Definition:
The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.
Tourism is a subset of travel, when travel is understood in a broad sense meaning a movement from one place to another. Tourism covers the worldwide travel market within the general framework of population mobility and the provision of services for visitors. Tourism means the practice of travelling outside a person's usual environment for all purposes. However, some non-voluntary purposes of trips are excluded by convention: non-voluntary stays in hospital and other medical institutions providing clinical/medical treatment, which is prescribed by a doctor, are excluded. Other non-voluntary exclusions include stays in prison and stays in military service (note that vacations from the institutions may be normally included in tourism).
In relation to a given country, three forms of tourism can be distinguished:
Definitions:
Domestic tourism comprises the activities of residents of a given country travelling to and staying in places only within that country but outside their usual environment.
Inbound tourism comprises the activities of non-residents of a given country travelling to and staying in places in that country and outside their usual environment.
Outbound tourism comprises the activities of residents of a given country travelling to and staying in places outside that country and outside their usual environment.
Similar definitions can be used for other areas, regions or group of countries by replacing ‘country’ with the area of reference. The three forms of tourism can be combined in three ways to derive the following categories of tourism:
internal tourism, which comprises ‘domestic tourism’ and ‘inbound tourism’;
national tourism, which comprises ‘domestic tourism’ and ‘outbound tourism’;
international tourism, which consists of ‘inbound tourism’ and ‘outbound tourism’.
Definition:
Any person on a trip between two or more countries or between two or more places within his/her country of residence.
Definition:
Any person travelling to a place other than that of his/her usual environment for less than 12 months and whose main purpose of trip is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.
Visitors (domestic/international) comprise:
Definition:
Visitors who stay at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the place/country visited.
and
Definition:
Visitors who do not spend the night in a collective or private accommodation in the place/country visited.
The three fundamental criteria that are used to distinguish visitors from other travellers are as follows:
The trip should be to a place other than that of the usual environment, which would exclude short-distance local transport and commuting, i.e. more or less regular trips between the place of work/study and the place of residence.
The stay in the place visited should not last more than 12 consecutive months, beyond which the visitor would become a resident of that place (from the statistical standpoint).
The main purpose of the visit should be other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited, which would exclude migratory movements for work purposes.
The following categories of travellers should not be included in international visitor arrivals and departures:
Persons entering or leaving a country as migrants, including dependants accompanying or joining them.
Persons, known as border workers, residing near the border in one country and working in another.
Diplomats, consular officers and members of the armed forces when travelling from their country of origin to the country of their assignment or vice-versa, including dependants and household employees accompanying or joining them.
Persons travelling as refugees or nomads.
Persons in transit who do not formally enter the country through passport control, such as air transit passengers who remain for a short period in a designated area of the air terminal or ship passengers who are not permitted to disembark. This category would include passengers transferred directly between airports or other terminals. Other passengers in transit through a country are classified as visitors.
The following categories of trips should not be included in domestic visitor arrivals and departures:
Residents travelling to another place within the country with the intention of setting up their usual residence in that place.
Persons who travel to another place within the country to exercise an activity remunerated from within the place visited.
Persons who travel to work temporarily in institutions within the country.
Persons who travel regularly or frequently between neighbouring localities to work or study.
Nomads and persons without fixed residence.
Armed forces on manoeuvre.
Section C of the annex to the Directive is only concerned with tourists and overnight trips. Hence, same-day visitors and trips are excluded. Cruises may be separated already at the beginning of the inquiry (depending on survey) as well as overnight trips in one or several locations.
Definition:
The usual environment of a person consists of the direct vicinity of his/her home and place of work or study, and other places frequently visited.
The concept of usual environment has two dimensions, vicinity and frequency. Places located close to the place of residence of a person are part of the usual environment even though they may be rarely visited. Places that are frequently (= on average once a week or more often), on a routine basis, visited are part of the usual environment of a person, even though they may be located at a considerable distance (or in another country) from the place of residence. There is only one usual environment for a person and the concept is applicable in domestic as well as in international tourism. Persons who work in means of transport (lorry drivers, rail crew, airline pilots and hostesses, etc.), travelling sales representatives or agents are included in tourism as business travellers, unless their trips, especially domestic trips, consist of frequent routine travel, in which case they can be excluded by the usual environment criterion.
