Commission Regulation (EU) No 1321/2014Show full title

[F1 Basic knowledge requirements for category L aircraft maintenance licence U.K.

The definitions of the different levels of knowledge required in this Appendix are the same as those contained in point 1 of Appendix I to Annex III (Part-66).

Subcategories	Modules required for each subcategory (refer to the syllabus table below)
L1C: composite sailplanes	1L, 2L, 3L, 5L, 7L and 12L
L1: sailplanes	1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, 6L, 7L and 12L
L2C: composite powered sailplanes and composite ELA1 aeroplanes	1L, 2L, 3L, 5L, 7L, 8L and 12L
L2: powered sailplanes and ELA1 aeroplanes	1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, 6L, 7L, 8L and 12L
L3H: hot-air balloons	1L, 2L, 3L, 9L and 12L
L3G: gas balloons	1L, 2L, 3L, 10L and 12L
L4H: hot-air airships	1L, 2L, 3L, 8L, 9L, 11L and 12L
L4G: ELA2 gas airships	1L, 2L, 3L, 8L, 10L, 11L and 12L
L5: gas airships above ELA2	Basic knowledge requirements for any B1 subcategory plus 8L (for B1.1 and B1.3), 10L, 11L and 12L

TABLE OF CONTENTS: U.K.

Module Designation U.K.

1L ‘Basic knowledge’ U.K.

2L ‘Human factors’ U.K.

3L ‘Aviation legislation’ U.K.

4L ‘Airframe wooden/metal tube and fabric’ U.K.

5L ‘Airframe composite’ U.K.

6L ‘Airframe metal’ U.K.

7L ‘Airframe general’ U.K.

8L ‘Power plant’ U.K.

9L ‘Balloon/Airship hot air’ U.K.

10L ‘Balloon/Airship gas (free/tethered)’ U.K.

11L ‘Airships hot air/gas’ U.K.

12L ‘Radio Com/ELT/Transponder/Instruments’ U.K.

MODULE 1L — BASIC KNOWLEDGE

	Level
1L.1 Mathematics Arithmetic Arithmetical terms and signs; Methods of multiplication and division; Fractions and decimals; Factors and multiples; Weights, measures and conversion factors; Ratio and proportion; Averages and percentages; Areas and volumes, squares, cubes. Algebra Evaluating simple algebraic expressions: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division; Use of brackets; Simple algebraic fractions. Geometry Simple geometrical constructions; Graphical representation: nature and uses of graphs.	1
1L.2 Physics Matter Nature of matter: the chemical elements; Chemical compounds; States: solid, liquid and gaseous; Changes between states. Mechanics Forces, moments and couples, representation as vectors; Centre of gravity; Tension, compression, shear and torsion; Nature and properties of solids, fluids and gases. Temperature Thermometers and temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin; Heat definition.	1
1L.3 Electrics DC Circuits Ohm's law, Kirchoff's voltage and current laws; Significance of the internal resistance of a supply; Resistance/resistor; Resistor colour code, values and tolerances, preferred values, wattage ratings; Resistors in series and parallel.	1
1L.4 Aerodynamics/aerostatics International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), application to aerodynamics and aerostatics. Aerodynamics Airflow around a body; Boundary layer, laminar and turbulent flow; Thrust, weight, aerodynamic resultant; Generation of lift and drag: angle of attack, polar curve, stall. Aerostatics Effect on envelopes, wind effect, altitude and temperature effects.	1
1L.5 Workplace safety and environmental protection Safe working practices and precautions when working with electricity, gases (especially oxygen), oils and chemicals; Labelling, storage and disposal of hazardous (to safety and environment) materials; Remedial action in the event of a fire or another accident with one or more hazards, including knowledge of extinguishing agents.	2

MODULE 2L — HUMAN FACTORS

	Level
2L.1 General The need to take human factors into account; Incidents attributable to human factors/human error; Murphy's Law.	1
2L.2. Human performance and limitations Vision, hearing, information processing, attention and perception, memory.	1
2L.3 Social psychology Responsibility, motivation, peer pressure, teamwork.	1
2L.4 Factors affecting performance Fitness/health, stress, sleep, fatigue, alcohol, medication, drug abuse.	1
2L.5 Physical environment Working environment (climate, noise, illumination).	1

