Copyright, neighbouring rights, rights referred to in Directive 87/54/EEC16 and Directive 96/9/EC17 and industrial property rights.

The freedom of the parties to a contract to choose the applicable law.

Contractual obligations concerning consumer contracts.

Formal validity of contracts creating or transferring rights in real estate where such contracts are subject to mandatory formal requirements of the law of the member State where the real estate is situated.

The permissibility of unsolicited commercial communications by electronic mail.