Definition:
There is only one main purpose for a trip, in the absence of which the trip would not have taken place.
The Directive separates between two main reasons to travel:
business and professional;
holidays, recreation or leisure.
Holidays due to ‘Visits to friends and relatives’ should be included in point (ii).
Definition:
This is the place/country from which the trip originates. It is usually the same as the place and country of residence.
The trip may also start from the place of work or education. This is not relevant for tourism since the place of residence may still be considered as the origin. When people live in another place than their usual residence during the survey period (e.g. short-term migrants and seasonal workers), this place should be taken as the origin. For day trips the place of origin may be the second regular residence of the person although it is useful to distinguish them from trips originating from the first residence.
Definition:
Visitors who stay at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the place/country visited.
Definition:
Trips made by tourists, i.e. overnight trips.
Concerning outbound trips with a world geographical breakdown, the destination can be understood in different ways. It may be:
the place the visitor considers as the most important place visited (motivating destination)
the place where the most amount of time is spent (time destination), or
the farthest place visited (distance destination).
It is useful to know all these destinations as well as less important destinations in transit. The main destination (place, country) should be separated from other destinations. The main destination is related to the main purpose of trip and therefore the main destination should be defined as (i), the place that the visitor considers as the main destination. If the respondent has difficulties in deciding what that is (for example for a touring trip), the main destination may secondarily be decided as (ii), the place where most nights were spent or, if there are several such places, (iii), the farthest place.
Definition:
Trips made by tourists, i.e. overnight trips, recorded by the month of departure.
Day of the week and season can be obtained from the date. Note that if the date of return is asked in addition to the date of departure, the difference does not necessarily give the duration of trip. One must be careful not to include day trips; the dates may be different but the trip may not involve an overnight stay. Therefore the number of overnight stays (length of stay) must be asked separately.
Definition:
A tourism night (or overnight stay) is each night that a guest actually spends (sleeps or stays) or is registered (his/her physical presence there being unnecessary) in a collective accommodation establishment or in private tourism accommodation.
It is recommended to record all countries of overnight stays during the trips. Nights spent on board ship or in a train moving from one country to another are included in outbound overnight stays but they are not spent in any specific country. It is recommended to include them in the ‘cruise’ or ‘not specified’ category. If the nights are spent on board ship, when the ship is in port, the passengers may or may not be formally free to enter the country. If the passengers are free to enter the country, the nights might be in principle recorded to that country, spent in a specialised establishment (public means of transport), but also in this case the ‘cruise’ category is recommended.
Trip characteristics are asked for each trip separately. Each trip has one main purpose but it may involve secondary motivations, several visits with possibly different purposes and several activities.
Definition:
The length of stay for overnight trips is defined as nights spent.
The actual number of overnight stays must be inquired, it cannot be calculated from the departure and return dates.
The Directive specifies the following types of organisation of the stay:
direct reservation with transport/accommodation operator
use of travel agent, tour operator:
package travel
Definition:
Package travel is a combination of travel services, arranged in advance, which includes at least transport and accommodation or one of these and some other essential tourism service.
Accommodation in means of transport, in combination with transport only, is not a package tour. Package travel may or may not cover breakfast, journey from airport to accomodation, sightseeing, etc.
Definition:
The principal mode of transport used is the means of transport used for the longest part of the trip.
The transport types include as follows:
This includes:
scheduled flight (CPA 62.10.10): first class, business class, economy class, economy and APEX/SUPERPEX class
non-scheduled flight; including taxi flight (CPA 62.20.10)
other air transport
rental of aircraft (CPA 62.20.30, CPA 71.23.10)
other (partly CPA 71.40.14, CPA 92.71.12)
This includes:
ferry on inland waterway (CPA 61.20.11)
ferry on sea or coast (CPA 61.10.11)
cruise or other passenger transport (water taxi, excursion, sightseeing) on inland waterway and on sea or coast (CPA 61.20.12)
other waterway transport: rental of vessels (CPA 61.10.31, CPA 61.20.31, CPA 71.22.10), pleasure boat, including rowing boat and other (partly CPA 71.40.14, CPA 92.72.12)
This includes: high speed train, other interurban railway (CPA 60.10.11, CPA 60.10.12), urban railway, underground (CPA 60.21.10).
