Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/68Show full title

3. Performances of the braking systems

3.1. Vehicles of category T and C

3.1.1. Service braking systems

3.1.1.1. Under Type-0 conditions, the service braking system shall be tested under the conditions shown in the following table

	vmax ≤ 30 km/h	vmax > 30 km/h
v	= vmax	= vmax
s (metres)	≤ 0,15 v + v2/92	≤ 0,15 v + v2/130
dm	≥ 3,55 m/s2	≥ 5 m/s2
F (foot operated control)	≤ 600 N	≤ 600 N
F (hand operated control)	≤ 400 N	≤ 400 N

where:

v_max

=

maximum design speed of the vehicle

v

=

prescribed test speed

s

=

Stopping distance

d_m

=

mean fully developed deceleration

F

=

force applied to the control device

3.1.1.2. In the case of a tractor authorised to tow an unbraked vehicle of categories R or S, the minimum performance prescribed for the corresponding tractor (for the type-0 test with engine disconnected) shall be attained with the unbraked towed vehicle coupled to the tractor and with the unbraked towed vehicle laden to the maximum mass declared by the tractor manufacturer.

The combination performance shall be verified by calculations referring to the maximum braking performance actually achieved by the tractor alone during the Type-0 test with the engine disconnected for the laden and unladen tractor (optionally also for a partially laden condition defined by the tractor manufacturer), using the following formula (no practical tests with a coupled unbraked towed vehicle are required):

Where:

d_{M + R}

=

calculated mean fully developed deceleration of the tractor when coupled to an unbraked towed vehicle, in m/s²,

d_M

=

maximum mean fully developed deceleration of the tractor alone achieved during the Type-0 test with engine disconnected, in m/s²,

P_M

=

mass of the tractor (if applicable, including any ballast and/or supporting load)

P_{M_laden}

=

mass of the tractor, laden

P_{M_par_laden}

=

mass of the tractor, partial laden

P_{M_unladen}

=

mass of the tractor, unladen

P_R

=

part of the maximum mass borne by the axle(s) of a towed vehicle without a service brake which may be coupled (as declared by the tractor manufacturer)

‘P_{M + R}’

=

combination mass (mass ‘PM’ + declared unbraked towed vehicle mass P_R)

3.1.1.2.1. Required minimum combination performance

The minimum combination performance shall be not less than 4,5 m/s² in the case of tractors with v_max > 30 km/h and not less than 3,2 m/s² in the case of tractors with v_max ≤ 30 km/h for the laden und unladen conditions. At the discretion of the tractor manufacturer, an additional type-0 test may be carried out by the technical service for a partial laden tractor mass declared by the manufacturer in order to define the maximum permitted unbraked towed vehicle mass fulfilling the required minimum combination performance for such ‘combination mass’.

The measured figures ‘d_m’ for the above mentioned load conditions and the corresponding calculated figures ‘d_{M + R}’ shall be recorded in the test report.

The maximum declared figure for the unbraked towed vehicle mass shall not exceed 3 500 kg.

3.1.2. Secondary braking system

The secondary braking system, even if the control device which actuates it is also used for other braking functions, shall give a stopping distance not exceeding the following values and a mean fully developed deceleration not less than the following values:

Tractors with vmax ≤ 30 km/h:	0,15 v + (v2/39)
(the second term corresponds to a mean fully developed deceleration dm = 1,5 m/s2)

Tractors with vmax > 30 km/h:	0,15 v + (v2/57)
(the second term corresponds to a mean fully developed deceleration dm = 2,2 m/s2)

The prescribed performance shall be obtained by applying to the control device a force not exceeding 600 N on a foot or 400 N on a hand operated control device. The control device shall be so placed that it can be easily and quickly applied by the driver.

3.1.3. Parking braking system

3.1.3.1. The parking braking system shall, even if it is combined with one of the other braking devices, be capable of holding a laden tractor on an 18 % up and down gradient. This requirement shall be fulfilled even during the cooling period. The cooling period is deemed to terminate when the brakes have reached a temperature of 10 °C above ambient.

