<akomaNtoso xmlns:uk="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/namespaces/UK-AKN" xmlns:ukl="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/namespaces/legislation" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0 http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/akn-core/v1.0/cos01/part2-specs/schemas/akomantoso30.xsd"><act name="eur"><meta><identification source="#"><FRBRWork><FRBRthis value="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/eur/2018/613"/><FRBRuri value="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/eur/2018/613"/><FRBRdate date="2018-04-20" name="adopted"/><FRBRauthor href=""/><FRBRcountry value="EU"/><FRBRnumber value="613"/><FRBRname value="Regulation (EU) 2018/613"/><FRBRprescriptive value="true"/></FRBRWork><FRBRExpression><FRBRthis value="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2018/613/2018-04-20"/><FRBRuri value="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2018/613/2018-04-20"/><FRBRdate date="2018-04-20" name="validFrom"/><FRBRauthor href="#"/><FRBRlanguage language="eng"/></FRBRExpression><FRBRManifestation><FRBRthis value="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2018/613/2018-04-20/data.akn"/><FRBRuri value="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2018/613/2018-04-20/data.akn"/><FRBRdate date="2026-04-04+01:00" name="transform"/><FRBRauthor href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk"/><FRBRformat value="application/akn+xml"/></FRBRManifestation></identification><lifecycle source="#"><eventRef refersTo="#adopted" date="2018-04-20" eId="date-adopted" source="#"/><eventRef date="2018-04-20" eId="date-2018-04-20" source="#"/></lifecycle><analysis source="#"><restrictions source="#"><restriction refersTo="#extent-e+w+s+ni" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#preface" refersTo="#extent-e+w+s+ni" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#body" refersTo="#extent-e+w+s+ni" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#article-1" refersTo="#extent-e+w+s+ni" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#article-2" refersTo="#extent-e+w+s+ni" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#body-signatures" refersTo="#extent-e+w+s+ni" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#schedules" refersTo="#extent-e+w+s+ni" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#annex" refersTo="#extent-e+w+s+ni" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction refersTo="#period-from-2018-04-20" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#preface" refersTo="#period-from-2018-04-20" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#body" refersTo="#period-from-2018-04-20" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#article-1" refersTo="#period-from-2018-04-20" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#article-2" refersTo="#period-from-2018-04-20" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#body-signatures" refersTo="#period-from-2018-04-20" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#schedules" refersTo="#period-from-2018-04-20" type="jurisdiction"/><restriction href="#annex" refersTo="#period-from-2018-04-20" type="jurisdiction"/></restrictions><otherAnalysis source=""/></analysis><temporalData source="#"><temporalGroup eId="period-from-2018-04-20"><timeInterval start="#date-2018-04-20" refersTo="#"/></temporalGroup></temporalData><references source="#"><TLCEvent eId="adopted" href="" showAs="AdoptedDate"/><TLCLocation eId="extent-e+w+s+ni" href="/ontology/jurisdictions/uk.EnglandWalesScotlandNorthernIreland" showAs="E+W+S+N.I."/></references><proprietary xmlns:ukm="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/namespaces/metadata" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" source="#"><dc:identifier>http://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2018/613</dc:identifier><dc:title>Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/613 of 20 April 2018 approving PHMB (1415; 4.7) as an existing active substance for use in biocidal products of product-types 2 and 4 (Text with EEA relevance)</dc:title><dct:alternative>Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/613</dct:alternative><dc:description>Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/613 of 20 April 2018 approving PHMB (1415; 4.7) as an existing active substance for use in biocidal products of product-types 2 and 4 (Text with EEA relevance)</dc:description><dc:modified>2020-12-12</dc:modified><dc:publisher>King's Printer of Acts of Parliament</dc:publisher><dc:source>https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32018R0613</dc:source><dc:type>text</dc:type><dc:format>text/xml</dc:format><dc:language>en</dc:language><dct:valid>2018-04-20</dct:valid><ukm:EUMetadata><ukm:DocumentClassification><ukm:DocumentCategory Value="euretained"/><ukm:DocumentMainType Value="EuropeanUnionRegulation"/><ukm:DocumentStatus Value="revised"/></ukm:DocumentClassification><ukm:Year Value="2018"/><ukm:Number Value="613"/><ukm:EURLexIdentifiers xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/namespaces/legislation"><ukm:Cellar Value="4fc43ec0-46c6-11e8-be1d-01aa75ed71a1"/><ukm:CELEX Value="32018R0613"/><ukm:OfficialJournal Value="JOL_2018_102_R_0001"/><ukm:ELI Value="reg_impl:2018:613:oj"/></ukm:EURLexIdentifiers><ukm:EnactmentDate Date="2018-04-20"/><ukm:EURLexModified Date="2018-07-06T15:52:15Z"/><ukm:EURLexExtracted Date="2018-07-06T18:49:00Z"/><ukm:XMLGenerated Date="2020-12-12T17:52:57Z"/><ukm:XMLImported