http://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2013/575/article/180Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (Text with EEA relevance)Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (Text with EEA relevance)King's Printer of Acts of Parliamenthttps://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02013R0575-20201228texttext/xmlen2026-01-13Expert Participation2026-01-01 PART THREE <Substitution ChangeId="O000002M002" CommentaryRef="c000001" Correction="true">CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS</Substitution> TITLE II <Substitution ChangeId="O000002M002" CommentaryRef="c000001" Correction="true">CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CREDIT RISK</Substitution> CHAPTER 3 <Substitution ChangeId="O000002M002" CommentaryRef="c000001" Correction="true">Internal Ratings Based Approach</Substitution> Section 6 <Substitution ChangeId="O000002M002" CommentaryRef="c000001" Correction="true">Requirements for the IRB approach</Substitution> Sub-Section 2 <Substitution ChangeId="O000002M002" CommentaryRef="c000001" Correction="true">Risk quantification</Substitution> <Substitution ChangeId="O000002M002" CommentaryRef="c000001" Correction="true">Requirements specific to PD estimation</Substitution> Article 180 1In quantifying the risk parameters to be associated with rating grades or pools, institutions shall apply the following requirements specific to PD estimation to exposures to corporates, institutions and central governments and central banks and for equity exposures where an institution uses the PD/LGD approach set out in Article 155(3):ainstitutions shall estimate PDs by obligor grade from long run averages of one-year default rates. PD estimates for obligors that are highly leveraged or for obligors whose assets are predominantly traded assets shall reflect the performance of the underlying assets based on periods of stressed volatilities;bfor purchased corporate receivables institutions may estimate the EL by obligor grade from long run averages of one-year realised default rates;cif an institution derives long run average estimates of PDs and LGDs for purchased corporate receivables from an estimate of EL, and an appropriate estimate of PD or LGD, the process for estimating total losses shall meet the overall standards for estimation of PD and LGD set out in this part, and the outcome shall be consistent with the concept of LGD as set out in Article 181(1)(a);dinstitutions shall use PD estimation techniques only with supporting analysis. Institutions shall recognise the importance of judgmental considerations in combining results of techniques and in making adjustments for limitations of techniques and information;eto the extent that an institution uses data on internal default experience for the estimation of PDs, the estimates shall be reflective of underwriting standards and of any differences in the rating system that generated the data and the current rating system. Where underwriting standards or rating systems have changed, the institution shall add a greater margin of conservatism in its estimate of PD;fto the extent that an institution associates or maps its internal grades to the scale used by an ECAI or similar organisations and then attributes the default rate observed for the external organisation's grades to the institution's grades, mappings shall be based on a comparison of internal rating criteria to the criteria used by the external organisation and on a comparison of the internal and external ratings of any common obligors. Biases or inconsistencies in the mapping approach or underlying data shall be avoided. The criteria of the external organisation underlying the data used for quantification shall be oriented to default risk only and not reflect transaction characteristics. The analysis undertaken by the institution shall include a comparison of the default definitions used, subject to the requirements in Article 178. The institution shall document the basis for the mapping;gto the extent that an institution uses statistical default prediction models it is allowed to estimate PDs as the simple average of default-probability estimates for individual obligors in a given grade. The institution's use of default probability models for this purpose shall meet the standards specified in Article 174;hirrespective of whether an institution is using external, internal, or pooled data sources, or a combination of the three, for its PD estimation, the length of the underlying historical observation period used shall be at least five years for at least one source. If the available observation period spans a longer period for any source, and this data is relevant, this longer period shall be used. This point also applies to the PD/LGD Approach to equity. Subject to the permission of competent authorities, institutions which have not received the permission of the competent authority pursuant to Article 143 to use own estimates of LGDs or conversion factors may use, when they implement the IRB Approach, relevant data covering a period of two years. The period to be covered shall increase by one year each year until relevant data cover a period of five years. 2For retail exposures, the following requirements shall apply:ainstitutions shall estimate PDs by obligor grade or pool from long run averages of one-year default rates;bPD estimates may also be derived from an estimate of total losses and appropriate estimates of LGDs;cinstitutions shall regard internal data for assigning exposures to grades or pools as the primary source of information for estimating loss characteristics. Institutions may use external data (including pooled data) or statistical models for quantification provided that the following strong links both exist:between the institution's process of assigning exposures to grades or pools and the process used by the external data source; andbetween the institution's internal risk profile and the composition of the external data;dif an institution derives long run average estimates of PD and LGD for retail exposures from an estimate of total losses and an appropriate estimate of PD or LGD, the process for estimating total losses shall meet the overall standards for estimation of PD and LGD set out in this part, and the outcome shall be consistent with the concept of LGD as set out in point (a) of Article 181(1);eirrespective of whether an institution is using external, internal or pooled data sources or a combination of the three, for their estimation of loss characteristics, the length of the underlying historical observation period used shall be at least five years for at least one source. If the available observation spans a longer period for any source, and these data are relevant, this longer period shall be used. An institution need not give equal importance to historic data if more recent data is a better predictor of loss rates. Subject to the permission of the competent authorities, institutions may use, when they implement the IRB Approach, relevant data covering a period of two years. The period to be covered shall increase by one year each year until relevant data cover a period of five years;finstitutions shall identify and analyse expected changes of risk parameters over the life of credit exposures (seasoning effects).For purchased retail receivables, institutions may use external and internal reference data. Institutions shall use all relevant data sources as points of comparison. 3The PRA may make technical standards to specify the following:athe conditions according to which it may grant the permissions referred to in point (h) of paragraph 1 and point (e) of paragraph 2;bthe methodologies according to which it shall assess the methodology of an institution for estimating PD pursuant to Article 143....Substituted by Corrigendum to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (OJ L 176, 27.6.2013, p. 1).Words in Art. 180(3) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Capital Requirements (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/1401), regs. 1(3), 222(1)(a)(2) (with savings in S.I. 2019/680, reg. 11); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)Words in Art. 180(3) omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Capital Requirements (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/1401), regs. 1(3), 222(1)(b) (with savings in S.I. 2019/680, reg. 11); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)Word in Art. 180(3)(a)(b) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Capital Requirements (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/1401), regs. 1(3), 225(1)(2)(3)(g) (with savings in S.I. 2019/680, reg. 11); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)Words in Art. 180(3) substituted (1.1.2022) by Financial Services Act 2021 (c. 22), s. 49(5), Sch. 1 para. 47; S.I. 2021/671, reg. 5(1)(b) (with reg. 5(2)) (as amended by S.I. 2021/1163, regs. 1(2), 2)