Act repealed (except s. 62, Sch. 15 paras. 13, 15, 16, 18, 19) (25.5.2018) by Data Protection Act 2018 (c. 12), s. 212(1), Sch. 19 para. 44 (with ss. 117, 209, 210 and with transitional provisions in Sch. 20 paras. 2-9, 17-25, 27-46, 53, 54 and saving in Sch. 20 para. 58); S.I. 2018/625, reg. 2(1)(g)

Act modified (25.5.2018) by Data Protection Act 2018 (c. 12), s. 212(1), Sch. 19 para. 432 (with ss. 117, 209, 210, Sch. 20 paras. 58, 59); S.I. 2018/625, reg. 2(1)(g)

Act: power to amend conferred (8.5.2008) by virtue of Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4), ss. 77(5), 153

Act: Crown status for the purposes of the Act extended (6.5.1999) by S.I. 1999/677, art. 7(3)

Act applied (1.4.2000) by 1999 c. 28, s. 19(2) (with s. 38); S.I. 2000/1066, art. 2

Act excluded (1.3.2000) by S.I. 2000/416, art. 2, Sch.

Act: functions of the Secretary of State transferred to the Lord Chancellor (26.11.2001) by S.I. 2001/3500, arts. 3, 4, Sch. 1 para. 11

Act applied by S.I. 1993/1813, art. 4(2) (as substituted by S.I. 2001/1544, art. 3(5)(6)) (the amendment coming into force in accordance with art. 1(2) of S.I. 2001/1544)

Act (except ss. 6(4)(a)(b), 28, Sch. 5 para. 12(2) for certain purposes and Sch. 6 paras. 2, 3): functions of the Lord Chancellor transferred to the Secretary of State, and all property, rights and liabilities to which the Lord Chancellor is entitled or subject to in connection with any such function transferred to the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs (19.8.2003) by The Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/1887), arts. 4, 5, Sch. 1 (with art. 6)

Act restricted by The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/2818), art. 8(2) (the amendment coming into force in accordance with art. 1(2) of the amending S.I.)

Act modified by The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/2818), art. 11(4) (the amendment coming into force in accordance with art. 1(2) of the amending S.I.)

Act modified by The National Assembly for Wales Commission (Crown Status) Order 2007 (S.I. 2007/1118), art. 5 (the amendment coming into force in accordance with art. 1(2) of the amending S.I.)

Act excluded (3.12.2014) by The Criminal Justice and Data Protection (Protocol No. 36) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/3141), regs. 1(b), 50(1)

Act applied (N.I.) (12.4.2016) by Health and Social Care (Control of Data Processing) Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 (c. 12), s. 1(8)

Act applied (S.) (1.4.2018) by The National Health Service (General Medical Services Contracts) (Scotland) Regulations 2018 (S.S.I. 2018/66), reg. 1, sch. 6 para. 64 (with reg. 2)

Act applied in part (with modifications) in so far as still in force by S.I. 2003/2426, Sch. 1 para. 8AA (as amended) (17.12.2018) by The Privacy and Electronic Communications (Amendment) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/1189), regs. 1, 2(2)(3)

Pt. VI applied (with modifications) (3.12.2014) by The Criminal Justice and Data Protection (Protocol No. 36) Regulations 2014 (S.I. 2014/3141), regs. 1(b), 51(1)(b)

1974 c. 39.

