CHAPTER II

Measures, procedures and remedies
Section 1

General provisions

General obligation
Article 3
1
Member States shall provide for the measures, procedures and remedies necessary to ensure the enforcement of the intellectual property rights covered by this Directive. Those measures, procedures and remedies shall be fair and equitable and shall not be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays.
2
Those measures, procedures and remedies shall also be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.

Persons entitled to apply for the application of the measures, procedures and remedies
Article 4
1
Member States shall recognise as persons entitled to seek application of the measures, procedures and remedies referred to in this Chapter:
a
the holders of intellectual property rights, in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law,
b
all other persons authorised to use those rights, in particular licensees, in so far as permitted by and in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law,
c
intellectual property collective rights management bodies which are regularly recognised as having a right to represent holders of intellectual property rights, in so far as permitted by and in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law,
d
professional defence bodies which are regularly recognised as having a right to represent holders of intellectual property rights, in so far as permitted by and in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law.

Presumption of authorship or ownership
Article 5
For the purposes of applying the measures, procedures and remedies provided for in this Directive,
1. for the author of a literary or artistic work, in the absence of proof to the contrary, to be regarded as such, and consequently to be entitled to institute infringement proceedings, it shall be sufficient for his name to appear on the work in the usual manner;
2. the provision under (a) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the holders of rights related to copyright with regard to their protected subject matter.