In this section and section 3 below “war pension” has the same meaning as in section 25 of the Social Security Act 1989 (establishment and functions of war pensions committees).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In this section “the Northern Ireland Department” means the Department of Health and Social Services for Northern Ireland F28or the Department for Employment and Learning in Northern Ireland.

In this section—

• “private pensions policy” means policy relating to—

  1. a

     F139occupational pension schemes or personal pension schemes (within the meaning given by section 1 of the Pension Schemes Act 1993);F140or

  2. b

     occupational pension schemes or private pension schemes within the meaning of Part 1 of the Pensions Act 2008, if they do not fall within paragraph (a);

• “retirement planning” means promoting financial planning for retirement.

The Lord Chancellor may, after consultation with the Lord Advocate, appoint a President of appeal tribunals.

Schedule 1 to this Act shall have effect for supplementing this section.

The Lord Chancellor shall constitute a panel of persons to act as members of appeal tribunals.

Subject to subsection (3) below, the panel shall be composed of F48persons appointed by the Lord Chancellor.

The panel shall include persons possessing such qualifications as may be prescribed by regulations made with the concurrence of the Lord Chancellor.

As part of the selection process for the appointment of a medical practitioner as a member of the panel, the Judicial Appointments Commission shall consult the Chief Medical Officer.

The numbers of persons appointed to the panel, and the terms and conditions of their appointments, shall be determined by the Lord Chancellor with the consent of the Secretary of State.

A person may be removed from the panel by the Lord Chancellor on the ground of incapacity or misbehaviourF50; but the Lord Chancellor may remove such a person only with the concurrence of the appropriate senior judge.

The appropriate senior judge is the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, unless the person to be removed exercises functions wholly or mainly in Scotland, in which case it is the Lord President of the Court of Session.

Subject to subsection (2) below, an appeal tribunal shall consist of one, two or three members drawn by the President from the panel constituted under section 6 above.

Where it appears to an appeal tribunal that a matter before it involves a question of fact of special difficulty, then, unless regulations otherwise provide, the tribunal may require one or more experts to provide assistance to it in dealing with the question.

In subsection (4) above “expert” means a member of the panel constituted under section 6 above who appears to the appeal tribunal concerned to have knowledge or experience which would be relevant in determining the question of fact of special difficulty.

The Lord Chancellor may by order specify a qualification for the purposes of subsection (2)(a) above.

Subsections (2) to (4), (9) and (10) of section 51 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (contents of orders under subsection (1) of that section, and cessation of effect of such orders) shall apply for the purposes of subsection (6A) above as they apply for the purposes of subsection (1) of that section, but as if the reference in subsection (3) of that section to section 50 of that Act were a reference to this section.

For the purposes of subsection (2)(a) above, a person shall be taken not to be a solicitor or a barrister, or not to have a qualification specified under subsection (6A) above, if as a result of disciplinary proceedings he is prevented from practising as a solicitor or (as the case may be) as a barrister or as a holder of the specified qualification.

Schedule 1 to this Act shall have effect for supplementing this section.

Subsection (1)(c) above does not include any decision which under section 8 of the Social Security Contributions (Transfer of Functions, etc.) Act 1999 falls to be made by an officer of the Inland Revenue.

In making a decision under subsection (1) above, the Secretary of State need not consider any issue that is not raised by the application or, as the case may be, did not cause him to act on his own initiative.

Subject to subsections (4) and (5) and section 27 below, a revision under this section shall take effect as from the date on which the original decision took (or was to take) effect.

Regulations may provide that, in prescribed cases or circumstances, a revision under this section shall take effect as from such other date as may be prescribed.

Where a decision is revised under this section, for the purpose of any rule as to the time allowed for bringing an appeal, the decision shall be regarded as made on the date on which it is so revised.

Except in prescribed circumstances, an appeal against a decision of the Secretary of State shall lapse if the decision is revised under this section before the appeal is determined.

In making a decision under subsection (1) above, the Secretary of State need not consider any issue that is not raised by the application or, as the case may be, did not cause him to act on his own initiative.

