http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/eudn/2016/588

Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/588

of 14 April 2016

on the approval of the technology used in 12 Volt efficient alternators as an innovative technology for reducing CO₂ emissions from passenger cars pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council

(Text with EEA relevance) (repealed)

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,

Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 setting emissions performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO₂ emissions from light-duty vehicles1, and in particular Article 12(4) thereof,

Whereas:

(1)

The application submitted by the supplier Valeo Equipments Electriques Moteur on 3 November 2015 for the approval of the Valeo high efficient alternator with high efficiency diodes, and the application submitted by the supplier Robert Bosch GmbH on 10 June 2015 for the approval of the Bosch efficient alternator with MOS gated diodes (MGD) have been assessed in accordance with Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 443/2009, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 725/20112 and the Technical Guidelines for the preparation of applications for the approval of innovative technologies pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 443/2009.

(2)

The information provided in the Valeo and Bosch applications demonstrates that the conditions and the criteria referred to in Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 and in Articles 2 and 4 of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 725/2011 have been met. As a consequence, the Valeo and Bosch efficient alternators should be approved as innovative technologies.

(3)

By Implementing Decisions 2013/341/EU3, 2014/465/EU4, (EU) 2015/1585, (EU) 2015/2956 and (EU) 2015/22807 the Commission has approved six applications concerning technologies that contribute to improving the efficiency of alternators. Based on the experience gained from the assessment of those applications as well as the Valeo and Bosch applications, it has been satisfactorily and conclusively demonstrated that a 12 Volt (12 V) alternator with a minimum efficiency ranging from 73,4 % to 74,2 %, depending on the powertrain, and a mass not exceeding the mass of the baseline alternator by more than maximum 3 kg meets the eligibility criteria referred to in Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 and Implementing Regulation (EU) No 725/2011 and provides a reduction in CO₂ emissions of at least 1 g CO₂/km compared to a baseline alternator with an efficiency of 67 %.

(4)

It is therefore appropriate to provide manufacturers with the possibility to certify the CO₂ savings from 12 V efficient alternators that meet those conditions. In order to ensure that only alternators that are compliant with those conditions are proposed for certification, the manufacturer should provide a verification report from an independent verification body confirming the compliance together with the application for certification submitted to the type approval authority.

(5)

If the type approval authority finds that the 12 V alternator does not satisfy the conditions for certification, the application for certification of the savings should be rejected.

(6)

It is appropriate to approve the testing methodology for determining the CO₂ savings from 12 V efficient alternators.

(7)

In order to determine the CO₂ savings from a 12 V efficient alternator, it is necessary to establish the baseline technology against which the efficiency of the alternator should be assessed. On the basis of the experience gained, it is appropriate to consider a 12 V alternator with 67 % efficiency as a baseline technology.

(8)

The savings from a 12 V efficient alternator may be partially demonstrated on the test referred to in Annex XII to Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/20088. It is therefore necessary to ensure that this partial coverage is taken into account in the testing methodology for CO₂ savings from 12 V efficient alternators.

(9)

In order to facilitate a wider deployment of 12 V efficient alternators in new vehicles, a manufacturer should also have the possibility to apply for the certification of the CO₂ savings from several 12 V efficient alternators by a single certification application. It is however appropriate to ensure that where this possibility is used a mechanism is applied that incentivises the deployment of only those alternators that offer the highest efficiency.

(10)

For the purposes of determining the general eco-innovation code to be used in the relevant type approval documents in accordance with Annexes I, VIII and IX to Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council9, the individual code to be used for the innovative technology for 12 V efficient alternators should be specified,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:

Article 1Approval

The technology used in the Valeo high efficient alternator with high efficiency diodes and in the Bosch efficient alternator with MOS gated diodes is approved as an innovative technology within the meaning of Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 443/2009.

Article 2Application for certification of CO₂ savings

1.

The manufacturer may apply for certification of the CO₂ savings from one or several 12 Volt (V) efficient alternators intended for use in M₁ vehicles, provided that it complies with the following conditions:

(a)

it is a component used solely to charge the vehicle battery and to power the electrical system of the vehicle when its combustion engine is running;

(b)

the mass of the efficient alternator does not exceed the mass of the baseline alternator of 7 kg by more than 3 kg;

F1(c)

its efficiency is at least:

(i)
73,8 % for petrol- or E85-fuelled vehicles other than turbo-charged;
(ii)
73,4 % for turbo-charged petrol- or E85-fuelled vehicles;
(iii)
74,2 % for diesel-fuelled vehicles;
(iv)
74,6 % for vehicles fuelled with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) other than turbo-charged;
(v)
74,1 % for turbo-charged LPG-fuelled vehicles;
(vi)
76,3 % for vehicles fuelled with compressed natural gas (CNG) other than turbo-charged;
(vii)
75,7 % for turbo-charged CNG -fuelled vehicles.

