16.—(1) Subject to regulations 17, 18 and 19, a penalty of up to £20,000 may be imposed by a coordinator by written notice served on any air carrier on each occasion on which that air carrier fails to comply with either of the duties set out in regulations 14 and 15(4).
(2) Subject to paragraph (3), each of the duties specified in regulations 14 and 15(4) shall be owed to the coordinator and shall not be actionable at the suit of any other person who suffers loss or is otherwise affected by breach of the duty or duties.
(3) The duty referred to in regulation 15(4) shall be owed by each air carrier to whom a direction is given to all persons likely to suffer loss or otherwise be affected by breach of the direction.
(4) No penalty may be imposed on any person pursuant to paragraph (1) and no other proceedings may be commenced under these Regulations in respect of any failure by any person to comply with either of the duties set out in regulations 14 and 15(4) to the extent that the person concerned demonstrates that the failure in question was beyond his reasonable control.