Regulations may prescribe the cases and circumstances in which, and the procedure by which, a decision may be made under this section.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subject to subsection (6) and section 27 below, a decision under this section shall take effect as from the date on which it is made or, where applicable, the date on which the application was made.

Regulations may provide that, in prescribed cases or circumstances, a decision under this section shall take effect as from such other date as may be prescribed.

In this section—

• “appeal tribunal” means an appeal tribunal constituted under Chapter 1 of this Part (the functions of which have been transferred to the First-tier Tribunal);

• “Commissioner” means a person appointed as a Social Security Commissioner under Schedule 4 (the functions of whom have been transferred to the Upper Tribunal), and includes a tribunal of such persons.

Subject to the provisions of this Chapter and the Administration Act, provision may be made by regulations for the making of any decision by the Secretary of State under or in connection with the current legislation, or the former legislation, including a decision on a claim for benefit.

Where it appears to the Secretary of State that a matter before him involves a question of fact requiring special expertise, he may direct that in dealing with that matter he shall have the assistance of one or more experts.

In this section—

• “the current legislation” means the Contributions and Benefits Act, the Jobseekers Act F37... F34, the Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) Act 1997F69, the State Pension Credit Act 2002F156, Part 1 of the Welfare Reform Act 2007, Part 1 of the Welfare Reform Act 2012F188, Part 4 of that Act and Part 1 of the Pensions Act 2014F201, section 30 of that Act and sections 18 to 21 of the Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016;

• “expert” means a person appearing to the Secretary of State to have knowledge or experience which would be relevant in determining the question of fact requiring special expertise;

• “the former legislation” means the National Insurance Acts 1965 to 1974, the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Acts 1965 to 1974, the Social Security Act 1975 and Part II of the Social Security Act 1986.

Regulations under subsection (2) above shall not prescribe any decision or determination that relates to the conditions of entitlement to a relevant benefit for which a claim has been validly made or for which no claim is required.

Regulations may provide that, in such cases or circumstances as may be prescribed, there is a right of appeal under subsection (2) in relation to a decision only if the Secretary of State has considered whether to revise the decision under section 9.

The references in subsections (3A) and (3B) to regulations and to the Secretary of State are subject to any enactment under or by virtue of which the functions under this Chapter are transferred to or otherwise made exercisable by a person other than the Secretary of State.

In the case of a decision relating to child benefit or guardian’s allowance, the making of any appeal under this section against the decision as originally made must follow the Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs first deciding, on an application made for revision of that decision under section 9, not to revise the decision.

Where the Secretary of State has determined that any amount is recoverable under or by virtue of section 71F175, 71ZB, 71ZG, 71ZH, or 74 of the Administration Act, any person from whom he has determined that it is recoverable shall have the same right of appeal to F79the First-tier Tribunal as a claimant.

A person with a right of appeal under this section shall be given such notice of a decision to which this section applies and of that right as may be prescribed.

The reference in subsection (1) above to a decision under section 10 above is a reference to a decision superseding any such decision as is mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (1) of that section.

This section applies where an application is made F82to the First-tier Tribunal for permission to appeal to the Upper Tribunal from any decision of the First-tier Tribunal under section 12 or this section.

If the person considers that the decision was erroneous in point of law, he may set aside the decision and refer the case either for redetermination by the tribunal or for determination by a differently constituted tribunal.

If each of the principal parties to the case expresses the view that the decision was erroneous in point of law, F84the First-tier Tribunal shall set aside the decision and refer the case for determination by a differently constituted F85First-tier Tribunal.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In a case relating to industrial injuries benefit an appeal F89to the Upper Tribunal under section 11 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 from any decision of the First-Tier Tribunal under section 12 or 13 above lies at the instance of a person whose entitlement to benefit is, or may be, under Part VI of Schedule 7 to the Contributions and Benefits Act, affected by the decision appealed against, as well as at the instance of any person or body such as is mentioned in subsection (3) above.