Date="2020-12-12T23:15:11Z"/><ukm:Treaty Title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (consolidated version 2012)" Code="TFEU_2012"/><ukm:CreatedBy Label="European Commission" URI="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/corporate-body/COM"/><ukm:CreatedBy Label="Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety" URI="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/corporate-body/SANTE"/><ukm:Subject Scheme="EuroVoc" Label="decontamination" URI="http://eurovoc.europa.eu/2877"/><ukm:Subject Scheme="DirectoryCode" Label="Other sectors for approximation of laws" URI="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_555/133099"/><ukm:Subject Scheme="DirectoryCode" Label="Internal market: approximation of laws" URI="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_555/1330"/><ukm:Subject Scheme="DirectoryCode" Label="Industrial policy and internal market" URI="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_555/13"/><ukm:Subject Scheme="EuroVoc" Label="food safety" URI="http://eurovoc.europa.eu/6569"/><ukm:Subject Scheme="EuroVoc" Label="market approval" URI="http://eurovoc.europa.eu/5451"/><ukm:Subject Scheme="SubjectMatter" Label="Internal market - Principles" URI="http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_070/MARI"/><ukm:Subject Scheme="EuroVoc" Label="chemical product" URI="http://eurovoc.europa.eu/2739"/><ukm:DocumentCurrentStatus><ukm:UKAmended Value="false"/></ukm:DocumentCurrentStatus></ukm:EUMetadata><ukm:Alternatives><ukm:Alternative URI="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2018/613/pdfs/eur_20180613_adopted_en.pdf" Date="2018-04-23" Size="390138"/></ukm:Alternatives><ukm:Statistics><ukm:TotalParagraphs Value="2"/><ukm:BodyParagraphs Value="2"/><ukm:ScheduleParagraphs Value="0"/><ukm:AttachmentParagraphs Value="0"/><ukm:TotalImages Value="0"/></ukm:Statistics></proprietary></meta><preface eId="preface"><longTitle><p>
               <inline name="uppercase">Commission Implementing Regulation</inline> (EU) 2018/613</p><p>of 20 April 2018</p><p>approving PHMB (1415; 4.7) as an existing active substance for use in biocidal products of product-types 2 and 4</p><p>(Text with EEA relevance)</p></longTitle></preface><preamble><p>THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,</p><p>Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,</p><p>Having regard to Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products<authorialNote class="footnote" eId="f00001" marker="1"><p>
                  <ref eId="c00001" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2012.167.01.0001.01.ENG">OJ L 167, 27.6.2012, p. 1</ref>.</p></authorialNote>, and in particular the third subparagraph of Article 89(1) thereof,</p><p>Whereas:</p><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(1)</num><p>Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1062/2014<authorialNote class="footnote" eId="f00002" marker="2"><p>Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1062/2014 of 4 August 2014 on the work programme for the systematic examination of all existing active substances contained in biocidal products referred to in Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (<ref eId="c00002" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.294.01.0001.01.ENG">OJ L 294, 10.10.2014, p. 1</ref>).</p></authorialNote> establishes a list of existing active substances to be evaluated for their possible approval for use in biocidal products. That list includes PHMB (1415; 4.7).</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(2)</num><p>PHMB (1415; 4.7) has been evaluated for use in products of product-type 2, disinfectants and algaecides not intended for direct application to humans or animals, and product-type 4, food and feed area, as described in Annex V to Regulation (EU) No 528/2012.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(3)</num><p>France was designated as evaluating competent authority and submitted the assessment reports together with its recommendations on 13 December 2016.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(4)</num><p>In accordance with Article 7(2) of Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1062/2014, the opinions of the European Chemicals Agency were formulated on 4 October 2017 by the Biocidal Products Committee, having regard to the conclusions of the evaluating competent authority.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(5)</num><p>According to those opinions, biocidal products of product-types 2 and 4 containing PHMB (1415; 4.7) may be expected to satisfy the criteria of Article 19(1)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 528/2012, provided that certain specifications and conditions concerning their use are complied with.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(6)</num><p>It is therefore appropriate to approve PHMB (1415; 4.7) for use in biocidal products of product-types 2 and 4, subject to compliance with certain specifications and conditions.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(7)</num><p>The opinions conclude that PHMB (1415; 4.7) meets the criteria for being a very persistent (vP) and toxic (T) substance in accordance with Annex XIII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council<authorialNote class="footnote" eId="f00003" marker="3"><p>Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (<ref eId="c00003" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2006.396.01.0001.01.ENG">OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, p. 1</ref>).