024 for S. for specified purposes, 26.4.2024 for E.W.N.I. in so far as not already in force, 7.11.2024 for S. in so far as not already in force) by Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), s. 219(1)(2)(b)(c), Sch. 9 para. 1; S.I. 2024/269, reg. 4(b)(i)(ii); S.I. 2024/1108, reg. 2
Pt. 5 Ch. 3C applied (with modifications) (26.4.2025) by S.I. 2005/3181, art. 213Z19 (as inserted by The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (External Investigations and External Orders and Requests) (Amendment) Order 2024 (S.I. 2024/1127), arts. 1(2), 14)