Subsections F12... (3) and (5) above, as they apply to a trade union, apply also to any other association which exists to promote the interests and welfare of its members.

If each of the principal parties to the appeal expresses the view that the decision appealed against was erroneous in point of law, the Commissioner may set aside the decision and refer the case to a tribunal with directions for its determination.

Subject to any direction of the Commissioner, a reference under subsection (7) or (8)(b) above shall be to a differently constituted tribunal.

Regulations may make provision as to the manner in which, and the time within which, appeals are to be brought and applications made for leave to appeal.

Schedule 4 to this Act shall have effect with respect to the appointment, remuneration and tenure of office of Commissioners and other matters relating to them.

Subject to subsections (2) and (3) below, an appeal on a question of law shall lie to the appropriate court from any decision of a Commissioner.

In this section—

• “the appropriate court”, except in subsection (4) above, means the court specified in pursuance of that subsection;

• “the relevant place”, in relation to an application for leave to appeal from a decision of a Commissioner, means the premises where the person or authority whose decision was the subject of the Commissioner’s decision usually exercises his or its functions.

The Senior President of Tribunals shall ensure that appropriate steps are taken by the First-tier Tribunal to secure the confidentiality, in such circumstances as may be prescribed, of any prescribed material, or any prescribed classes or categories of material.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regulations (“procedure regulations”) may make any such provision as is specified in Schedule 5 to this Act.

Procedure regulations prescribing the procedure to be followed in cases before a Commissioner shall provide that any hearing shall be in public except in so far as the Commissioner for special reasons otherwise directs.

If it appears to a Commissioner that a matter before him involves a question of fact of special difficulty, he may direct that in dealing with that matter he shall have the assistance of one or more experts.

In this subsection “expert” means a person appearing to the Commissioner to have knowledge or experience which would be relevant in determining the question of fact of special difficulty.

Where a direction is given under subsection (7)(a) above, section 14(10)(b) above shall have effect as if the reference to a Commissioner were a reference to such a tribunal as is mentioned in subsection (7) above.

Except so far as it may be applied in relation to England and Wales by procedure regulations, Part I of the Arbitration Act 1996 shall not apply to any proceedings under this Chapter.

Subject to the provisions of this Chapter F103and to any provision made by or under Chapter 2 of Part 1 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, any decision made in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this Chapter shall be final; and subject to the provisions of any regulations under section 11 above, any decision made in accordance with those regulations shall be final.

Regulations under subsection (1) above as it applies to child benefit may include provision as to the date from which child benefit is to be payable to a person in respect of a child F52or qualifying young person in a case where, before the benefit was awarded to that person, child benefit in respect of the child F53or qualifying young person was awarded to another person.

If the person fails without good cause to comply with the request, the Secretary of State shall make the decision against him.

This section applies where an appeal has been brought under section 12 above against a decision on a claim for a relevant benefit, or as to a person’s entitlement to such a benefit F17....

The power under subsection (2) to refer a person to a health care professional approved by the Secretary of State includes power to specify the description of health care professional to whom the person is to be referred.

The Lord Chancellor may pay to any person required under this Part (whether for the purposes of this Part or otherwise) to attend for or to submit to medical or other examination or treatment such travelling and other allowances as the Lord Chancellor may determine.

In subsection (1) the reference to travelling and other allowances includes compensation for loss of remunerative time but such compensation shall not be paid to any person in respect of any time during which the person is in receipt of remuneration under section 28 of, or paragraph 5 of Schedule 2 to, the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (assessors and judges of First-Tier Tribunal).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The powers conferred by this section are exercisable in relation to persons who fail to comply with information requirements.

In this section and section 23 below “information requirement” means a requirement, made in pursuance of regulations under F162section 5(1A) of the Administration Act, to furnish information or evidence needed for a determination whether a decision on an award of benefit to which that section applies should be revised under section 9 or superseded under section 10 above.

Subsection (3A) of section 5 of the Administration Act (which glosses paragraph (hh) in the case of state pension credit) shall apply in relation to subsection (3) above as it applies in relation to paragraph (hh) of subsection (1) of that section.