2.

An application for the certification of the savings from one or several efficient alternators shall be accompanied by an independent verification report certifying that the alternator or alternators comply with the conditions set out in paragraph 1.

3.

The F2Secretary of State shall reject the application for certification if F3the Secretary of State finds that the alternator or alternators do not comply with the conditions set out in paragraph 1.

Article 3Certification of CO₂ savings

1.

The reduction in CO₂ emissions from the use of an efficient alternator referred to in Article 2(1) shall be determined using the methodology set out in the Annex.

2.

Where a manufacturer applies for the certification of the CO₂ savings from more than one efficient alternator referred to in Article 2(1) in relation to one vehicle version, the F4Secretary of State shall determine which of the alternators tested delivers the lowest CO₂ savings, and record the lowest value in the relevant type approval documentation. That value shall be indicated in the certificate of conformity in accordance with Article 11(2) of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 725/2011.

F53.

Where the innovative technology is fitted in a bi-fuel or flex-fuel vehicle, the F6Secretary of State shall record the CO₂ savings as follows:

(a)

for bi-fuel vehicles using petrol and gaseous fuels, the CO₂ savings value with regard to LPG or CNG;

(b)

for flex-fuel vehicles using petrol and E85, the CO₂ savings value with regard to petrol.

4.

The certified CO₂ savings recorded by reference to eco-innovation code No 17 may only be taken into account for the calculation of the average specific emissions of manufacturers until and including the calendar year 2020.

Article 4Eco-innovation code

The eco-innovation code No 17 shall be entered into the type approval documentation where reference is made to this Decision in accordance with Article 11(1) of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 725/2011.

F7Article 5Entry into force

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ANNEXMETHODOLOGY TO DETERMINE THE CO₂ SAVINGS OF A 12 V EFFICIENT ALTERNATOR

1.INTRODUCTION

In order to determine the CO₂ savings that can be attributed to the use of an efficient alternator in an M₁ vehicle, it is necessary to specify the following:

(1)
the testing conditions;
(2)
the test equipment;
(3)
the determination of the efficiency of the efficient alternator and the baseline alternator;
(4)
the calculation of the CO₂ savings;
(5)
the calculation of the statistical error.

Symbols, parameters and units

Latin symbols

$C_{{CO}_{2}}$
CO₂ savings [g CO₂/km]
CO₂
Carbon dioxide
CF
Conversion factor (l/100 km) — (g CO₂/km) [g CO₂/l] as defined in Table 3
h
Frequency as defined in Table 1
I
Current intensity at which the measurement shall be carried out [A]
m
Number of measurements of the sample
M
Torque [Nm]
n
Rotational frequency [min^{– 1}] as defined in Table 1
P
Power [W]
$s_{η_{EI}}$
Standard deviation of the eco-innovative alternator efficiency [%]
$s_{\bar{η_{EI}}}$
Standard deviation of the eco-innovative alternator efficiency mean [%]
$s_{C_{{CO}_{2}}}$
Standard deviation of the total CO₂ savings [g CO₂/km]
U
Test voltage at which the measurement shall be carried out [V]
v
Mean driving speed of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) [km/h]
V_Pe
Consumption of effective power [l/kWh] as defined in Table 2
Sensitivity of calculated CO₂ savings related to the efficiency of the eco-innovative alternator

Greek symbols

Δ
Difference
η
Baseline alternator efficiency [%]
η_EI
Efficient alternator efficiency [%]
$\bar{η_{{EI}_{i}}}$
Mean of the eco-innovative alternator efficiency at operating point i [%]

Subscripts

Index (i) refers to operating point

Index (j) refers to measurement of the sample

EI
Eco-innovative
m
Mechanical
RW
Real-world conditions
TA
Type approval conditions
B
Baseline

2.TEST CONDITIONS

The testing conditions shall fulfil the requirements specified in ISO 8854:201210.

Test equipment

The test equipment shall be in accordance with the specifications set out in ISO 8854:2012.

3.MEASUREMENTS AND DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY

The efficiency of the efficient alternator shall be determined in accordance with ISO 8854:2012, with the exception of the elements specified in the present paragraph.

The measurements shall be conducted at different operating points i, as defined in Table 1. The alternator current intensity is defined as half of the rated current for all operating points. For each speed the voltage and the output current of the alternator are to be kept constant, the voltage at 14,3 V.

Table 1Operating points

Operating pointi	Holding time[s]	Rotational frequencyn_i [min^{– 1}]	Frequencyh_i
1	1 200	1 800	0,25
2	1 200	3 000	0,40
3	600	6 000	0,25
4	300	10 000	0,10

The efficiency shall be calculated in accordance with to Formula 1.