MODULE 3L — AVIATION LEGISLATION

	Level
3L.1 Regulatory framework Role of the European Commission, EASA and National Aviation Authorities (NAAs); Applicable parts of Part-M and Part-66.	1
3L.2 Repairs and modifications Approval of changes (repairs and modifications); Standard changes and standard repairs.	2
3L.3 Maintenance data Airworthiness Directives (ADs), Instructions for Continuing Airworthiness (ICA) (AMM, IPC, etc.); Flight Manual; Maintenance records.	2

MODULE 4L — AIRFRAME WOODEN/METAL TUBE AND FABRIC

	Level
4L.1 Airframe wooden/combination of metal tube and fabric Timber, plywood, adhesives, preservation, power line, properties, machining; Covering (covering materials, adhesives and finishes, natural and synthetic covering materials and adhesives); Paint, assembly and repair processes; Recognition of damages from overstressing of wooden/metal-tube and fabric structures; Deterioration of wood components and coverings; Crack test (optical procedure, e.g., magnifying glass) of metal components. Corrosion and preventive methods. Health and fire safety protections.	2
4L.2 Material Types of wood, stability, and machining properties; Steel and light alloy tubes and fittings, fracture inspections of welded seams; Plastics (overview, understanding of the properties); Paints and paint removal; Glues, adhesives; Covering materials and technologies (natural and synthetic polymers).	2
4L.3 Identifying damage Overstress of wood / metal-tubing and fabric structures; Load transfers; Fatigue strength and crack testing.	3
4L.4 Performance of practical activities Locking of pins, screws, castellated nuts, turnbuckles; Thimble splice; Nicopress and Talurit repairs; Repair of coverings; Repair of transparencies; Repair exercises (plywood, stringer, handrails, skins); Aircraft Rigging. Calculation of control surface mass balance and range of movement of the control surfaces, measurement of operating forces; Performance of 100-hours/annual inspections on a wood or combination of metal-tube and fabric airframe.	2

MODULE 5L — AIRFRAME COMPOSITE

	Level
5L.1 Airframe fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) Basic principles of FRP construction; Resins (Epoxy, polyester, phenolic resins, vinyl ester resins); Reinforcement materials glass, aramide and carbon fibres, features; Fillers; Supporting cores (balsa, honeycombs, foamed plastics); Constructions, load transfers (solid FRP shell, sandwiches); Identification of damage during overstressing of components; Procedure for FRP projects (according to Maintenance Organisation Manual) including storage conditions for material.	2
5L.2 Material Thermosetting plastics, thermoplastic polymers, catalysts; Understanding properties, machining technologies, detaching, bonding, welding; Resins for FRP: epoxy resins, polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, phenolic resins; Reinforcement materials; From elementary fibre to filaments (release agent, finish), weaving patterns; Properties of individual reinforcement materials (E-glass fibre, aramide fibre, carbon fibre); Problem with multiple-material systems, matrix; Adhesion/cohesion, various behaviours of fibre materials; Filling materials and pigments; Technical requirements for filling materials; Property change of the resin composition through the use of E-glass, micro balloon, aerosols, cotton, minerals, metal powder, organic substances; Paint assembly and repair technologies; Support materials; Honeycombs (paper, FRP, metal), balsa wood, Divinycell (Contizell), development trends.	2
5L.3 Assembly of Fibre-Reinforced Composite-Structure Airframes Solid shell; Sandwiches; Assembly of aerofoils, fuselages, control surfaces.	2
5L.4 Identifying Damage Behaviour of FRP components in the event of overstressing; Identifying delaminations, loose bonds; Bending vibration frequency in aerofoils; Load transfer; Frictional connection and positive locking; Fatigue strength and corrosion of metal parts; Metal bonding, surface finishing of steel and aluminium components during bonding with FRP.	3
5L.5 Mold making Plaster molds, mold ceramics; GFK molds, Gel-coat, reinforcement materials, rigidity problems; Metal molds; Male and female molds.	2
5L.6 Performance of practical activities Locking of pin, screws, castellated nuts, turnbuckles; Thimble splice; Nicopress and Talurit repairs; Repair of coverings; Repair of solid FRP shells; Mold fabrication/molding of a component (e.g. fuselage nose, landing gear fairing, wing tip and winglet); Repair of sandwich shell where interior and exterior layer are damaged; Repair of sandwich shell by pressing with a vacuum bag; Transparency repair (PMMA) with one- and two-component adhesive; Bonding of transparency with the canopy frame; Tempering of transparencies and other components; Performance of a repair on a sandwich shell (minor repair less than 20 cm); Aircraft Rigging. Calculation of control surface mass balance and range of movement of the control surfaces, measurement of operating forces; Performance of 100-hour/annual inspections on an FRP airframe.	2

