Part II

Carriers’ Liability

Penalties for failure to secure goods vehicle and for carrying clandestine entrants

Penalty for failure to secure goods vehicle etc
31A
1
The Secretary of State may impose a penalty on a person responsible for a goods vehicle which has arrived at a place mentioned in subsection
(2)
if—
a
on its arrival at that place, the vehicle is not adequately secured against unauthorised access (see subsection
(4)
(a)), and
b
the person has not taken the actions specified in regulations under subsection
(4)
(b) as actions to be taken by that person in relation to the securing of the vehicle against unauthorised access before or during its journey to that place.
2
Those places are—
a
a place where immigration control is operated, and
b
in a case where the vehicle previously arrived at a place outside the United Kingdom where immigration control is operated and then journeyed to a place in the United Kingdom, that place in the United Kingdom.
3
A penalty may be imposed under subsection
(1)
regardless of whether any person has obtained unauthorised access to the vehicle during its journey to the place mentioned in subsection
(2)
.
4
The Secretary of State must specify in regulations for the purposes of subsection
(1)
—
a
what is meant by a goods vehicle being adequately secured against unauthorised access, and
b
the actions to be taken by each person responsible for a goods vehicle in relation to the securing of the vehicle against unauthorised access.
5
The actions that may be specified in regulations under subsection
(4)
(b) include, in particular—
a
actions in relation to checking a person has not gained unauthorised access to the vehicle,
b
actions in relation to the reporting of any unauthorised access to the vehicle, and
c
actions in relation to the keeping of records to establish that other actions specified in the regulations have been taken.
6
Before making regulations under subsection
(4)
, the Secretary of State must consult such persons as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.
7
In imposing a penalty under subsection
(1)
, the Secretary of State—
a
must specify an amount which does not exceed the maximum prescribed for the purpose of this paragraph,
b
may impose separate penalties on more than one of the persons responsible for a goods vehicle, and
c
may not impose penalties which amount in aggregate to more than the maximum prescribed for the purpose of this paragraph.
8
A penalty imposed under subsection
(1)
must be paid to the Secretary of State before the end of the prescribed period.
9
A person is not liable to the imposition of a penalty under subsection
(1)
if that person’s failure to take the actions specified in regulations under subsection (4)(b) was as a result of duress.
10
If a penalty is imposed under subsection
(1)
in relation to the arrival of a goods vehicle in a place outside the United Kingdom where immigration control is operated, a penalty may not be imposed in relation to the vehicle’s arrival in the United Kingdom as part of the same journey.
11
A penalty may not be imposed on a person under subsection
(1)
if a penalty is imposed on that person under section 32(2) in respect of the same circumstances.
12
Where a penalty is imposed under subsection
(1)
on a person who is the driver of a goods vehicle pursuant to a contract (whether or not a contract of employment) with a person (“
P
”) who is the vehicle’s owner or hirer—
a
the driver and P are jointly and severally liable for the penalty imposed on the driver (whether or not a penalty is also imposed on P), and
b
a provision of this Part about notification, objection or appeal has effect as if the penalty imposed on the driver were also imposed on P (whether or not a penalty is also imposed on P in P’s capacity as the owner or hirer of the vehicle).
13
In the case of a detached trailer, subsection
(12)
has effect as if a reference to the driver were a reference to the operator.
14
For the purposes of this section the persons responsible for a goods vehicle are—
a
if the goods vehicle is a detached trailer, the owner, hirer and operator of the trailer, and
b
if it is not, the owner, hirer and driver of the vehicle.
15
Where by virtue of subsection
(14)
a person is responsible for a goods vehicle in more than one capacity, a separate penalty may be imposed on the person under subsection
(1)
in respect of each capacity.
16
In this section “
immigration control
” means United Kingdom immigration control and includes any United Kingdom immigration control operated in a prescribed control zone outside the United Kingdom.