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29Data Protection Act 1998An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information.1998-07-16texttext/xmlenStatute Law Database2026-02-09Expert Participation2019-12-02Data Protection Act 1998Sch. 12 para. 4 TableHousing (Scotland) Act 2001Sch. 10 para. 26s. 113(1)Data Protection Act 1998Sch. 12 para. 5(3)Housing (Scotland) Act 2001Sch. 10 para. 26s. 113(1)Data Protection Act 1998Sch. 9 para. 1(1)Courts Act 2003Sch. 4 para. 8s. 110(1)Data Protection Act 1998s. 20(2)Coroners and Justice Act 2009Sch. 20 para. 4(a)Sch. 23 Pt. 8s. 180s. 182(5)Data Protection Act 1998s. 20(2)(a)Coroners and Justice Act 2009Sch. 20 para. 4(b)s. 180s. 182(5)Data Protection Act 1998s. 20(2)(aa)Coroners and Justice Act 2009Sch. 20 para. 4(c)s. 180s. 182(5)Data Protection Act 1998s. 20(2)(b)Coroners and Justice Act 2009Sch. 20 para. 4(d)s. 180s. 182(5)Data Protection Act 1998s. 69(3)(f)Health and Social Care Act 2012Sch. 14 para. 74s. 179(5)(b)s. 306(4)Data Protection Act 1998s. 69(1)(h)Children and Social Work Act 2017Sch. 5 para. 6s. 70(2)reg. 2(s)Data Protection Act 1998s. 69(1)(h)Children and Social Work Act 2017Sch. 5 para. 47(g)s. 70(2)reg. 2(s)Data Protection Act 1998Pt. 3Digital Economy Act 2017s. 111(2)s. 118(6)Data Protection Act 1998s. 33A(1)(e)Digital Economy Act 2017s. 111(3)s. 118(6)Data Protection Act 1998s. 71Digital Economy Act 2017s. 111(4)s. 118(6)Data Protection Act 1998Sch. 1 Pt. 2 para. 5(b) and wordDigital Economy Act 2017s. 111(5)s. 118(6)Data Protection Act 1998Sch. 5 para. 9(1)Digital Economy Act 2017s. 111(6)s. 118(6)Data Protection Act 1998Sch. 14 para. 2Digital Economy Act 2017s. 111(7)s. 118(6)Data Protection Act 1998s. 31(4)(a)(va)Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 2016Sch. 3 para. 13s. 61(2)Data Protection Act 1998s. 31(6)NHS Redress Act 2006s. 14(10)s. 19(4)Data Protection Act 1998s. 55(2)(ca)Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008s. 78Sch. 27 para. 28s. 153(7)Data Protection Act 19981998 CHAPTER 29

An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information.

[16th July 1998]

Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

Part I Preliminary

1 Basic interpretative provisions.

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2 Sensitive personal data.

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3 The special purposes.

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4 The data protection principles.

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5 Application of Act.

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6 The Commissioner . . . .

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Part II Rights of data subjects and others

7 Right of access to personal data.

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8 Provisions supplementary to section 7.

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9 Application of section 7 where data controller is credit reference agency.

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9A Unstructured personal data held by public authorities.

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10 Right to prevent processing likely to cause damage or distress.

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11 Right to prevent processing for purposes of direct marketing.

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12 Rights in relation to automated decision-taking.

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12A Rights of data subjects in relation to exempt manual data.

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13 Compensation for failure to comply with certain requirements.

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14 Rectification, blocking, erasure and destruction.

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15 Jurisdiction and procedure.

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Part III Notification by data controllers

16 Preliminary.

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17 Prohibition on processing without registration.

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18 Notification by data controllers.

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19 Register of notifications.

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20 Duty to notify changes.

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21 Offences.

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22 Preliminary assessment by Commissioner.

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23 Power to make provision for appointment of data protection supervisors.

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24 Duty of certain data controllers to make certain information available.

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25 Functions of Commissioner in relation to making of notification regulations.

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26 Fees regulations.

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Part IV Exemptions

27 Preliminary.

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28 National security.

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29 Crime and taxation.

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30 Health, education and social work.

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31 Regulatory activity.

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32 Journalism, literature and art.

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33 Research, history and statistics.

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33A Manual data held by public authorities.

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34 Information available to the public by or under enactment.

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35 Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc.

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35A Parliamentary privilege.

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36 Domestic purposes.

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37 Miscellaneous exemptions.

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38 Powers to make further exemptions by order.

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39 Transitional relief.

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Part V Enforcement

40 Enforcement notices.

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41 Cancellation of enforcement notice.

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41AAssessment notices

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41BAssessment notices: limitations

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41CCode of practice about assessment notices

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42 Request for assessment.

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43 Information notices.

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44 Special information notices.

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45 Determination by Commissioner as to the special purposes.

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46 Restriction on enforcement in case of processing for the special purposes.

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47 Failure to comply with notice.

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48 Rights of appeal.

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49 Determination of appeals.

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50 Powers of entry and inspection.

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Part VI Miscellaneous and General Functions of Commissioner

51 General duties of Commissioner.

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52 Reports and codes of practice to be laid before Parliament.

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52AData-sharing code

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52AADirect marketing code

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52B data-sharing and direct marketing codes: procedure

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52CAlteration or replacement of data-sharing and direct marketing codes

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52DPublication of data-sharing and direct marketing codes

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52EEffect of data-sharing and direct marketing codes

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53 Assistance by Commissioner in cases involving processing for the special purposes.

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54 International co-operation.

