PART 2 SMalicious publication

Actionable types of malicious publication S

21 Statements causing harm to business interests S

(1) A person (B) may bring proceedings under this section against another person (A) where—

(a) A has—

(i) made a false and malicious statement about B's business or business activities, and

(ii) published the statement to a person other than B, and

(b) the statement has caused (or is likely to cause) financial loss to B.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) (a) (i), a statement is malicious only if B shows—

(a) that the imputation conveyed by the statement complained of was presented as being a statement of fact (rather than a statement of opinion) and was sufficiently credible so as to mislead a reasonable person, and

(b) both—

(i) that A knew that the imputation was false or was recklessly indifferent as to the truth of the imputation, and

(ii) that A's publication of the statement was motivated by a malicious intention to cause harm to B's business or business activities.

Commencement Information

I1 S. 21 in force at 8.8.2022 by S.S.I. 2022/154, regs. 1(2), 2

22 Statements causing doubt as to title to property S

(1) A person (B) may bring proceedings under this section against another person (A) where—

(a) A has—

(i) made a false and malicious statement about B's title to land or other property, and

(ii) published the statement to a person other than B, and

(b) the statement has caused (or is likely to cause) financial loss to B.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) (a) (i), a statement is malicious only if B shows—

(a) that the imputation conveyed by the statement complained of was presented as being a statement of fact (rather than a statement of opinion) and was sufficiently credible so as to mislead a reasonable person, and

(b) both—

(i) that A knew that the imputation was false or was recklessly indifferent as to the truth of the imputation, and

(ii) that A's publication of the statement was motivated by a malicious intention to delay or jeopardise a transaction involving the land or other property of B.

Commencement Information

I2 S. 22 in force at 8.8.2022 by S.S.I. 2022/154, regs. 1(2), 2

23 Statements criticising assets S

(1) A person (B) may bring proceedings under this section against another person (A) where—

(a) A has—

(i) made a false and malicious statement criticising or denigrating the quality, condition, use or treatment of assets owned, possessed or controlled by B, and

(ii) published the statement to a person other than B, and

(b) the statement has caused (or is likely to cause) financial loss to B.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) (a) (i), a statement is malicious only if B shows—

(a) that the false imputation conveyed by the statement complained of was presented as being a statement of fact (rather than a statement of opinion) and was sufficiently credible so as to mislead a reasonable person, and

(b) both—

(i) that A knew that the imputation was false or was recklessly indifferent as to the truth of the imputation, and

(ii) that A's publication of the statement was motivated by a malicious intention to cause B financial loss.

Commencement Information

I3 S. 23 in force at 8.8.2022 by S.S.I. 2022/154, regs. 1(2), 2