Penalty for carrying clandestine entrants.
32
1
A person is a clandestine entrant if—
a
he arrives in the United Kingdom concealed in a vehicle, ship or aircraft,
aa
he arrives in the United Kingdom concealed in a rail freight wagon,
b
he passes, or attempts to pass, through immigration control concealed in a vehicle, or
c
he arrives in the United Kingdom on a ship or aircraft, having embarked—
i
concealed in a vehicle; and
ii
at a time when the ship or aircraft was outside the United Kingdom,
and claims, or indicates that he intends to seek, asylum in the United Kingdom or evades, or attempts to evade, immigration control.
2
The Secretary of State may require a person who is responsible for a clandestine entrant to pay—
a
a penalty in respect of the clandestine entrant;
b
a penalty in respect of any person who was concealed with the clandestine entrant in the same transporter.
2A
In imposing a penalty under subsection (2) the Secretary of State—
a
must specify an amount which does not exceed the maximum prescribed for the purpose of this paragraph,
b
may, in respect of a clandestine entrant or a concealed person, impose separate penalties on more than one of the persons responsible for the clandestine entrant, and
c
may not impose penalties in respect of a clandestine entrant or a concealed person which amount in aggregate to more than the maximum prescribed for the purpose of this paragraph.
2B
The Secretary of State may reduce the amount of a penalty under this section if the responsible person can show that they took the actions specified in regulations under subsection (2C) in relation to the securing of the transporter against unauthorised access.
2C
The Secretary of State must specify in regulations the actions that a responsible person must have taken in order to be eligible for a reduction in the amount of a penalty.
2D
The actions that may be specified in regulations under subsection (2C) include, in particular—
a
actions in relation to checking a person has not gained unauthorised access to the transporter,
b
actions in relation to the reporting of any unauthorised access to the transporter, and
c
actions in relation to the keeping of records to establish that other actions specified in the regulations have been taken.
2E
Before making regulations under subsection (2C), the Secretary of State must consult such persons as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.
3
A penalty imposed under this section must be paid to the Secretary of State before the end of the prescribed period.
4
Where a penalty is imposed under subsection (2) on the driver of a vehicle who is an employee of the vehicle’s owner or hirer—
a
the employee and the employer shall be jointly and severally liable for the penalty imposed on the driver (irrespective of whether a penalty is also imposed on the employer), and
b
a provision of this Part about notification, objection or appeal shall have effect as if the penalty imposed on the driver were also imposed on the employer (irrespective of whether a penalty is also imposed on the employer in his capacity as the owner or hirer of the vehicle).
4
Where a penalty is imposed under subsection (2) on a person who is the driver of a vehicle pursuant to a contract (whether or not a contract of employment) with a person (“
P
”) who is the vehicle’s owner or hirer—
a
the driver and P are jointly and severally liable for the penalty imposed on the driver (whether or not a penalty is also imposed on P), and
b
a provision of this Part about notification, objection or appeal has effect as if the penalty imposed on the driver were also imposed on P (whether or not a penalty is also imposed on P in P’s capacity as the owner or hirer of the vehicle).
4A
In the case of a detached trailer, subsection (4) shall have effect as if a reference to the driver were a reference to the operator.
5
In the case of a clandestine entrant to whom subsection (1)(a) applies, each of the following is a responsible person—
a
if the transporter is a ship or aircraft, the owner and captain;
b
if it is a vehicle (but not a detached trailer), the owner, hirer and driver of the vehicle;
c
if it is a detached trailer, the owner, hirer and operator of the trailer.
5A
In the case of a clandestine entrant to whom subsection (1)(aa) applies, the responsible person is—
a
where the entrant arrived concealed in a freight train, the train operator who, at the train’s last scheduled stop before arrival in the United Kingdom, was responsible for certifying it as fit to travel to the United Kingdom, or
b
where the entrant arrived concealed in a freight shuttle wagon, the operator of the shuttle-train of which the wagon formed part.
6
In the case of a clandestine entrant to whom subsection (1)(b) or (c) applies, each of the following is a responsible person—
a
if the transporter is a detached trailer, the owner, hirer and operator of the trailer;
b
if it is not, the owner, hirer and driver of the vehicle.
6A
Where a person falls within the definition of responsible person in more than one capacity, a separate penalty may be imposed on him under subsection (2) in respect of each capacity.
6B
A penalty may not be imposed on a person under subsection (2) if a penalty is imposed on that person under section 31A
(1)
in respect of the same circumstances.
7
Subject to any defence provided by section 34, it is immaterial whether a responsible person knew or suspected—
a
that the clandestine entrant was concealed in the transporter; or
b
that there were one or more other persons concealed with the clandestine entrant in the same transporter.
8
Subsection (9) applies if a transporter (“the carried transporter”) is itself being carried in or on another transporter.
9
If a person is concealed in the carried transporter, the question whether any other person is concealed with that person in the same transporter is to be determined by reference to the carried transporter and not by reference to the transporter in or on which it is carried.
10
“Immigration control” means United Kingdom immigration control and includes any United Kingdom immigration control operated in a prescribed control zone outside the United Kingdom.

Level of penalty: code of practice
32A
1
The Secretary of State shall issue a code of practice specifying matters to be considered in determining the amount of a penalty under section 32.
A1
The Secretary of State must issue a code of practice specifying matters to be considered in determining the amount of a penalty under section 31A.
B1
The Secretary of State must have regard to the code (in addition to any other matters the Secretary of State thinks relevant)—
a
when imposing a penalty under section 31A, and
b
when considering a notice of objection under section 35(4) in relation to a penalty under section 31A.
2
The Secretary of State shall have regard to the code (in addition to any other matters he thinks relevant)—
a
when imposing a penalty under section 32, and
b
when considering a notice of objection under section 35(4)
in relation to a penalty under section 32
.
3
Before issuing
the code
a code under this section
the Secretary of State shall lay a draft before Parliament.
4
After laying
the draft code
a draft code
before Parliament the Secretary of State may bring the code into operation by order.
5
The Secretary of State may from time to time revise the whole or any part of
the code
a code under this section
and issue the code as revised.
6
Subsections (3) and (4) also apply to a revision or proposed revision of
the code
a code
.

Prevention of clandestine entrants: code of practice
33
1
The Secretary of State must issue a code of practice to be followed by any person operating a system for preventing the carriage of clandestine entrants.
2
Before issuing the code, the Secretary of State must—
a
consult such persons as he considers appropriate; and
b
lay a draft before
both Houses of
Parliament.
3
The requirement of subsection (2)(a) may be satisfied by consultation before the passing of this Act.
4
After laying the draft code before Parliament, the Secretary of State may bring the code into operation by an order.
5
The Secretary of State may from time to time revise the whole or any part of the code and issue the code as revised.
6
Subsections (2) and (4) also apply to any revision, or proposed revision, of the code.

