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a The SOx emission levels of the lime kiln increase significantly when strong non-condensable gases (NCG) are fed to the kiln and no alkaline scrubber is used. | ||
b Applicable for the treatment of weak odorous gases. | ||
c Applicable for the treatment of strong odorous gases. | ||
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Collection systems for strong and weak odorous gases, comprising the following features:
| |
b | Incineration of strong and weak non-condensable gases | Incineration can be carried out using:
To ensure the constant availability of incineration for odorous strong gases, back-up systems are installed. Lime kilns can serve as back-up for recovery boilers; further back-up equipment are flares and package boiler |
c | Recording unavailability of the incineration system and any resulting emissionsc |
Generally applicable for new plants and for major refurbishments of existing plants. The installation of necessary equipment may be difficult for existing plants due to layout and space restrictions. The applicability of incineration might be limited for safety reasons, and in this case wet scrubbers could be used.
BAT-associated emission level of total reduced sulphur (TRS) in residual weak gases emitted is 0,05 – 0,2 kg S/ADt.
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Increasing the dry solids (DS) content of black liquor | The black liquor can be concentrated by an evaporation process before burning |
b | Optimised firing | Firing conditions can be improved e.g. by good mixing of air and fuel, control of furnace load etc. |
c | Wet scrubber | See Section 1.7.1.3 |
See Table 3.
BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 and TRS emissions from a recovery boiler
a Increasing the DS content of the black liquor results in lower SO2 emissions and higher NOx emissions. Due to this, a recovery boiler with low emission levels for SO2, may be on the higher end of the range for NOx and vice versa. | ||||
b BAT-AELs do not cover periods during which the recovery boiler is run on a DS content much lower than the normal DS content due to shut down or maintenance of the black liquor concentration plant. | ||||
c If a recovery boiler were to burn black liquor with a DS > 83 %, then SO2 and gaseous S emission levels should be reconsidered on a case-by-case basis. | ||||
d The range is applicable without the incineration of odorous strong gases. | ||||
DS = dry solid content of the black liquor. | ||||
Parameter | Daily averagea bmg/Nm3 at 6 % O2 | Yearly averageamg/Nm3 at 6 % O2 | Yearly averageakg S/ADt | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 | DS < 75 % | 10 – 70 | 5 – 50 | — |
DS 75 – 83 %c | 10 – 50 | 5 – 25 | — | |
Total reduced sulphur (TRS) | 1 – 10d | 1 – 5 | — | |
Gaseous S (TRS-S + SO2-S) | DS < 75 % | — | — | 0,03 – 0,17 |
DS 75 – 83 %c | 0,03 – 0,13 |
Technique | |
---|---|
a | Computerised combustion control |
b | Good mixing of fuel and air |
c | Staged air feed systems, e.g. by using different air registers and air inlet ports |
Technique (c)is applicable to new recovery boilers and in the case of a major refurbishment of recovery boilers, as this technique requires considerable changes to the air feed systems and the furnace.
See Table 4.
BAT-associated emission levels for NOx emissions from a recovery boiler
a Increasing the DS content of the black liquor results in lower SO2 emissions and higher NOx emissions. Due to this, a recovery boiler with low emission levels for SO2, may be on the higher end of the range for NOx and vice versa. | |||
b The actual NOx emission level of a recovery boiler depends on the DS content and the nitrogen content of the black liquor, and the amount and combination of NCG and other nitrogen containing flows (e.g. dissolving tank vent gas, methanol separated from the condensate, biosludge) burnt. The higher the DS content, the nitrogen content in the black liquor, and the amount of NCG and other nitrogen containing flows burnt, the closer the emissions will be to the upper end of the BAT-AEL range. | |||
c If a recovery boiler were to burn black liquor with a DS > 83 %, then NOx emission levels should be reconsidered on a case-by-case basis. | |||
DS = dry solid content of black liquor. | |||
Parameter | Yearly averageamg/Nm3 at 6 % O2 | Yearly averageakg NOx/ADt | |
---|---|---|---|
NOx | Softwood | 120 – 200b | DS < 75 %: 0,8 – 1,4 DS 75 – 83 %c: 1,0 – 1,6 |
Hardwood | 120 – 200b | DS < 75 %: 0,8 – 1,4 DS 75 – 83 %c: 1,0 – 1,7 |
SeeSection 1.7.1.1.
See Table 5.
BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions from a recovery boiler
a For an existing recovery boiler equipped with an ESP approaching the end of its operational life, emission levels may increase over time up to 50 mg/Nm3 (corresponding to 0,4 kg/ADt). | |||
Parameter | Dust abatement system | Yearly averagemg/Nm3 at 6 % O2 | Yearly averagekg dust/ADt |
---|---|---|---|
Dust | New or major refurbishment | 10 – 25 | 0,02 – 0,20 |
Existing | 10 – 40a | 0,02 — 0,3a |
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Fuel selection/low sulphur fuel | See Section 1.7.1.3 |
b | Limit incineration of sulphur-containing odorous strong gases in the lime kiln | |
c | Control of Na2S content in lime mud feed | |
d | Alkaline scrubber |
See Table 6.
BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 and sulphur emissions from a lime kiln
a ‘strong gases’ includes methanol and turpentine | ||
Parametera | Yearly averagemg SO2/Nm3 at 6 % O2 | Yearly averagekg S/ADt |
---|---|---|
SO2 when strong gases are not burnt in the lime kiln | 5 – 70 | — |
SO2 when strong gases are burnt in the lime kiln | 55 – 120 | — |
Gaseous S (TRS-S + SO2-S) when strong gases are not burnt in the lime kiln | — | 0,005 – 0,07 |
Gaseous S (TRS-S + SO2-S) when strong gases are burnt in the lime kiln | — | 0,055 – 0,12 |
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Control of the excess oxygen | See Section 1.7.1.3 |
b | Control of Na2S content in lime mud feed | |
c | Combination of ESP and alkaline scrubber | See Section 1.7.1.1 |
See Table 7.
BAT-associated emission levels for TRS emissions from a lime kiln
a For lime kilns burning strong gases (including methanol and turpentine), the upper end of the AEL range may be up to 40 mg/Nm3. | |
Parameter | Yearly averagemg S/Nm3 at 6 % O2 |
---|---|
Total reduced sulphur (TRS) | < 1 – 10a |
Technique | Description | |
---|---|---|
a | Optimised combustion and combustion control | See Section 1.7.1.2 |
b | Good mixing of fuel and air | |
c | Low-NOx burner | |
d | Fuel selection/low-N fuel |
See Table 8.
BAT-associated emission levels for NOx emissions from a lime kiln
a When using liquid fuels originating from vegetable matter (e.g. turpentine, methanol, tall-oil), including those obtained as by-products of the pulping process, emission levels up to 350 mg/Nm3 (corresponding to 0,35 kg NOx/ADt) may occur. | |||
b When using gaseous fuels originating from vegetable matter (e.g. non-condensable gases), including those obtained as by-products of the pulping process, emission levels up to 450 mg/Nm3 (corresponding to 0,45 kg NOx/ADt) may occur. | |||
Parameter | Yearly averagemg/Nm3 at 6 % O2 | Yearly averagekg NOx/ADt | |
---|---|---|---|
NOx | Liquid fuels | 100 – 200a | 0,1 – 0,2a |
Gaseous fuels | 100 – 350b | 0,1 – 0,3b |
See Section 1.7.1.1.
See Table 9.
BAT-associated emission levels for dust emissions from a lime kiln
a For an existing lime kiln equipped with an ESP approaching the end of its operational life, emission levels may increase over time up to 50 mg/Nm3 (corresponding to 0,05 kg/ADt). | |||
Parameter | Dust abatement system | Yearly averagemg/Nm3 at 6 % O2 | Yearly averagekg dust/ADt |
---|---|---|---|
Dust | New or major refurbishments | 10 – 25 | 0,005 – 0,02 |
Existing | 10 – 30a | 0,005 – 0,03a |
See Table 10.
BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 and TRS emissions from the incineration of strong gases in a dedicated TRS burner
a This BAT-AEL is based on a gas flow in the range of 100-200 Nm3/ADt. | ||
Parameter | Yearly averagemg/Nm3 at 9 % O2 | Yearly averagekg S/ADt |
---|---|---|
SO2 | 20 – 120 | — |
TRS | 1 – 5 | |
Gaseous S (TRS-S + SO2-S) | — | 0,002 – 0,05a |
Technique | Description | Applicability | |
---|---|---|---|
a | Burner/firing optimisation | See Section 1.7.1.2 | Generally applicable |
b | Staged incineration | See Section 1.7.1.2 | Generally applicable for new plants and for major refurbishments. For existing mills, applicable only if space allows for the insertion of equipment |
See Table 11.
BAT-associated emission levels for NOx emissions from the incineration of strong gases in a dedicated TRS burner