MODULE 6L — AIRFRAME METAL

	Level
6L.1 Airframe metal Metallic materials and semi-finished products, machining methods; Fatigue strength and crack test; Assembly of metal-construction components, riveted joints, adhesive joints; Identification of damage to overstressed components, effects of corrosion; Health and fire protection.	2
6L.2 Material Steel and its alloys; Light metals and their light alloys; Rivet materials; Plastics; Colours and paints; Metal adhesives; Types of corrosion; Covering materials and technologies (natural and synthetic).	2
6L.3 Identifying damage Overstressed metal airframes, levelling, measurement of symmetry; Load transfers; Fatigue strength and crack test; Identifying loose riveted joints.	3
6L.4 Assembly of metal- and composite-construction airframes Skins; Frames; Stringers and longerons; Frame construction; Problems in multiple-material systems.	2
6L.5 Fasteners Classifications of fits and clearances; Metric and imperial measuring systems; Oversize bolt.	2
6L.6 Performance of practical activities Locking of pins, screws, castellated nuts, turnbuckles; Thimble splice; Nicopress and Talurit repairs; Repair of coverings, surface damage, stop drilling techniques; Repair of transparencies; Cutting out sheet metals (aluminiums and light alloys, steel and alloys); Folding bending, edging, beating, smoothening, beading; Repair riveting of metal airframes according to repair instruction or drawings; Evaluation of rivet errors; Aircraft Rigging. Calculation of control surface mass balance and range of movement of the control surfaces, measurement of operating forces; Performance of 100-hour/annual inspections on a metal airframe.	2

MODULE 7L — AIRFRAME GENERAL

	Level
7L.1 Flight control system Cockpit controls: controls in cockpit, colour markings, knob shapes; Flight controls surfaces, flaps, air brakes surfaces, controls, hinges, bearings, brackets, push-pull rods, bell cranks, horns, pulleys, cables, chains, tubes, rollers, tracks, jack screws, surfaces, movements, lubrication, stabilisers, balancing of controls; Combination of controls: flap ailerons, flap air brakes; Trim systems.	3
7L.2 Airframe Landing gear: characteristics of landing gears and shock absorber strut, extension, brakes, drum, disks, wheel, tyre, retraction mechanism, electrical retraction, emergency; Wing to fuselage mounting points, empennage (fin and tail plane) to fuselage mounting points, control surface mounting points; Permissible maintenance measures; Towing: towing/lifting equipment/mechanism; Cabin: seats and safety harness, cabin arrangement, windshields, windows, placards, baggage compartment, cockpit controls, cabin air system, blower; Water ballast: water reservoirs, lines, valves, drains, vents, tests; Fuel system: tanks, lines, filters, vents, drains, filling, selector valve, pumps, indication, tests, bonding; Hydraulics: system layout, accumulators, pressure and power distribution, indication; Liquid and gas: hydraulic, other fluids, levels, reservoir, lines, valves, filter; Protections: firewalls, fire protection, lightning strike bonding, turnbuckles, locking devices, dischargers.	2
7L.3 Fasteners Reliability of pins, rivets, screws; Control cables, turnbuckles; Quick-release couplings (L'Hotellier, SZD, Poland).	2
7L.4 Locking equipment Admissibility of locking methods, locking pins, spring steel pins, locking wire, stop nuts, paint; Quick-release couplings.	2
7L.5 Weight and balance levelling	2
7L.6 Rescue systems	2
7L.7 On-board modules Pitot-static system, vacuum/dynamic system, hydrostatic test; Flight instruments: airspeed indicator, altimeter, vertical-speed indicator, connection and functioning, markings; Arrangement and display, panel, electrical wires; Gyroscopes, filters, indicating instruments; testing of function; Magnetic compass: installation and compass swing; Sailplanes: acoustic vertical-speed indicator, flight recorders, anticollision aid; Oxygen system.	2
7L.8 On-board modules installation and connections Flight instruments, mounting requirements (emergency landing conditions as per CS-22); Electric wiring, power sources, types of storage batteries, electrical parameters, electric generator, circuit breaker, energy balance, earth/ground, connectors, terminals, warnings, fuses, lamps, lightings, switches, voltmeters, ampere meters, electrical gauges.	2
7L.9 Piston engine propulsion Interface between power plant and airframe.	2
7L.10 Propeller Inspection; Replacement; Balancing.	2
7L.11 Retraction system Propeller position control; Engine and/or propeller retraction system.	2
7L.12 Physical inspection procedures Cleaning, use of lighting and mirrors; Measuring tools; Measure of controls deflection; Torque of screws and bolts; Wear of bearings; Inspection equipment; Calibration of measuring tools.	2