Defences to claim that penalty is due under section 32.
34
1
This section applies if it is alleged that a person (“the carrier”) is liable to a penalty under section 32.
1
A person (“
the carrier
”) shall not be liable to the imposition of a penalty under section 32(2) if he has a defence under this section.
2
It is a defence for the carrier to show that he, or an employee of his who was directly responsible for allowing the clandestine entrant to be concealed, was acting under duress.
3
It is also a defence for the carrier to show that—
a
he did not know, and had no reasonable grounds for suspecting, that a clandestine entrant was, or might be, concealed in the transporter;
b
an effective system for preventing the carriage of clandestine entrants was in operation in relation to the transporter; and
c
that
on the occasion in question the person or persons responsible for operating that system did so properly.
3A
It is also a defence for the carrier to show that—
a
he knew or suspected that a clandestine entrant was or might be concealed in a rail freight wagon, having boarded after the wagon began its journey to the United Kingdom;
b
he could not stop the train or shuttle-train of which the wagon formed part without endangering safety;
and
c
an effective system for preventing the carriage of clandestine entrants was in operation in relation to the train or shuttle-train; and
c
the carrier had taken the actions specified in regulations under subsection (3B) in relation to the securing of the wagon against unauthorised access.
d
on the occasion in question the person or persons responsible for operating the system did so properly.
3B
The Secretary of State must specify in regulations the actions to be taken for the purposes of subsection (3A)(c) in relation to the securing of a rail freight wagon against unauthorised access.
3C
The actions that may be specified in regulations under subsection (3B) include, in particular—
a
actions in relation to checking a person has not gained unauthorised access to the wagon,
b
actions in relation to the reporting of any unauthorised access to the wagon, and
c
actions in relation to the keeping of records to establish that other actions specified in the regulations have been taken.
3D
Before making regulations under subsection (3B), the Secretary of State must consult such persons as the Secretary of State considers appropriate.
4
In determining, for the purposes of this section, whether a particular system is effective, regard is to be had to the code of practice issued by the Secretary of State under section 33.
5
If there are two or more persons responsible for a clandestine entrant, the fact that one or more of them has a defence under subsection (3) does not affect the liability of the others.
6
But if a person responsible for a clandestine entrant has a defence under subsection (2), the liability of any other person responsible for that entrant is discharged.
6
Where a person has a defence under subsection (2) in respect of a clandestine entrant, every other responsible person in respect of the clandestine entrant is also entitled to the benefit of the defence.

Procedure.
35
1
If the Secretary of State decides that a person (“P”) is liable to one or more penalties under section 31A or 32, he must notify P of his decision.
2
A notice under subsection (1)
(a “penalty notice”) must—
a
state the Secretary of State’s reasons for deciding that P is liable to the penalty (or penalties);
b
state the amount of the penalty (or penalties) to which P is liable;
c
specify the date before which, and the manner in which, the penalty (or penalties) must be paid; and
d
include an explanation of the steps—
i
that P must may take if he objects to the penalty;
ii
that the Secretary of State may take under this Part to recover any unpaid penalty and
e
be issued before the end of such period as may be prescribed.
3
Subsection (4) applies if more than one person is responsible for a clandestine entrant.
4
If a penalty notice is served on one of the responsible persons, the Secretary of State is to be taken to have served the required penalty notice on each of them.
5
The Secretary of State must nevertheless take reasonable steps, while the penalty remains unpaid, to secure that the penalty notice is actually served on each of those responsible persons.
6
If a person on whom a penalty notice is served, or who is treated as having had a penalty notice served on him, alleges that he is not liable for one or more, or all, of the penalties specified in the penalty notice, he may give written notice of his allegation to the Secretary of State.
7
Notice under subsection (6) (“a notice of objection”) must—
a
give reasons for the allegation; and
b
be given before the end of such period as may be prescribed.
8
If a notice of objection is given before the end of the prescribed period, the Secretary of State must consider it and determine whether or not any penalty to which it relates is payable.
3
Subsection (4) applies where a person to whom a penalty notice is issued objects on the ground that—
a
he is not liable to the imposition of a penalty, or
b
the amount of the penalty is too high.
4
The person may give a notice of objection to the Secretary of State.
5
A notice of objection must—
a
be in writing,
b
give the objector’s reasons, and
c
be given before the end of such period as may be prescribed.
6
Where the Secretary of State receives a notice of objection to a penalty in accordance with this section he shall consider it and—
a
cancel the penalty,
b
reduce the penalty,
c
increase the penalty, or
d
determine to take no action under paragraphs (a) to (c).
7
Where the Secretary of State considers a notice of objection under subsection (6) he shall—
a
inform the objector of his decision before the end of such period as may be prescribed or such longer period as he may agree with the objector,
b
if he increases the penalty, issue a new penalty notice under subsection (1), and
c
if he reduces the penalty, notify the objector of the reduced amount.
9
The Secretary of State may by regulations provide, in relation to detached trailers, for a penalty notice which is served issued in such manner as may be prescribed to have effect as a penalty notice properly served on issued to the responsible person or persons concerned under this section.
10
Any sum payable to the Secretary of State as a penalty under section 31A or 32 may be recovered by the Secretary of State as a debt due to him.
11
In proceedings for enforcement of a penalty under subsection (10) no question may be raised as to—
a
liability to the imposition of the penalty, or
b
its amount.
12
A document which is to be issued to or served on a person outside the United Kingdom for the purpose of subsection (1) or (7) or in the course of proceedings under subsection (10) may be issued or served—
a
in person,
b
by post,
c
by facsimile transmission,
or
ca
by electronic mail, or
d
in another prescribed manner.
13
The Secretary of State may by regulations provide that a document issued or served in a manner listed in subsection (12) in accordance with the regulations is to be taken to have been received at a time specified by or determined in accordance with the regulations.

Appeal
35A
1
A person may appeal to the court against a penalty imposed on him under section
31A or
32 on the ground that—
a
he is not liable to the imposition of a penalty, or
b
the amount of the penalty is too high.
2
On an appeal under this section the court may—
a
allow the appeal and cancel the penalty,
b
allow the appeal and reduce the penalty, or
c
dismiss the appeal.
3
An appeal under this section shall be a re-hearing of the Secretary of State’s decision to impose a penalty and shall be determined having regard to—
a
any code of practice under section 32A which has effect at the time of the appeal,
and
b
the code of practice under section 33 which had effect at the time of the events to which the penalty relates, and
c
any other matters which the court thinks relevant (which may include matters of which the Secretary of State was unaware).
4
Subsection (3) has effect despite any provision of Civil Procedure Rules.
5
An appeal may be brought by a person under this section against a penalty whether or not—
a
he has given notice of objection under section 35(4);
b
the penalty has been increased or reduced under section 35(6).