Formula 1

η_{{EI}_{i}} = \frac{60 \times U_{i} \times I_{i}}{2π \times M_{i} \times n_{i}} \times 100

All efficiency measurements are to be performed consecutively at least five (5) times. The average of the measurements at each operating point (

\bar{η_{{EI}_{i}}}

) has to be calculated.

The efficiency of the eco-innovative alternator (η_EI) shall be calculated in accordance with Formula 2.

Formula 2

η_{EI} = \sum_{i = 1}^{4} h_{i} \times \bar{η_{{EI}_{i}}}

The efficient alternator leads to saved mechanical power under real-world conditions (ΔP_mRW) and type approval conditions (ΔP_mTA) as defined in Formula 3.

Formula 3

ΔP_m = ΔP_mRW – ΔP_mTA

Where the saved mechanical power under real-world conditions (ΔP_mRW) is calculated in accordance with Formula 4 and the saved mechanical power under type-approval conditions (ΔP_mTA) in accordance with Formula 5.

Formula 4

{ΔP}_{mRW} = \frac{P_{RW}}{η_{B}} - \frac{P_{RW}}{η_{EI}}

Formula 5

{ΔP}_{mTA} = \frac{P_{TA}}{η_{B}} - \frac{P_{TA}}{η_{EI}}

where

P_RW
Power requirement under ‘real-world’ conditions [W], which is 750 W
P_TA
Power requirement under type-approval conditions [W], which is 350 W
η_B
Efficiency of the baseline alternator [%], which is 67 %

Calculation of the CO₂ savings

The CO₂ savings of the efficient alternator are to be calculated with the following formula.

Formula 6

C_{{CO}_{2}} = {ΔP}_{m} \times \frac{V_{Pe} \times CF}{v}

where

v
Mean driving speed of the NEDC [km/h], which is 33,58 km/h

V_Pe

Is the consumption of effective power specified in the following Table 2

F1Table 2 Consumption of effective power

Type of Engine	Consumption of effective power (V _pe ) [l/kWh]
Petrol/E85	0,264
Petrol/E85 Turbo	0,280
Diesel	0,220
LPG	0,342
LPG Turbo	0,363
	Consumption of effective power (V _pe ) [m ³ /kWh]
CNG (G20)	0,259
CNG (G20) Turbo	0,275

Is the factor specified in the following Table 3

F1Table 3 Fuel conversion factor (CF)

Type of fuel	Conversion factor
	[100 g CO ₂ /l]	[g CO ₂ /l]
Petrol/E85	23,3	2 330
Diesel	26,4	2 640
LPG	16,3	1 629
	[100 g CO ₂ /m ³ ]	[g CO ₂ /m ³ ]
CNG (G20)	18,0	1 795

Calculation of the statistical error

The statistical errors in the results of the testing methodology caused by the measurements are to be quantified. For each operating point the standard deviation is calculated as defined by the following formula:

Formula 7

s_{\bar{η_{{EI}_{i}}}} = \frac{s_{η_{{EI}_{i}}}}{\sqrt{m}} = \sqrt{\frac{\sum_{m}^{j = 1} {(η_{{EI}_{i_{j}}} - \bar{η_{{EI}_{i}}})}^{2}}{m (m - 1)}}

The standard deviation of the efficiency value of the efficient alternator (

s_{η_{EI}}

) is calculated in accordance with formula 8:

Formula 8

s_{η_{EI}} = \sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{4} h_{i} \times s {\bar{η_{{EI}_{i}}}}^{2}}

The standard deviation of the alternator efficiency (

s_{η_{EI}}

) leads to an error in the CO₂ savings (

s_{C_{{CO}_{2}}}

). That error is calculated in accordance with formula 9:

Formula 9

Statistical Significance

It has to be demonstrated for each type, variant and version of a vehicle fitted with the efficient alternator that the error in the CO₂ savings calculated in accordance with Formula 9 is not greater than the difference between the total CO₂ savings and the minimum savings threshold specified in Article 9(1) of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 725/2011 (see Formula 10).

Formula 10

MT \leq C_{{CO}_{2}} - s_{C_{{CO}_{2}}}

where:

MT
Minimum threshold [g CO₂/km], which is 1 g CO₂/km

Test and evaluation Report

The report shall include:

Model and mass of the tested alternators
Description of the bench
Test results (measured values)
Calculated results and corresponding formulae

The efficient alternator to be fitted in vehicles

The F8Secretary of State is to certify the CO₂ savings based on measurements of the efficient alternator and the baseline alternator using the test methodology set out in this Annex. Where the CO₂ emission savings are below the threshold specified in Article 9(1), the second subparagraph of Article 11(2) of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 725/2011 shall apply.