MODULE 8L — POWER PLANT

	Level
8L.1 Noise limits Explanation of the concept of ‘noise level’; Noise certificate; Enhanced sound proofing; Possible reduction of sound emissions.	1
8L.2 Piston engines Four-stroke spark ignition engine, air-cooled engine, fluid-cooled engine; Two-stroke engine; Rotary-piston engine; Efficiency and influencing factors (pressure–volume diagram, power curve); Noise control devices.	2
8L.3 Propeller Blade, spinner, backplate, accumulator pressure, hub; Operation of propellers; Variable-pitch propellers, ground and in-flight adjustable propellers, mechanically, electrically and hydraulically; Balancing (static, dynamic); Noise problems.	2
8L.4 Engine control devices Mechanical control devices; Electrical control devices; Tank displays; Functions, characteristics, typical errors and error indications.	2
8L.5 Hosepipes Material and machining of fuel and oil hoses; Control of life limit.	2
8L.6 Accessories Operation of magneto ignition; Control of maintenance limits; Operation of carburettors; Maintenance instructions on characteristic features; Electric fuel pumps; Operation of propeller controls; Electrically operated propeller control; Hydraulically operated propeller control.	2
8L.7 Ignition system Constructions: coil ignition, magneto ignition, and thyristor ignition; Efficiency of the ignition and preheat system; Modules of the ignition and preheat system; Inspection and testing of a spark plug.	2
8L.8 Induction and exhaust systems Operation and assembly; Silencers and heater installations; Nacelles and cowlings; Inspection and test; CO emission test.	2
8L.9 Fuels and lubricants Fuel characteristics; Labelling, environmentally friendly storage; Mineral and synthetic lubricating oils and their parameters: labelling and characteristics, application; Environmentally friendly storage and proper disposal of used oil.	2
8L.10 Documentation Manufacturer documents for the engine and propeller; Instructions for Continuing Airworthiness (ICA); Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFMs) and Aircraft Maintenance Manuals (AMMs); Time Between Overhaul (TBO); Airworthiness Directives (ADs), technical notes and service bulletins.	2
8L.11 Illustrative material Cylinder unit with valve; Carburettor; High-tension magneto; Differential-compression tester for cylinders; Overheated/damaged pistons; Spark plugs of engines that were operated differently.	2
8L.12 Practical experience Work safety/accident prevention (handling of fuels and lubricants, start-up of engines); Rigging-engine control rods and Bowden cables; Setting of no-load speed; Checking and setting the ignition point; Operational test of magnetos; Checking the ignition system; Testing and cleaning of spark plugs; Performance of the engine tasks contained in an aeroplane 100-hour/annual inspection; Cylinder compression test; Static test and evaluation of the engine run; Documentation of maintenance work including replacement of components.	2
8L.13 Gas exchange in internal-combustion engines Four-stroke reciprocating engine and control units; Energy losses; Ignition timing; Direct flow behaviour of control units; Wankel engine and control units; Two-stroke engine and control units; Scavenging; Scavenging blower; Idle range and power range.	2
8L.14 Ignition, combustion and carburation Ignition; Spark plugs; Ignition system; Combustion process; Normal combustion; Efficiency and medium pressure; Engine knock and octane rating; Combustion chamber shapes; Fuel/air mix in the carburettor; Carburettor principle, carburettor equation; Simple carburettor; Problems of the simple carburettor and their solutions; Carburettor models; Fuel/air mix during injection; Mechanically controlled injection; Electronically controlled injection; Continuous injection; Carburettor-injection comparison.	2
8L.15 Flight instruments in aircraft with injection engines Special flight instruments (injection engine); Interpretation of indications in a static test; Interpretation of indications in flight at various flight levels.	2
8L.16 Maintenance of aircraft with injection engines Documentation, manufacturer documents, etc.; General maintenance instructions (hourly inspections); Functional tests; Ground test run; Test flight; Troubleshooting in the event of faults in the injection system and their correction.	2
8L.17 Workplace safety and safety provisions Work safety and safety provisions for work on injection systems.	2
8L.18 Visual aids: Carburettor; Components of injection system; Aircraft with injection engine; Tool for work on injection systems.	2
8L.19 Electrical propulsion Energy system, accumulators, installation; Electrical motor; Heat, noise and vibration checks; Testing windings; Electrical wiring and control systems; Pylon, extension and retraction systems; Motor/propeller brake systems; Motor ventilation systems; Practical experience of 100-hour/annual inspections.	2
8L.20 Jet propulsion Engine installation; Pylon, extension and retraction systems; Fire protection; Fuel systems including lubrication; Engine starting systems, gas assist; Engine damage assessment; Engine servicing; Engine removal / refit and test; Practical experience of conditional / run time / annual inspections; Conditional inspections.	2
8L.21 Full authority digital engine control (FADEC)	2