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54AInspection of overseas information systems

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Unlawful obtaining et ceteralaetc. of personal data

55 Unlawful obtaining etc. of personal data.

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Monetary penalties

55APower of Commissioner to impose monetary penalty

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55BMonetary penalty notices: procedural rights

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55CGuidance about monetary penalty notices

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55DMonetary penalty notices: enforcement

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55ENotices under sections 55A and 55B: supplemental

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Records obtained under data subject’s right of access

56 Prohibition of requirement as to production of certain records.

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57 Avoidance of certain contractual terms relating to health records.

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Information provided to Commissioner or Tribunal

58 Disclosure of information.

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59 Confidentiality of information.

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General provisions relating to offences

60 Prosecutions and penalties.

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61 Liability of directors etc.

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Amendments of Consumer Credit Act 1974

62 Amendments of Consumer Credit Act 1974.(1)

In section 158 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (duty of agency to disclose filed information)—

(a)

in subsection (1)—

(i)

in paragraph (a) for “individual” there is substituted “ partnership or other unincorporated body of persons not consisting entirely of bodies corporate ”, and

(ii)

for “him” there is substituted “ it ”,

(b)

in subsection (2), for “his” there is substituted “ the consumer’s ”, and

(c)

in subsection (3), for “him” there is substituted “ the consumer ”.

(2)

In section 159 of that Act (correction of wrong information) for subsection (1) there is substituted—(1)

Any individual (the “objector”) given—

(a)

information under section 7 of the Data Protection Act 1998 by a credit reference agency, or

(b)

information under section 158,

who considers that an entry in his file is incorrect, and that if it is not corrected he is likely to be prejudiced, may give notice to the agency requiring it either to remove the entry from the file or amend it.

(3)

In subsections (2) to (6) of that section—

(a)

for “consumer”, wherever occurring, there is substituted “ objector ”, and

(b)

for “Director”, wherever occurring, there is substituted “ the relevant authority ”.

(4)

After subsection (6) of that section there is inserted—(7)

The Data Protection Commissioner may vary or revoke any order made by him under this section.

(8)

In this section “the relevant authority” means—

(a)

where the objector is a partnership or other unincorporated body of persons, the Director, and

(b)

in any other case, the Data Protection Commissioner.

(5)

In section 160 of that Act (alternative procedure for business consumers)—

(a)

in subsection (4)—

(i)

for “him” there is substituted “ to the consumer ”, and

(ii)

in paragraphs (a) and (b) for “he” there is substituted “ the consumer ” and for “his” there is substituted “ the consumer’s ”, and

(b)

after subsection (6) there is inserted—(7)

In this section “consumer” has the same meaning as in section 158.

General

63 Application to Crown.

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63A Application to Parliament.

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64 Transmission of notices etc. by electronic or other means.

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65 Service of notices by Commissioner.

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66 Exercise of rights in Scotland by children.

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67 Orders, regulations and rules.

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68 Meaning of “accessible record”.

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69 Meaning of “health professional”.

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70 Supplementary definitions.

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71 Index of defined expressions.

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72 Modifications of Act.

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73 Transitional provisions and savings.

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74 Minor and consequential amendments and repeals and revocations.

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75 Short title, commencement and extent.

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SCHEDULESSCHEDULE 1

Section 4(1) and (2).

The data protection principlesPart I The principles1

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Part II Interpretation of the principles in Part I The first principle1

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The second principle5

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The fourth principle7

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The sixth principle8

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The seventh principle9

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The eighth principle13

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SCHEDULE 2

Section 4(3).

Conditions relevant for purposes of the first principle: processing of any personal data1

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SCHEDULE 3

Section 4(3).

Conditions relevant for purposes of the first principle: processing of sensitive personal data1

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SCHEDULE 4

Section 4(3).

Cases where the eighth principle does not apply1

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SCHEDULE 5

Section 6(7).

The Data Protection Commissioner . . . Part I The Commissioner Status and capacity1

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Tenure of office and appointment2

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Salary et ceteralaetc.3

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Officers and staff4

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Authentication of seal of the Commissioner6

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Presumption of authenticity of documents issued by the Commissioner7

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Money8

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Accounts10

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Application of Part I in Scotland11

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Part II The Tribunal Tenure of office12

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Salary et ceteralaetc.13

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Officers and staff14

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Expenses15

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Part III16

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SCHEDULE 6

Sections 28(12), 48(5).

Appeal proceedings Hearing of appeals1

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Constitution of Tribunal in national security cases2

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Constitution of Tribunal in other cases4

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Determination of questions by full Tribunal5

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Ex parte proceedings6

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Tribunal Procedure Rules7

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Obstruction et ceteralaetc.8

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SCHEDULE 7

Section 37.