Regulations may make provision for F115the First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal, where on any appeal there arises any issue which under section 8 of the Social Security Contributions (Transfer of Functions, etc.) Act 1999 falls to be decided by the Inland Revenue, to require the Secretary of State to refer the issue to the Inland Revenue.

In a case relating to a relevant benefit, the Secretary of State need not make the decision while the appeal is pending if he considers it possible that the result of the appeal will be such that, if it were already determined, there would be no entitlement to benefit.

Where the Secretary of State acts in accordance with subsection (3)(b) above, following the determination of the appeal he shall if appropriate revise his decision (under section 9 above) in accordance with that determination.

Where the F125First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal acts in accordance with subsection (4)(b) above, following the determination of appeal B the Secretary of State shall, if appropriate, make a decision (under section 10 above) superseding the decision of the F126First-tier Tribunal or Upper Tribunal in accordance with that determination.

Regulations may make provision supplementing that made by this section.

In deciding whether a person is entitled to benefit in a case where his entitlement depends on his having been entitled to the same or some other benefit before attaining a particular age, subsection (3) above shall be disregarded for the purpose only of deciding whether he was so entitled before attaining that age.

In this section—

• “adjudicating authority” means—

  1. a

     the Secretary of State;

  2. b

     any former officer, tribunal or body; or

  3. c

     any officer, tribunal or body in Northern Ireland corresponding to a former officer, tribunal or body;

• “benefit” means—

  1. a

     benefit under Parts II to V of the Contributions and Benefits Act, other than Old Cases payments;

  2. b

     benefit under Part II of the [1975 c. 14.] Social Security Act 1975 (in respect of a period before 1st July 1992 but not before 6th April 1975);

  3. c

     benefit under the [1946 c. 67.] National Insurance Act 1946 or [1965 c. 51.] 1965, or the [1946 c. 62.] National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1946 or [1965 c. 52.] 1965 (in respect of a period before 6th April 1975);

  4. d

     a jobseeker’s allowance;

  5. dd

     F41state pension credit;

  6. de

     F70an employment and support allowance;

  7. df

     F178personal independence payment;

  8. dg

     F194bereavement support payment under section 30 of the Pensions Act 2014;

  9. e

     any benefit corresponding to a benefit mentioned in F42paragraphs (a) F195to (dg) above; and

  10. f

      F171universal credit;

  11. g

      F189state pension or a lump sum under Part 1 of the Pensions Act 2014;

• “the court” means the High Court, the Court of Appeal, the Court of Session, the High Court or Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland, the F145Supreme Court or the Court of Justice of the F148European Union;

• “former officer, tribunal or body” means any of the following, that is to say—

  1. a

     an adjudication officer or, in the case of a decision given on a reference under section 21(2) or 25(1) of the Administration Act, a social security appeal tribunal, a disability appeal tribunal or a medical appeal tribunal;

  2. b

     an adjudicating medical practitioner appointed under section 49 of that Act or a specially qualified adjudicating medical practitioner appointed in accordance with regulations under section 62(2) of that Act; or

  3. c

     the National Assistance Board, the Supplementary Benefits Commission, the Attendance Allowance Board, a benefit officer, an insurance officer or a supplement officer.

The date of the relevant determination shall, in prescribed cases, be determined for the purposes of this section in accordance with any regulations made for that purpose.

In subsection (1) “decision” does not include F134any decision of the First-tier Tribunal or any decision made by an officer of the Inland Revenue, other than a decision under or by virtue of Part III of the Pension Schemes Act 1993.

Nothing in subsection (1) above shall be construed as derogating from any power to correct errors F135... which is exercisable apart from regulations made by virtue of that subsection.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Secretary of StateF136, the First-tier Tribunal or the Upper Tribunal (as the case may be) may refuse to decide the issue whether an accident was an industrial accident if satisfied that it is unlikely to be necessary to decide the issue for the purposes of any claim for benefit; and this Chapter shall apply as if any such refusal were a decision on the issue.