MODULE 9L — BALLOON/AIRSHIP HOT AIR

	Level
9L.1 Basic principles and assembly of hot-air balloons/airships Assembly and individual parts; Envelopes; Envelope Materials; Envelope Systems; Conventional and special shapes; Fuel System; Burner, burner frame and burner support rods; Compressed-gas cylinders and compressed-gas hoses; Basket and alternative devices (seats); Rigging accessories; Maintenance and servicing tasks; Annual/100-hour inspection; Log Books; Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFMs) and Aircraft Maintenance Manuals (AMMs); Rigging and launch preparation (launch restraint); Launch.	3
9L.2 Practical training Operating controls, maintenance and servicing jobs (according to flight manual).	3
9L.3 Envelope Fabrics; Seams; Load tapes, rip stoppers; Crown rings; Parachute valve and fast-deflation systems; Ripping panel; Turning vent; Diaphragms/catenaries (special shapes and airships); Rollers, pulleys; Control and shroud lines; Knots; Temperature indication label, temperature flag, envelope thermometer; Flying wires; Fittings, karabiners.	3
9L.4 Burner and fuel system Burner coils; Blast, liquid and pilot valves; Burners/jets; Pilot lights/vaporisers/jets; Burner frame; Fuel lines/hoses; Fuel cylinders, valves and fittings.	3
9L.5 Basket and basket suspension (incl. alternative devices) Types of baskets (incl. alternative devices); Basket materials: cane and willow, hide, wood, trim materials, suspension cables; Seats, roller bearings; Karabiner, shackle and pins; Burner support rods; Fuel cylinder straps; Accessories.	3
9L.6 Equipment Fire extinguisher, fire blanket; Instruments (single or combined).	3
9L.7 Minor repairs Stitching; Bonding; Basket hide/trim repairs.	3
9L.8 Procedures for physical inspection Cleaning, use of lighting and mirrors; Measuring tools; Measure of controls deflection (only airships); Torque of screws and bolts; Wear of bearings (only airships); Inspection equipment; Calibration of measuring tools; Fabric Grab Test.	2

MODULES 10L — BALLOON/AIRSHIP GAS (FREE/TETHERED)