Power to detain vehicles etc. in connection with penalties under section 31A or 32.
36
1
If a penalty notice has been given issued under section 35, a senior officer may detain any relevant—
a
vehicle,
b
small ship, or
c
small aircraft, or
d
rail freight wagon,
until all penalties to which the notice relates, and any expenses reasonably incurred by the Secretary of State in connection with the detention, have been paid.
2
That power—
a
may be exercised only if, in the opinion of the senior officer concerned, there is a significant risk that the penalty (or one or more of the penalties) will not be paid before the end of the prescribed period if the transporter is not detained; and
b
may not be exercised if alternative security which the Secretary of State considers is satisfactory, has been given.
2A
A vehicle may be detained under subsection (1) only if—
a
the driver of the vehicle
is an employee of its owner or hirer
drives the vehicle pursuant to a contract (whether or not a contract of employment) with the owner or hirer of the vehicle
,
b
the driver of the vehicle is its owner or hirer, or
c
a penalty notice is issued to the owner or hirer of the vehicle.
2AA
In the case of a detached trailer, subsection (2A) has effect as if—
a
a reference to the driver were a reference to the operator, and
b
the reference to driving the vehicle were a reference to operating it.
2B
A senior officer may detain a relevant vehicle, small ship, small aircraft or rail freight wagon pending—
a
a decision whether to issue a penalty notice,
b
the issue of a penalty notice, or
c
a decision whether to detain under subsection (1).
2C
That power may not be exercised in any case—
a
for longer than is necessary in the circumstances of the case, or
b
after the expiry of the period of 24 hours beginning with the conclusion of the first search of the vehicle, ship, aircraft or wagon by an immigration officer after it arrived in the United Kingdom.
3
If a transporter is detained under this section, the owner, consignor or any other person who has an interest in any freight or other thing carried in or on the transporter may remove it, or arrange for it to be removed, at such time and in such way as is reasonable.
4
The detention of a transporter under this section is lawful even though it is subsequently established that the penalty notice on which the detention was based was ill-founded in respect of all or any of the penalties to which it related.
5
But subsection (4) does not apply if the Secretary of State was acting unreasonably in issuing the penalty notice.
6
A document which is to be issued to or served on a person outside the United Kingdom for the purposes of this section may be issued or served—
a
in person,
b
by post,
c
by facsimile transmission,
d
by electronic mail, or
e
in another prescribed manner.
7
The Secretary of State may by regulations provide that a document issued or served in a manner listed in subsection (6) in accordance with the regulations is to be taken to have been received at a time specified by or determined in accordance with the regulations.

Detention in default of payment
36A
1
This section applies where a person to whom a penalty notice has been issued under section 35 fails to pay the penalty before the date specified in accordance with section 35(2)(c).
2
The Secretary of State may make arrangements for the detention of any vehicle, small ship, small aircraft or rail freight wagon which the person to whom the penalty notice was issued uses in the course of a business.
3
A vehicle, ship, aircraft or wagon may be detained under subsection (2) whether or not the person to whom the penalty notice was issued owns it.
4
But a vehicle may be detained under subsection (2) only if the person to whom the penalty notice was issued—
a
is the owner or hirer of the vehicle, or
b
was an employee of
drove the vehicle pursuant to a contract (whether or not a contract of employment) with
the owner or hirer of the vehicle when the penalty notice was issued.
4A
In the case of a detached trailer, subsection (4)(b) has effect as if the reference to driving the vehicle were a reference to operating it.
5
The power under subsection (2) may not be exercised while an appeal against the penalty under section 35A is pending or could be brought (ignoring the possibility of an appeal out of time with permission).
6
The Secretary of State shall arrange for the release of a vehicle, ship, aircraft or wagon detained under this section if the person to whom the penalty notice was issued pays—
a
the penalty, and
b
expenses reasonably incurred in connection with the detention.
7
If a transporter is detained under this section, the owner, consignor or any other person who has an interest in any freight or other thing carried in or on the transporter may remove it, or arrange for it to be removed, at such time and in such way as is reasonable.
8
The detention of a transporter under this section is lawful even though it is subsequently established that the penalty notice on which the detention was based was ill-founded in respect of all or any of the penalties to which it related.
9
But subsection (8) does not apply if the Secretary of State was acting unreasonably in issuing the penalty notice.
10
A document which is to be issued to or served on a person outside the United Kingdom for the purposes of this section may be issued or served—
a
in person,
b
by post,
c
by facsimile transmission,
d
by electronic mail, or
e
in another prescribed manner.
11
The Secretary of State may by regulations provide that a document issued or served in a manner listed in subsection (10) in accordance with the regulations is to be taken to have been received at a time specified by or determined in accordance with the regulations.

Effect of detention.
37
1
This section applies if a transporter is detained under section 36 section 36(1).
2
The person to whom the penalty notice was addressed, or the owner or any other person claiming an interest in the transporter, whose interests may be affected by detention of the transporter, may apply to the court for the transporter to be released.
3
The court may release the transporter if it considers that—
a
satisfactory security has been tendered in place of the transporter for the payment of the penalty alleged to be due and connected expenses;
b
there is no significant risk that the penalty (or one or more of the penalties) and any connected expenses will not be paid; or
c
there is a significant doubt as to whether the penalty is payable and the applicant has a compelling need to have the transporter released.
3A
The court may also release the transporter on the application of the owner of the transporter under subsection (2) if—
a
a penalty notice was not issued to the owner or an employee of his, and
b
the court considers it right to release the transporter.
3B
In determining whether to release a transporter under subsection (3A) the court shall consider—
a
the extent of any hardship caused by detention,
b
the extent (if any) to which the owner is responsible for the matters in respect of which the penalty notice was issued, and
c
any other matter which appears to the court to be relevant (whether specific to the circumstances of the case or of a general nature).
4
If the court has not ordered the release of the transporter, the Secretary of State may sell it if the penalty in question and connected expenses are not paid before the end of the period of 84 days beginning with the date on which the detention began.
5
“Connected expenses” means expenses reasonably incurred by the Secretary of State in connection with the detention.
5A
The power of sale under subsection (4) may be exercised only when no appeal against the imposition of the penalty is pending or can be brought (ignoring the possibility of an appeal out of time with permission).
5B
The power of sale under subsection (4) shall lapse if not exercised within a prescribed period.
6
Schedule 1 applies to the sale of transporters under this section.
7
This section applies to a transporter detained under section 36A as it applies to a transporter detained under section 36(1); but for that purpose—
a
the court may release the transporter only if the court considers that the detention was unlawful or under subsection (3A)(and subsection (3) shall not apply), and
b
the reference in subsection (4) to the period of 84 days shall be taken as a reference to a period prescribed for the purpose of this paragraph.