Miscellaneous exemptions Confidential references given by the data controller1

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Armed forces2

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Judicial appointments and honours3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Crown employment and Crown or Ministerial appointments4

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Management forecasts et ceteralaetc.5

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Corporate finance6

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Negotiations7

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Examination marks8

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Examination scripts et ceteralaetc.9

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Legal professional privilege10

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Self-incrimination11

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SCHEDULE 8

Section 39.

Transitional reliefPart I Interpretation of Schedule1

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Part II Exemptions available before 24th October 2001 Manual data2

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Processing otherwise than by reference to the data subject5

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Payrolls and accounts6

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Unincorporated members’ clubs and mailing lists7

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Back-up data12

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Exemption of all eligible automated data from certain requirements13

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Part III Exemptions available after 23rd October 2001 but before 24th October 200714

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14A

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Part IV Exemptions after 23rd October 2001 for historical research15

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Part V Exemption from section 2219

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SCHEDULE 9

Section 50.

Powers of entry and inspection Issue of warrants1

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Execution of warrants4

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Matters exempt from inspection and seizure8

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Return of warrants11

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Offences12

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Vessels, vehicles et ceteralaetc.13

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Scotland and Northern Ireland14

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Self-incrimination16

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SCHEDULE 10

Section 53(6).

Further provisions relating to assistance under section 531

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SCHEDULE 11

Section 68(1)(6).

Educational records Meaning of “educational record”1

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England and Wales2

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Scotland5

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Northern Ireland7

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England and Wales: transitory provisions9

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SCHEDULE 12

Section 68(1)(c).

Accessible public records Meaning of “accessible public record”1

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Housing and social services records: England and Wales2

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Housing and social services records: Scotland4

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Housing and social services records: Northern Ireland6

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SCHEDULE 13

Section 72.

Modifications of Act having effect before 24th October 20071

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SCHEDULE 14

Section 73.

Transitional provisions and savings Interpretation1

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Effect of registration under Part II of 1984 Act2

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Rights of data subjects3

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Enforcement and transfer prohibition notices served under Part V of 1984 Act7

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Notices under new law relating to matters in relation to which 1984 Act had effect9

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Self-incrimination, et ceteralaetc.13

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Warrants issued under 1984 Act14

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Complaints under section 36(2) of 1984 Act and requests for assessment under section 4215

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Applications under Access to Health Records Act 1990 or corresponding Northern Ireland legislation17

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Applications under regulations under Access to Personal Files Act 1987 or corresponding Northern Ireland legislation19

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Applications under section 158 of Consumer Credit Act 197420

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SCHEDULE 15

Section 74(1).

Minor and consequential amendmentsPublic Records Act 1958 (c. 51)1

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Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 (c. 13)2

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Superannuation Act 1972 (c. 11)4

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House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 24)5

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Northern Ireland Assembly Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 25)6

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Representation of the People Act 1983 (c. 2)7

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Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 (c. 28)8

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Football Spectators Act 1989 (c. 37)9

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Education (Student Loans) Act 1990 (c. 6)10

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Access to Health Records Act 1990 (c. 23)11

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In section 5(3) of that Act (cases where right of access may be partially excluded) for the words from the beginning to “record” in the first place where it occurs there is substituted “ Access shall not be given under section 3(2) to any part of a health record ”.

Access to Personal Files and Medical Reports (Northern Ireland) Order 1991 (1991/1707 (N.I. 14))14

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In Article 6(1) of that Order (interpretation), in the definition of “health professional”, for “the Data Protection (Subject Access Modification) (Health) Order 1987” there is substituted “ the Data Protection Act 1998 ”.

Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (c. 53)16

In Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (tribunals under direct supervision of Council on Tribunals), for paragraph 14 there is substituted—
Data protection
14.
(a) The Data Protection Commissioner appointed under section 6 of the Data Protection Act 1998;
(b) the Data Protection Tribunal constituted under that section, in respect of its jurisdiction under section 48 of that Act.

Access to Health Records (Northern Ireland) Order 1993 (1993/1250 (N.I. 4))17

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In Article 5(4) of that Order (cases where fee may be required) in sub-paragraph (a), for “the maximum prescribed under section 21 of the Data Protection Act 1984” there is substituted “ such maximum as may be prescribed for the purposes of this Article by regulations under section 7 of the Data Protection Act 1998 ”.

In Article 7 of that Order (cases where right of access may be partially excluded) for the words from the beginning to “record” in the first place where it occurs there is substituted “ Access shall not be given under Article 5(2) to any part of a health record ”.

SCHEDULE 16

Section 74(2).

Repeals and revocationsPart I Repeals

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Part II Revocations

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