3.1.3.2. For vehicles of category T4.3, the parking braking system shall, even if it is combined with one of the other braking devices, be capable of holding a laden tractor on a 40 % up and down gradient. This requirement shall be fulfilled even during the cooling period. The cooling period is deemed to terminate when the brakes have reached a temperature of 10 °C above ambient.

3.1.3.3. Hot and cold parking braking performance test

In order to verify that the parking brake is capable of holding a laden tractor on an up and down gradient as required by points 3.1.3.1 and 3.1.3.2, the measurements shall be done under the following conditions:

• Heating up the brakes on a temperature ≥ 100 °C (measured at the rubbing surface of the disc or at the outside of the drum),

• Hot static parking braking system test at a temperature ≥ 100 °C,

• Cold static parking braking system test at a temperature ≤ ambient temperature + 10 °C.

In the case of oil immersed brakes, the method by which this check is carried out shall be agreed between the vehicle manufacturer and the technical service. The method of assessment and results shall be appended to the type approval report.

3.1.3.4. On tractors to which the coupling of towed vehicles is authorised, the parking braking system of the tractor shall be capable of holding the vehicle combination, at the maximum permissible mass as specified by the tractor manufacturer, stationary on a 12 % up or down gradient.

In the case that this requirement cannot be met due to physical limitations (e.g. limited available tyre/road adhesion for the tractor to generate sufficient braking forces) this requirement is deemed to be fulfilled when the alternative requirement of point 3.1.3.4 in connection with point 2.2.1.20 of Annex I is complied with.

3.1.3.4.1. The requirement of point 3.1.3.4 is considered to be fulfilled when conditions 3.1.3.4.1.1 or 3.1.3.4.1.2 below are met:

3.1.3.4.1.1.

Even with the tractor engine not rotating, the combination at the maximum permissible mass remains stationary on the prescribed gradient when the activation of a single control device by the driver, from his driving seat, has applied the tractor parking braking system and the towed vehicle service braking system or only one of those two braking systems.

3.1.3.4.1.2.

The tractor parking braking system can hold stationary the tractor connected to an unbraked towed vehicle having a mass equal to the highest ‘combination mass P_M+R’ mentioned in the test report.

‘P_M+R’

=

combination mass (mass ‘PM’ + declared unbraked towed vehicle mass P_R) according to point 3.1.1.2 and of the test report.

‘PM’

=

mass of the tractor (if applicable, including any ballast or supporting load or both of them).

3.1.3.5. A parking braking system which has to be actuated several times before attaining the prescribed performance is permissible.

3.1.4. Residual braking after transmission failure

3.1.4.1. In the case of category Tb tractors with a maximum design speed exceeding 60 km/h, the residual performance of the service braking system, in the event of failure in a part of its transmission, shall give a stopping distance not exceeding the following values and a mean fully developed deceleration not less than the following values, using a control force not exceeding 70 daN, when checked by the type-0 test with the engine disconnected from the following initial speeds for the relevant vehicle category:

v [km/h]	Stopping distance LADEN — [m]	dm [m/s2]	Stopping distance UNLADEN — [m]	dm [m/s2]
40		1,3		1,3

That requirement shall not be construed as a departure from the requirements concerning secondary braking.

3.1.4.2. The residual braking effectiveness test shall be conducted by simulating the actual failure conditions in the service braking system.

3.2. Vehicles of the categories R and S

3.2.1. Service braking system

3.2.1.1. Requirement relating to tests of category R1 or S1 vehicles

If towed vehicles of category R1 or S1 are fitted with a service braking system, the performance of the system shall meet the requirements laid down for category R2 or S2 vehicles.

3.2.1.2. Requirement relating to tests of category R2 vehicles

If the service braking system is of the continuous or semi-continuous type, the sum of the forces exerted at the periphery of the braked wheels shall be at least X % of the maximum stationary wheel load.

X

=

50 for towed vehicle with a maximum design speed exceeding 30 km/h

X

=

35 for towed vehicle with a maximum design speed not exceeding 30 km/h

Where the towed vehicle is fitted with a compressed-air braking system, the pressure in the control line shall not exceed 650 kPa (and/or a corresponding digital demand value as defined in ISO 11992:2003 including ISO 11992-2:2003 and its Amd.1:2007 in the electric control line) and the pressure in the supply line shall not exceed 700 kPa during the brake test.