Assisting illegal entry and harbouring.
38
1
In section 25 of the 1971 Act (assisting illegal entry and harbouring), at the end of paragraph (c) of subsection (6), insert—
or
d
the driver of any such vehicle;
.
2
After section 25, insert—

Detention of ships, aircraft and vehicles in connection with offences under section 25(1).
25A
1
If a person has been arrested for an offence under section 25(1)(a) or (b), a senior officer or a constable may detain a relevant ship, aircraft or vehicle—
a
until a decision is taken as to whether or not to charge the arrested person with that offence; or
b
if the arrested person has been charged—
i
until he is acquitted, the charge against him is dismissed or the proceedings are discontinued; or
ii
if he has been convicted, until the court decides whether or not to order forfeiture of the ship, aircraft or vehicle.
2
A ship, aircraft or vehicle is a relevant ship, aircraft or vehicle, in relation to an arrested person, if it is one which the officer or constable concerned has reasonable grounds for believing could, on conviction of the arrested person for the offence for which he was arrested, be the subject of an order for forfeiture made under section 25(6).
3
A person (other than the arrested person) who claims to be the owner of a ship, aircraft or vehicle which has been detained under this section may apply to the court for its release.
4
The court to which an application is made under subsection (3) may, on such security or surety being tendered as it considers satisfactory, release the ship, aircraft or vehicle on condition that it is made available to the court if—
a
the arrested person is convicted; and
b
an order for its forfeiture is made under section 25(6).
5
In the application to Scotland of subsection (1), for paragraphs (a) and (b) substitute—
“until a decision is taken as to whether or not to institute criminal proceedings against the arrested person for that offence; or
b
if criminal proceedings have been instituted against the arrested person—
i
until he is acquitted or, under section 65 or 147 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, discharged or liberated or the trial diet is desertedsimpliciter;
ii
if he has been convicted, until the court decides whether or not to order forfeiture of the ship, aircraft or vehicle,
and for the purposes of this subsection, criminal proceedings are instituted against a person at whichever is the earliest of his first appearance before the sheriff on petition, or the service on him of an indictment or complaint. ”
6
“Court” means—
a
in England and Wales—
i
if the arrested person has not been charged, the magistrates’ court for the petty sessions area in which he was arrested;
ii
if he has been charged but proceedings for the offence have not begun to be heard, the magistrates’ court for the petty sessions area in which he was charged;
iii
if he has been charged and proceedings for the offence are being heard, the court hearing the proceedings;
b
in Scotland, the sheriff; and
c
in Northern Ireland—
i
if the arrested person has not been charged, the magistrates’ court for the county court division in which he was arrested;
ii
if he has been charged but proceedings for the offence have not begun to be heard, the magistrates’ court for the county court division in which he was charged;
iii
if he has been charged and proceedings for the offence are being heard, the court hearing the proceedings.
7
“Owner” has the same meaning as it has in section 25(6).
8
“Senior officer” means an immigration officer not below the rank of chief immigration officer.
3
Subsection (1) has effect in relation to offences committed after the coming into force of that subsection.
4
Subsection (2) has effect in relation to persons arrested for offences alleged to have been committed after the coming into force of that subsection.

Rail freight.
39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Passengers without proper documents

Charge in respect of passenger without proper documents
40
1
This section applies if an individual requiring leave to enter the United Kingdom arrives in the United Kingdom by ship or aircraft and, on being required to do so by an immigration officer, fails to produce—
a
an immigration document which is in force and which satisfactorily establishes his identity and his nationality or citizenship, and
b
if the individual requires a visa, a visa of the required kind.
2
The Secretary of State may charge the owner of the ship or aircraft, in respect of the individual, the sum of £2,000.
3
The charge shall be payable to the Secretary of State on demand.
4
No charge shall be payable in respect of any individual who is shown by the owner to have produced the required document or documents to the owner or his employee or agent when embarking on the ship or aircraft for the voyage or flight to the United Kingdom.
5
For the purpose of subsection (4) an owner shall be entitled to regard a document as—
a
being what it purports to be unless its falsity is reasonably apparent, and
b
relating to the individual producing it unless it is reasonably apparent that it does not relate to him.
6
For the purposes of this section an individual requires a visa if—
a
under the immigration rules he requires a visa for entry into the United Kingdom, or
b
as a result of section 41 he requires a visa for passing through the United Kingdom.
7
The Secretary of State may by order amend this section for the purpose of applying it in relation to an individual who—
a
requires leave to enter the United Kingdom, and
b
arrives in the United Kingdom by train.
8
An order under subsection (7) may provide for the application of this section—
a
except in cases of a specified kind;
b
subject to a specified defence.
9
In this section “
immigration document
” means—
a
a passport, and
b
a document which relates to a national of a country other than the United Kingdom and which is designed to serve the same purpose as a passport.
10
The Secretary of State may by order substitute a sum for the sum in subsection (2).