Subject to sections 9 to 15 above, any declaration under this section that an accident was or was not an industrial accident shall be conclusive for the purposes of any claim for industrial injuries benefit in respect of that accident.

A decision under this section shall be final except that sections 9 and 10 above apply to a decision under this section that an accident was or was not an industrial accident as they apply to a decision under section 8 above if, but only if, the Secretary of State is satisfied that the decision under this section was given in consequence of any wilful non-disclosure or misrepresentation of a material fact.

A decision F155... that an accident was an industrial accident is to be taken as determining only that paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of subsection (6) of that section are satisfied in relation to the accident.

Subject to subsections (3) and (4) below, no such decision is to be taken as importing a decision as to the origin of any injury or disability suffered by the claimant, whether or not there is an event identifiable as an accident apart from any injury that may have been received.

A decision that, on a particular occasion when there was no event so identifiable, a person had an industrial accident by reason of an injury shall be treated as a decision that, if the injury was suffered by accident on that occasion, the accident was an industrial accident.

A decision that an accident was an industrial accident may be given, and a declaration to that effect be made and recorded in accordance with section 29 above, without its having been found that personal injury resulted from the accident.

Subsection (4) above has effect subject to the discretion under section 29(3) above to refuse to decide the issue if it is unlikely to be necessary for the purposes of a claim for benefit.

Regulations may provide that a determination that a person is disqualified for any period in accordance with regulations under section 171E of the Contributions and Benefits Act shall have effect for such purposes as may be prescribed as a determination that he is to be treated as capable of work for that period, and vice versa.

Regulations may provide that a determination that a person is disqualified for any period in accordance with regulations under section 18(1) to (3) of the Welfare Reform Act 2007 shall have effect for such purposes as may be prescribed as a determination that he is to be treated as not having limited capability for work for that period, and vice versa.

Provision may be made by regulations for matters of such descriptions as may be prescribed to be determined by the Secretary of State, notwithstanding that other matters fall to be determined by another authority.

Nothing in this section shall be taken to prejudice the generality of the power conferred by section 17(2) above.

A decision by the Secretary of State that a person is entitled or not entitled to payment of a qualifying benefit in respect of a period which includes a day in the relevant week shall be conclusive for the purposes of section 148 of the Contributions and Benefits Act.

In this section, expressions to which a meaning is assigned by section 150 of that Act have that meaning.

Any such notification shall be given in such form as may be prescribed.

Regulations may make provision requiring authorities to whom claims for housing benefit or council tax benefit are made by, or in respect of, persons who have been entitled to a jobseeker’s allowance or to income support F43or state pension credit to give priority, in prescribed circumstances, to those claims over other claims for any such benefit.

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In this Chapter—

• F138“appeal tribunal” means an appeal tribunal constituted under Chapter I of this Part;

• F25“claimant”, in relation to a joint-claim couple claiming a joint-claim jobseeker’s allowance (within the meaning of the Jobseekers Act 1995), means the couple or either member of the couple;

• F138“Commissioner” F19(except in the expression “tax appeal Commissioners”) means the Chief Social Security Commissioner or any other Social Security Commissioner, and includes a tribunal of three or more Commissioners constituted under section 16(7) above;

• F172“claimant”, in relation to a couple jointly claiming universal credit, means the couple or either member of the couple;

• F58“health care professional” means—

  1. a

     a registered medical practitioner,

  2. b

     a registered nurse,

  3. c

     an occupational therapist or physiotherapist registered with a regulatory body established by an Order in Council under section 60 of the Health Act 1999, or

  4. d

     a member of such other profession regulated by a body mentioned in section 25(3) of the National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 as the Secretary of State may prescribe;

• “relevant benefit” has the meaning given by section 8(3) above.

• F144. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Expressions used in this Chapter to which a meaning is assigned by section 191 of the Administration Act have that meaning in this Chapter.

Part II of the Administration Act, which is superseded by the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, shall cease to have effect.