This includes:
scheduled motor coach (CPA 60.21.31, CPA 60.21.32) and urban and suburban buses, trolley buses and trams (CPA 60.21.21, CPA 60.21.22)
non-scheduled, rental of buses, touring and sightseeing (CPA 60.23.11, CPA 60.23.12 and partly CPA 71.21.15)
This includes:
private vehicle: cycle (partly CPA 71.40.14), moped, motor cycle (partly CPA 71.21.14), passenger car (excluding taxi and rented automobile) (including cars belonging to friends or relatives), van, lorry (partly CPA 71.10.10, 71.21.11)
vehicle rental: rented automobile (excluding buses) (partly CPA 71.10.10), taxi (CPA 60.22.11, CPA 60.22.12), other rented vehicle
This includes:
on foot, animal-drawn vehicles and riding (CPA 60.23.13 and partly CPA 71.21.15), funicular, teleferic and ski-lift transport (CPA 60.21.41), other (CPA 60.21.42, CPA 60.23.14)
Definition:
The main means of accommodation used is the type of accommodation where most nights are spent.
For definition of tourist accommodation types, see point 1.1.
The Directive requires only the number of overnight visitors by sex, but generally this can be connected to any characteristic of the trip made by the visitor.
Actual age or year of birth should be recorded. If possible, the ages of all the members of the tourism trip should be recorded.
Definition:
The total consumption expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at destination.
Expenditure is one of the characteristics of a trip but can be accumulated also on a personal and country level. Dividing expenditure by duration of trip, average daily expenditure can be calculated. Tourism expenditure encompasses a wide variety of items, ranging from the purchase of consumer goods and services inherent in travel and stays to the purchase of small durable goods for personal use, souvenirs and gifts for family and friends. The following outlays or acquisitions should be excluded from tourism expenditure (nevertheless they may be asked in the surveys for other purposes):
Purchases for commercial purposes, that is, resale, made by any category of visitor and purchases made on behalf of their employer by visitors on business trips.
Capital type investments or transactions engaged in by visitors, such as land, housing, real estate, works of art and other important acquisitions (such as cars, caravans, boats, second houses) even though they may be used in the future for tourism travel purposes.
Cash given to relatives or friends during the trip which does not represent payment of tourism goods or services, as well as donations made to institutions.
The types of spending include as follows:
This includes:
accommodation (with food where included, full/half board may also be separated)
transport
insurance
other (local transfer, guided tours, fees, entertainment etc.)
(with food where included in price of accommodation, full/half board may also be separated)
(distinguishable from accommodation; in restaurants, cafes, bars, minibar, etc.; including retail trade)
This includes: drinks, meals, snacks
This includes:
fares: to the destination and back home, within the destination public transport, taxi
use of vehicle: cost of petrol or diesel (actually used for the trip or estimate), parking charges, other (for example, vehicle rental)
This includes:
guided tours
sporting activities (hire of equipment and facilities)
cultural activities (admission charges, including tickets bought in advance)
attractions and other recreation (entrance fees, etc.)
This includes:
pre-trip shopping for items to be used during the trip
shopping for items to take home (including food and drinks, gifts and souvenirs, clothes, shoes, other)
shopping for items to consume during the stay (including food and drinks)
This includes:
congress or meeting expenses (enrolment fee; expenses of photocopies, programme and materials; books, magazines and subscriptions related to the congress; annual fees paid to the organisation)
insurance
telephone calls
other (e.g. postage, processing of films, exchange charges, etc.)
The Directive requires information on total spending for tourist trips, and of which spending on ‘journeys, holidays and package travel’.