Notification and objection
40A
1
If the Secretary of State decides to charge a person under section 40, the Secretary of State must notify the person of his decision.
2
A notice under subsection (1)(a “
charge notice
”) must—
a
state the Secretary of State’s reasons for deciding to charge the person,
b
state the amount of the charge,
c
specify the date before which, and the manner in which, the charge must be paid,
d
include an explanation of the steps that the person may take if he objects to the charge, and
e
include an explanation of the steps that the Secretary of State may take under this Part to recover any unpaid charge.
3
Where a person on whom a charge notice is served objects to the imposition of the charge on him, he may give a notice of objection to the Secretary of State.
4
A notice of objection must—
a
be in writing,
b
give the objector’s reasons, and
c
be given before the end of such period as may be prescribed.
5
Where the Secretary of State receives a notice of objection to a charge in accordance with this section, he shall—
a
consider it, and
b
determine whether or not to cancel the charge.
6
Where the Secretary of State considers a notice of objection, he shall inform the objector of his decision before the end of—
a
such period as may be prescribed, or
b
such longer period as he may agree with the objector.
7
Any sum payable to the Secretary of State as a charge under section 40 may be recovered by the Secretary of State as a debt due to him.
8
In proceedings for enforcement of a charge under subsection (7) no question may be raised as to the validity of the charge.
9
Subsections (12) and (13) of section 35 shall have effect for the purpose of this section as they have effect for the purpose of section 35(1), (7) and (10).

Appeal
40B
1
A person may appeal to the court against a decision to charge him under section 40.
2
On an appeal under this section the court may—
a
allow the appeal and cancel the charge, or
b
dismiss the appeal.
3
An appeal under this section—
a
shall be a re-hearing of the Secretary of State’s decision to impose a charge, and
b
may be determined having regard to matters of which the Secretary of State was unaware.
4
Subsection (3)(a) has effect despite any provision of Civil Procedure Rules.
5
An appeal may be brought by a person under this section against a decision to charge him whether or not he has given notice of objection under section 40A(3).

Visas for transit passengers.
41
1
The Secretary of State may by order require transit passengers to hold a transit visa.
2
“Transit passengers” means persons of any description specified in the order who on arrival in the United Kingdom pass through to another country without entering the United Kingdom; and “transit visa” means a visa for that purpose.
3
The order—
a
may specify a description of persons by reference to nationality, citizenship, origin or other connection with any particular country but not by reference to race, colour or religion;
b
may not provide for the requirement imposed by the order to apply to any person who under the 1971 Act has the right of abode in the United Kingdom;
c
may provide for any category of persons of a description specified in the order to be exempt from the requirement imposed by the order;
d
may make provision about the method of application for visas required by the order.

Power to detain vehicles etc. in connection with charges under section 40.
42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Interpretation