Where the towed vehicle is fitted with a hydraulic braking system, the pressure in the control line shall not exceed 11 500 kPa and the pressure in the supplementary line shall be between 1 500 kPa and 1 800 kPa during the brake test.

The test speed is 60 km/h or the maximum design speed of the towed vehicle, whichever is the lower.

Where the braking system is of the inertia type, it shall comply with the conditions laid down in Annex VIII.

3.2.1.3. Requirement relating to tests of category R3, R4 or S2 vehicles

The sum of the forces exerted at the periphery of the braked wheels shall be at least X % of the maximum stationary wheel load.

X

=

50 for towed vehicle of categories R3, R4 and S2 with a maximum design speed exceeding 30 km/h

X

=

35 for towed vehicles of categories R3a, R4a and S2a with a maximum design speed not exceeding 30 km/h

Where the towed vehicle is fitted with a compressed-air braking system, the pressure in the control line shall not exceed 650 kPa and the pressure in the supply line shall not exceed 700 kPa during the brake test.

The test speed is 60 km or the maximum design speed of the towed vehicle, whichever is the lower.

Where the towed vehicle is fitted with a hydraulic braking system, the pressure in the control line shall not exceed 11 500 kPa and the pressure in the supplementary line shall be between 1 500 kPa and 1 800 kPa during the brake test.

3.2.1.4. Within an axle group, wheel locking on one axle during the Type-0 test procedure is permitted. This requirement shall not be construed as a departure from the requirement of point 6.3.1. of Annex XI concerning wheel locking of directly controlled wheels.

3.2.2. Parking braking system

3.2.2.1. The parking braking system with which the towed vehicle is equipped shall be capable of holding the laden towed vehicle stationary, when separated from the tractor, on an 18 % up and down-gradient.

3.2.2.2. The requirements set out in 3.2.2.1 shall be fulfilled even during the cooling period. The cooling period is deemed to be terminated when the brakes have reached a temperature of 10 °C above ambient.

3.2.2.3. Hot and cold parking braking performance test

The test requirement as specified in point 3.1.3.3 apply correspondingly.

3.2.3. Automatic braking system

The automatic braking performance in the event of a failure, as described in points 2.2.1.17 and 2.2.1.18 of Annex I, when testing the laden vehicle from a speed of 40 km/h or 0,8 v_max (whichever is lower), shall not be less than 13,5 % of the maximum stationary wheel load. Wheel-locking at performance levels above 13,5 % is permitted.

3.3. Response time for vehicles of categories T, C, R and S

3.3.1. Where a vehicle is fitted with a service braking system which is totally or partially dependent on a source of energy other than the muscular effort of the driver, the following requirements shall be satisfied:

3.3.1.1.

In an emergency manoeuvre, the time elapsing between the moment when the control device begins to be actuated and the moment when the braking force on the least favourably placed axle reaches the level corresponding to the prescribed performance shall not exceed 0,6 seconds.

3.3.1.2.

In the case of vehicles fitted with compressed-air or towed vehicles with hydraulic braking systems or tractors with a hydraulic control line, the requirements of point 3.3.1 are considered to be satisfied if the vehicle complies with the provisions of Annex III.

3.3.1.3.

In the case of tractors fitted with hydraulic braking systems, the requirements of point 3.3.1 are considered to be satisfied if, in an emergency manoeuvre, the deceleration of the vehicle, or the pressure at the least favourable brake cylinder, reaches a level corresponding to the prescribed performance within 0,6 seconds.

3.3.1.4.

In case of tractors with one braked axle and an automatic engagement of the drive to all other axles during braking, the requirements of point 3.3.1 are considered to be satisfied if, the tractor satisfies both the prescribed stopping distance and the prescribed mean fully developed deceleration for the relevant vehicle category according to point 3.1.1.1, but in this case it is necessary to actually measure both parameters.