</p></authorialNote>. PHMB (1415; 4.7) therefore meets the conditions set out in point (d) of Article 10(1) of Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 and should be considered a candidate for substitution.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(8)</num><p>Pursuant to Article 10(4) of that Regulation, the approval of an active substance that is considered as a candidate for substitution should be for a period not exceeding 7 years.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(9)</num><p>For the use in product-type 4, the evaluation did not address the incorporation of biocidal products containing PHMB (1415; 4.7) in materials and articles intended to come into contact directly or indirectly with food within the meaning of Article 1(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council<authorialNote class="footnote" eId="f00004" marker="4"><p>Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC (<ref eId="c00004" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2004.338.01.0004.01.ENG">OJ L 338, 13.11.2004, p. 4</ref>).</p></authorialNote>. Such materials may require the establishment of specific limits on the migration into food, as referred to in Article 5(1)(e) of Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004. The approval should therefore not cover such use unless the Commission has established such limits or it has been established pursuant to that Regulation that such limits are not necessary.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(10)</num><p>Since PHMB (1415; 4.7) meets the criteria for being very persistent (vP) according to Annex XIII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, treated articles treated with or incorporating PHMB (1415; 4.7) should be appropriately labelled when placed on the market.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(11)</num><p>A reasonable period should be allowed to elapse before an active substance is approved, in order to permit interested parties to take the preparatory measures necessary to meet the new requirements.</p></blockContainer><blockContainer class="division" uk:name="division"><num>(12)</num><p>The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on Biocidal Products,</p></blockContainer><p>HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:</p></preamble><body eId="body"><article eId="article-1"><num>Article 1</num><content><p>PHMB (1415; 4.7) is approved as an active substance for use in biocidal products of product-types 2 and 4, subject to the specifications and conditions set out in the Annex.</p></content></article><article eId="article-2"><num>Article 2</num><content><p>This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the <i>Official Journal of the European Union</i>.</p></content></article><hcontainer name="signatures"><intro><p>This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.</p></intro><hcontainer name="signatureBlock"><content><p>Done at Brussels, 20 April 2018.</p><p>
                        <i>For the Commission</i>
                     </p><p>
                        <i>The President</i>
                     </p><p>Jean-Claude <inline name="uppercase">Juncker</inline>
                     </p></content></hcontainer></hcontainer><hcontainer name="schedules" eId="schedules"><hcontainer name="schedule" eId="annex"><num>ANNEX</num><content><tblock class="table" ukl:Orientation="landscape"><foreign><table xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><tbody><tr><th><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">Common Name</p></th><th><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">IUPAC NameIdentification Numbers</p></th><th><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">Minimum degree of purity of the active substance<authorialNote class="tablenote" eId="f00005" marker="5"><p>The purity indicated in this column was the minimum degree of purity of the active substance evaluated. The active substance in the product placed on the market can be of equal or different purity if it has been proven to be technically equivalent to the evaluated active substance.</p></authorialNote></p></th><th><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">Date of approval</p></th><th><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">Expiry date of approval</p></th><th><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">Product type</p></th><th><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">Specific conditions</p></th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">PHMB (1415; 4.7) (polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride with a mean number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 1415 and a mean polydispersity (PDI) of 4.7)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">IUPAC Name:</p><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">CoPoly(bisiminoimidocarbonyl, hexamethylene hydrochloride),(iminoimidocarbonyl, hexamethylene hydrochloride)</p><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">EC No: not available</p><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">CAS No: 32289-58-0 and 1802181-67-4</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">943g/kg (calculated dry weight specification).