Interpretation of Part II.
43
1
In this Part—
- “aircraft” includes hovercraft;
- “captain” means the master of a ship or commander of an aircraft;
- “concealed” includes being concealed in any freight, stores or other thing carried in or on the vehicle, ship , aircraft or rail freight wagon concerned;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- “detached trailer” means a trailer, semi-trailer, caravan or any other thing which is designed or adapted for towing by a vehicle but which has been detached for transport—
  1. in or on the vehicle concerned; or
  2. in the ship or aircraft concerned (whether separately or in or on a vehicle);
- “equipment”, in relation to an aircraft, includes—
  1. any certificate of registration, maintenance or airworthiness of the aircraft;
  2. any log book relating to the use of the aircraft; and
  3. any similar document;
- “
freight shuttle wagon
” means a wagon which—
  1. forms part of a shuttle-train, and
  2. is designed to carry commercial goods vehicles;
- “
freight train
” means any train other than—
  1. a train engaged on a service for the carriage of passengers, or
  2. a shuttle-train;
- “
goods vehicle
” means—
  1. a mechanically propelled vehicle which—
    1. is designed or adapted solely or principally to be used for the carriage or haulage of goods, and
    2. at the time in question, is being used for a commercial purpose, or
  2. any trailer, semi-trailer or other thing which—
    1. is designed or adapted to be towed by a vehicle within paragraph (a)(i), and
    2. at the time in question, is being used for a commercial purpose;
- “hirer”, in relation to a vehicle, means any person who has hired the vehicle from another person;
- “operating weight”, in relation to an aircraft, means the maximum total weight of the aircraft and its contents at which the aircraft may take off anywhere in the world, in the most favourable circumstances, in accordance with the certificate of airworthiness in force in respect of the aircraft;
- “owner” includes—
  1. in relation to a ship or aircraft, the agent or operator of the ship or aircraft; . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
in relation to a transporter which is the subject of a hire-purchase agreement, includes the person in possession of it under that agreement;
- “penalty notice” has the meaning given in section 35(2);
- “
rail freight wagon
” means—
  1. any rolling stock, other than a locomotive, which forms part of a freight train, or
  2. a freight shuttle wagon,
and for the purpose of this definition, “
rolling stock
” and “
locomotive
” have the meanings given by section 83 of the Railways Act 1993 (c.43);
- “senior officer” means an immigration officer not below the rank of chief immigration officer;
- “ship” includes every description of vessel used in navigation;
- “
shuttle-train
” has the meaning given by section 1(9) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987 (c. 53);
- “small aircraft” means an aircraft which has an operating weight of less than 5,700 kilogrammes;
- “small ship” means a ship which has a gross tonnage of less than 500 tonnes;
- “train” means a train which—
  1. is engaged on an international service as defined by section 13(6) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987; but
  2. is not a shuttle train as defined by section 1(9) of that Act;
- “train operator”, in relation to a person arriving in the United Kingdom on a train, means the operator of trains who embarked that person on that train for the journey to the United Kingdom;
- “transporter” means a vehicle (including a goods vehicle), ship , aircraft or rail freight wagon together with—
  1. its equipment; and
  2. any stores for use in connection with its operation;
- “vehicle” includes a trailer, semi-trailer, caravan or other thing which is designed or adapted to be towed by another vehicle.
1A
References in this Part to the securing of a goods vehicle against unauthorised access include references to the securing of any container which is being carried by a goods vehicle against unauthorised access.
1B
In subsection (1A) “
container
” means any container or other thing which is designed or adapted to be carried by a goods vehicle.
2
A reference in this Part to “
the court
” is a reference—
a
in England and Wales, to
the county court
,
b
in Scotland, to the sheriff, and
c
in Northern Ireland, to a county court.
3
But—
a
a county court
in Northern Ireland, or the county court in England and Wales,
may transfer proceedings under this Part to the High Court, and
b
the sheriff may transfer proceedings under this Part to the Court of Session.
Pt. II (ss. 32-43) modified (7.2.2001 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/280, arts. 1, 2 (with art. 5)
S. 32 partly in force; s. 32 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 170(4); s. 32(2)(a)(3)(10) in force for certain purposes at 6.12.1999 by S.I. 1999/3190, art. 2, Sch.; s. 32 in force for certain purposes at: 3.4.2000 by S.I. 2000/464, art. 2, Sch.; 18.9.2000 by S.I. 2000/2444, art. 2, Sch. 1 (subject to arts. 3, 4, Sch. 2); 8.12.2002 by S.I. 2002/2815, art. 2, Sch.
S. 32(2)-(5)(7)(10) applied (with modifications) (7.2.2001 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/280, arts. 1-4 (with art. 5)
S. 33 applied (with modifications) (7.2.2001 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/208, arts. 1(2), 3, 4 (with art. 5)
S. 34 applied (with modifications) (7.2.2001 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/280, arts. 1-4 (with art. 5)
S. 34 partly in force; s. 34 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 170(4); s. 34 in force for certain purposes at: 3.4.2000 by S.I. 2000/464, art. 2, Sch.; 18.9.2000 by S.I. 2000/2444, art. 2, Sch. 1 (subject to arts. 3, 4, Sch. 2); 8.12.2002 by S.I. 2002/2815, art. 2, Sch.
S. 35 partly in force; s. 35 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 170(4); s. 35(7)-(9) in force for certain purposes at 6.12.1999 by S.I. 1999/3190, art. 2, Sch.; s. 35 in force for certain purposes at: 3.4.2000 by S.I. 2000/464, art. 2, Sch.; 18.9.2000 by S.I. 2000/2444, art. 2, Sch. 1 (subject to arts. 3, 4, Sch. 2); 8.12.2002 by S.I. 2002/2815, art. 2, Sch.
S. 35(1)(2)(6)-(8)(10) applied (with modifications) (7.2.2001 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/280, arts. 1-4 (with art. 5)
S. 36 applied (with modifications) (7.2.2001 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/280, arts. 1-4 (with art. 5))
S. 36 partly in force; s. 36 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 170(4); s. 36(2)(a) in force for certain purposes at 6.12.1999 by S.I. 1999/3190, art. 2, Sch.; s. 36 in force for certain purposes at: 3.4.2000 by S.I. 2000/464, art. 2, Sch.; 18.9.2000 by S.I. 2000/2444, art. 2, Sch. 1 (subject to arts. 3, 4, Sch. 2); 8.12.2002 by S.I. 2002/2815, art. 2, Sch.
S. 37 (and Sch. 1) applied (with modifications) (7.2.2001 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/280, arts. 1-4 (with art. 5)
S. 37 partly in force; s. 37 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 170(4); s. 37(6) in force for certain purposes at 6.12.1999 by S.I. 1999/3190, art. 2, Sch.; s. 37 in force for certain purposes at: 3.4.2000 by S.I. 2000/464, art. 2, Sch.; 18.9.2000 by S.I. 2000/2444, art. 2, Sch. 1 (subject to arts. 3, 4, Sch. 2); 8.12.2002 by S.I. 2002/2815, art. 2, Sch.
1995 c. 46.
S. 43 applied (with modifications) (7.2.2001 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/280, arts. 1-4 (with art. 5)
1987 c. 53.
S. 39 repealed (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), ss. 125, 161, 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 12, Sch. 9 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4)
Ss. 40-40B substituted (14.11.2002 for certain purposes and otherwise 8.12.2002) for s. 40 by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 13 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
Ss. 40-40B substituted (14.11.2002 for certain purposes and otherwise 8.12.2002) for s. 40 by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 13 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
Ss. 40-40B substituted (14.11.2002 for certain purposes and otherwise 8.12.2002) for s. 40 by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 13 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 42 repealed (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), ss. 125, 161, Sch. 8 para. 13, Sch. 9 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43(1): words in definition of "concealed" substituted (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(a) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43 renumbered (8.12.2002) as s. 43(1) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43(1): definition of "court" omitted (8.12.2002) by virtue of Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(b) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43(1): definitions of "freight shuttle wagon" and "freight train" inserted (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(c) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43(1): in definition of "owner" paragraph (b) and preceding word repealed (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), ss. 125, 161, Sch. 8 para. 15(d), Sch. 9 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43(1): definition of "rail freight wagon" substituted (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(e) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43(1): definition of "shuttle-train" inserted (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(f) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43(1): words in definition of "transporter" substituted (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(g) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 43(2)(3) inserted (8.12.2002) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 125, Sch. 8 para. 15(h) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.
S. 36(6)(7) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 10(5); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
Words in s. 35(10) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 8(5); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iii)(2) (with reg. 4)
Words in s. 43(1) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 in so far as not already in force) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 12(2)(a); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(b) (with reg. 4)
S. 36A(4A) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 11(3); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 34(3B)-(3D) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 7(4)
S. 37(7) inserted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 11(7) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 31A inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 in so far as not already in force) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 3; S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(b) (with reg. 4)
S. 34(6) substituted (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 6(6) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 33 omitted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by virtue of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 6; S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 34(3A)(d) omitted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes) by virtue of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 7(3)(c)