	Level
10L.1 Basic principles and assembly of gas balloons/airships Assembly of individual parts; Envelope and netting material; Envelope, ripping panel, emergency opening, cords and belts; Rigid gas valve; Flexible gas valve (parachute); Netting; Load ring; Basket and accessories (including alternative devices); Electrostatic discharge paths; Mooring line and drag rope; Maintenance and servicing; Annual inspection; Flight papers; Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFMs) and Aircraft Maintenance Manuals (AMMs); Rigging and launch preparation; Launch.	3
10L.2 Practical training Operating controls; Maintenance and servicing jobs (according to AMM and AFM); Safety rules when using hydrogen as lifting gas.	3
10L.3 Envelope Fabrics; Poles and reinforcement of pole; Ripping panel and cord; Parachute and shroud lines; Valves and cords; Filler neck, Poeschel-ring and cords; Electrostatic discharge paths.	3
10L.4 Valve Springs; Gaskets; Screwed joints; Control lines; Electrostatic discharge paths.	3
10L.5 Netting or rigging (without net) Kinds of net and other lines; Mesh sizes and angles; Net ring; Knotting methods; Electrostatic discharge paths.	3
10L.6 Load ring	3
10L.7 Basket (incl. alternative devices) Kinds of baskets (incl. alternative devices); Strops and toggles; Ballast system (bags and supports); Electrostatic discharge paths.	3
10L.8 Ripping cord and valve cords	3
10L.9 Mooring line and drag rope	3
10L.10 Minor repairs Bonding; Splicing hemp ropes.	3
10L.11 Equipment Instruments (single or combined).	3
10L.12 Tether cable (tethered gas balloons (TGB) only) Kinds of cables; Acceptable damage of cable; Cable swivel; Cable clamps.	3
10L.13 Winch (tethered gas balloons only) Kinds of winches; Mechanical system; Electrical system; Emergency system; Grounding/ballasting of winch.	3
10L.14 Procedures for physical inspection Cleaning, use of lighting and mirrors; Measuring tools; Measure of controls deflection (only airships); Torque of screws and bolts; Wear of bearings (only airships); Inspection equipment; Calibration of measuring tools; Fabric grab test.	2

MODULES 11L — AIRSHIPS HOT AIR/GAS

	Level
11L.1 Basic principles and assembly of small airships Envelope, ballonnets; Valves, openings; Gondola; Propulsion; Aircraft Flight Manuals (AFMs) and Aircraft Maintenance Manuals (AMMs); Rigging and launch preparation.	3
11L.2 Practical training Operating controls; Maintenance and servicing jobs (according to AMM and AFM).	3
11L.3 Envelope Fabrics; Ripping panel and cords; Valves; Catenary system.	3
11L.4 Gondola (incl. alternative devices) Kinds of gondolas (incl. alternative devices); Airframe types and materials; Identification of damage.	3
11L.5 Electrical system Basics about on-board electrical circuits; Electrical sources (accumulators, fixation, ventilation, corrosion); Lead, nickel-cadmium (NiCd) or other accumulators, dry batteries; Generators; Wiring, electrical connections; Fuses; External power source; Energy balance.	3
11L.6 Propulsion Fuel system: tanks, lines, filters, vents, drains, filling, selector valve, pumps, indication, tests, bonding; Propulsion instruments; Basics about measuring and instruments; Revolution measuring; Pressure measuring; Temperature measuring; Available fuel/power measuring.	3
11L.7 Equipment Fire extinguisher, fire blanket; Instruments (single or combined).	3

MODULE 12L — RADIO COM/ELT/TRANSPONDER/INSTRUMENTS

	Level
12L.1 Radio Com/ELT Channel spacing; Basic functional test; Batteries; Testing and maintenance requirements.	2
12L.2 Transponder Basic operation; Typical portable configuration including antenna; Explanation of Modes A, C, S; Testing and maintenance requirements.	2
12L.3 Instruments Handheld altimeter/variometers; Batteries; Basic functional test.	2 ]

Textual Amendments

F1 Inserted by Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/1142 of 14 August 2018 amending Regulation (EU) No 1321/2014 as regards the introduction of certain categories of aircraft maintenance licences, the modification of the acceptance procedure of components from external suppliers and the modification of the maintenance training organisations' privileges (Text with EEA relevance).