</p><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">The active substance as manufactured is an aqueous solution of 20 % w/w of PHMB (1415; 4.7)</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">1 November 2019</p></td><td rowspan="2"><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">31 October 2026</p></td><td><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">2</p></td><td><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">PHMB (1415; 4.7) is considered a candidate for substitution in accordance with point (d) of Article 10(1) Regulation (EU) No 528/2012.</p><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">The authorisations of biocidal products are subject to the following conditions:</p><blockList xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0" class="ordered arabic parens" ukl:Name="OrderedList" ukl:Type="arabic" ukl:Decoration="parens"><item><num>(1)</num><p>the product assessment shall pay particular attention to the exposures, the risks and the efficacy linked to any uses covered by an application for authorisation, but not addressed in the Union level risk assessment of the active substance;</p></item><item><num>(2)</num><p>in view of the risks identified for the uses assessed, the product assessment shall pay particular attention to:</p><blockList class="ordered alpha parens" ukl:Name="OrderedList" ukl:Type="alpha" ukl:Decoration="parens"><item><num>(a)</num><p>professional users;</p></item><item><num>(b)</num><p>non-professional users;</p></item><item><num>(c)</num><p>secondary exposure of the general public and toddlers;</p></item><item><num>(d)</num><p>environment: surface water, sediment and soil.</p></item></blockList></item></blockList><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">The placing on the market of treated articles is subject to the following condition:</p><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">The person responsible for the placing on the market of a treated article treated with or incorporating PHMB (1415; 4.7) shall ensure that the label of that treated article provides the information listed in the second subparagraph of Article 58(3) of Regulation (EU) No 528/2012.</p></td></tr><tr><td><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">4</p></td><td><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">PHMB (1415; 4.7) is considered a candidate for substitution in accordance with point (d) of Article 10(1) Regulation (EU) No 528/2012.</p><p xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0">The authorisations of biocidal products are subject to the following conditions:</p><blockList xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/legaldocml/ns/akn/3.0" class="ordered arabic parens" ukl:Name="OrderedList" ukl:Type="arabic" ukl:Decoration="parens"><item><num>(1)</num><p>the product assessment shall pay particular attention to the exposures, the risks and the efficacy linked to any uses covered by an application for authorisation, but not addressed in the Union level risk assessment of the active substance;</p></item><item><num>(2)</num><p>in view of the risks identified for the uses assessed, the product assessment shall pay particular attention to:</p><blockList class="ordered alpha parens" ukl:Name="OrderedList" ukl:Type="alpha" ukl:Decoration="parens"><item><num>(a)</num><p>professional users;</p></item><item><num>(b)</num><p>non-professional users;</p></item><item><num>(c)</num><p>secondary exposure of the general public;</p></item><item><num>(d)</num><p>environment: surface water, sediment and soil;</p></item></blockList></item><item><num>(3)</num><p>for products that may lead to residues in food or feed, the need to set new or to amend existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 470/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council<authorialNote class="tablenote" eId="f00006" marker="6"><p>Regulation (EC) No 470/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 May 2009 laying down Community procedures for the establishment of residue limits of pharmacologically active substances in foodstuffs of animal origin, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 and amending Directive 2001/82/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (<ref eId="c00005" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2009.152.01.0011.01.ENG">OJ L 152, 16.6.2009, p. 11</ref>).</p></authorialNote> or Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council<authorialNote class="tablenote" eId="f00007" marker="7"><p>Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC (<ref eId="c00006" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2005.070.01.0001.01.ENG">OJ L 70, 16.3.2005, p. 1</ref>).</p></authorialNote> shall be verified, and any appropriate risk mitigation measures shall be taken to ensure that the applicable MRLs are not exceeded;</p></item><item><num>(4)</num><p>products shall not be incorporated in materials and articles intended to come into contact with food within the meaning of Article 1(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004, unless the Commission has established specific limits on the migration of PHMB (1415; 4.7) into food or it has been established pursuant to that Regulation that such limits are not necessary.</p><p>The placing on the market of treated articles is subject to the following condition:</p><p>the person responsible for the placing on the market of a treated article treated with or incorporating PHMB (1415; 4.7) shall ensure that the label of that treated article provides the information listed in the second subparagraph of Article 58(3) of Regulation (EU) No 528/2012.</p></item></blockList></td></tr></tbody></table></foreign></tblock></content></hcontainer></hcontainer></body></act></akomaNtoso>