Word in s. 34(3A)(b) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 7(3)(a)
Word in s. 36(1)(b) repealed (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 9(2)(b), Sch. 9 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 36 heading inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 10(2); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 36(1)(d) and word inserted (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 9(2)(c) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 32(2B)-(2E) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 4(2); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 37 in force at 13.2.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/34, art. 2
Word in s. 32(5)(a) substituted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 2(5)(a) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 43(3)(a) inserted (22.4.2014) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 9 para. 90(b); S.I. 2014/954, art. 2(c) (with art. 3) (with transitional provisions and savings in S.I. 2014/956, arts. 3-11)
S. 33 heading substituted (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 4 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.; S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 32A(3) substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 5(4); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 35(3) omitted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes) by virtue of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 8(2)
Words in s. 43(2)(a) substituted (22.4.2014) by Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(3), Sch. 9 para. 52; S.I. 2014/954, art. 2(c) (with art. 3) (with transitional provisions and savings in S.I. 2014/956, arts. 3-11)
S. 37(3A)(3B) inserted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 11(5) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 32(6B) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 4(4); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
Word in s. 32(5)(b)(c) substituted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 2(5)(b) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 36(2A)(a) substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 10(3); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
Ss. 40-43 power to apply (with modifications) or amend conferred (18.7.2012) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), ss. 124(6), 162(1) (with s. 159); S.I. 2012/1887, art. 2
Words in s. 36A(4)(b) substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 11(2); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
Word in s. 35(12)(c) omitted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by virtue of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 8(6)(a); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iii)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 32 in force at 13.2.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/34, art. 2
S. 35 in force at 13.2.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/34, art. 2
S. 35(12)(ca) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 8(6)(b); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iii)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 32(4)(4A) substituted for s. 32(4) (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 2(4) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 36A in force at 13.2.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/34, art. 2
Word in s. 35A(3)(a) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 9(3)(a); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 34(3A) inserted (8.12.2002 for certain purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 6(4) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 32(6A) inserted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 2(8) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 36(2A)-(2C) inserted (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 9(3) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 37(5A)(5B) inserted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 11(6) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Word in s. 32(6)(a)(b) substituted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 2(7) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 34 in force at 13.2.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/34, art. 2
S. 32(4) substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 4(3); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
Words in s. 32A(6) substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 5(7); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 34(5) repealed (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 6(5), Sch. 9 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 34(4) omitted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by virtue of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 7(5); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(ii)(2) (with reg. 4)
Word in s. 34(3)(c) repealed (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 6(3), Sch. 9 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 32A(4) substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 5(5); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 35A inserted (11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 8 (with s. 159); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 32(2)(2A) substituted for s. 32(2) (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 2(3) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 31A in force at 28.4.2022 for specified purposes by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c)
S. 31A in force at 13.2.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/34, art. 2
S. 35(2)(e) and word inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 8(4)(b); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iii)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 32A(A1)(B1) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 5(2); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 35(11)-(13) added (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 7(5) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 32A(5) substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 5(6); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 32(1)(aa) inserted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), ss. 125, 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 2(2) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 35A(1) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 9(2); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 36A(7)-(11) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 11(4); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 36 in force at 13.2.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/34, art. 2
S. 34(3A)(c) substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 7(3)(b)
S. 32(5A) inserted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 2(6) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Word in s. 35(2)(c) omitted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by virtue of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 8(4)(a); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iii)(2) (with reg. 4)
Words in s. 32A(2)(b) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 5(3); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(i)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 43(1A)(1B) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 in so far as not already in force) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 12(3); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(b) (with reg. 4)
S. 32A inserted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), ss. 125, 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 3 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4), S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 35(1) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 8(3); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iii)(2) (with reg. 4)
Words in s. 37(3)(c) repealed (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 11(4), Sch. 9 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 34(1) substituted (8.12.2002 for certain purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 6(2) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 35A in force at 13.2.2023 for specified purposes by S.I. 2023/34, art. 2
S. 36A inserted (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 10 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 34(3) omitted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by virtue of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 7(2); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(ii)(2) (with reg. 4)
Words in s. 43(1) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 in so far as not already in force) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 12(2)(b); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(b) (with reg. 4)
S. 36(2AA) inserted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 10(4); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 35A(3)(b) and word omitted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by virtue of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 9(3)(b); S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(c)(iv)(2) (with reg. 4)
S. 32 cross-heading substituted (28.4.2022 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 in so far as not already in force) by Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (c. 36), s. 87(1)(4)(c), Sch. 5 para. 2; S.I. 2023/33, reg. 2(1)(b) (with reg. 4)
Words in s. 33(2)(b) repealed (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 5, Sch. 9 (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch.; S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Word in s. 35(2)(d)(i) substituted (14.11.2002 for certain purposes, 8.12.2002 for certain further purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 7(2) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Word in s. 35(9) substituted (4.11.2002 for certain purposes, 8.12.2002 for certain further purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 7(4)(b) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Word in s. 36(1) substituted (8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 9(2)(a) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 37(2) substituted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 11(3) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Word in s. 35(9) substituted (4.11.2002 for certain purposes, 8.12.2002 for certain further purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 7(4)(a) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
S. 35(3)-(7) substituted for s. 35(3)-(8) (14.11.2002 for certain purposes, 8.12.2002 for certain further purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 7(3) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)
Words in s. 37(1) substituted (14.11.2002 for specified purposes, 8.12.2002 for specified purposes, 11.5.2012 for specified purposes, 13.2.2023 for specified purposes) by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (c. 41), s. 162(1), Sch. 8 para. 11(2) (with s. 159); S.I. 2002/2811, art. 2, Sch. (with art. 4); S.I. 2012/1263, art. 2; S.I. 2023/32, art. 2(1)(b)(2)