(1)Any two or more persons associated for a lawful purpose may, by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association and otherwise complying with the requirements of this Act in respect of registration, form an incorporated company, with or without limited liability.
(2)A company so formed may be either—
(a)a company having the liability of its members limited by the memorandum to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them (“a company limited by shares”);
(b)a company having the liability of its members limited by the memorandum to such amount as the members may respectively thereby undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up (“a company limited by guarantee”); or
(c)a company not having any limit on the liability of its members (“an unlimited company”).
(3)A “public company” is a company limited by shares or limited by guarantee and having a share capital, being a company—
(a)the memorandum of which states that it is to be a public company, and
(b)in relation to which the provisions of this Act or the former Companies Acts as to the registration or re-registration of a company as a public company have been complied with on or after 22nd December 1980;
and a “private company” is a company that is not a public company.
[F1(3A)Notwithstanding subsection (1), one person may, for a lawful purpose, by subscribing his name to a memorandum of association and otherwise complying with the requirements of this Act in respect of registration, form an incorporated company being a private company limited by shares or by guarantee.]
(4)With effect from 22nd December 1980, a company cannot be formed as, or become, a company limited by guarantee with a share capital.
Textual Amendments
F1S. 1(3A) inserted (15.7.1992) by S.I. 1992/1699, reg. 2, Sch. para.1.
(1)The memorandum of every company must state—
(a)the name of the company;
(b)whether the registered office of the company is to be situated in England and Wales, or in Scotland;
(c)the objects of the company.
(2)Alternatively to subsection (1)(b), the memorandum may contain a statement that the company’s registered office is to be situated in Wales; and a company whose registered office is situated in Wales may by special resolution alter its memorandum so as to provide that its registered office is to be so situated.
(3)The memorandum of a company limited by shares or by guarantee must also state that the liability of its members is limited.
(4)The memorandum of a company limited by guarantee must also state that each member undertakes to contribute to the assets of the company if it should be wound up while he is a member, or within one year after he ceases to be a member, for payment of the debts and liabilities of the company contracted before he ceases to be a member, and of the costs, charges and expenses of winding up, and for adjustment of the rights of the contributories among themselves, such amount as may be required, not exceeding a specified amount.
(5)In the case of a company having a share capital—
(a)the memorandum must also (unless it is an unlimited company) state the amount of the share capital with which the company proposes to be registered and the division of the share capital into shares of a fixed amount;
(b)no subscriber of the memorandum may take less than one share; and
(c)there must be shown in the memorandum against the name of each subscriber the number of shares he takes.
(6)[F2Subject to subsection (6A), the memorandum] must be signed by each subscriber in the presence of at least one witness, who must attest the signature; [F3and that attestation is sufficient in Scotland as well as in England and Wales].
[F4(6A)Where the memorandum is delivered to the registrar otherwise than in legible form and is authenticated by each subscriber in such manner as is directed by the registrar, the requirements in subsection (6) for signature in the presence of at least one witness and for attestation of the signature do not apply.]
(7)A company may not alter the conditions contained in its memorandum except in the cases, in the mode and to the extent, for which express provision is made by this Act.
Textual Amendments
F2Words in s. 2(6) substituted (22.12.2000) by S.I. 2000/3373, art. 2(1)(2)
F3Words in s. 2(6) repealed (S.) (1.8.1995) by 1995 c. 7, ss. 14(2), 15(2), Sch. 5 (with ss. 9(3)(5)(7), 13, 14(3))
F4S. 2(6A) inserted (22.12.2000) by S.I. 2000/3373, art. 2(1)(3)
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C1S. 2(5)(b)(c)(6)(6A) excluded (8.10.2004) by The European Public Limited-Liability Company Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/2326), regs. 85, 88, Sch. 4 para. 1(2) (with Sch. 4 para.11)
C2S. 2(7) excluded (E.W.) (26.7.2002 for E. for certain purposes and 30.9.2003 for E. in so far as not already in force, 1.1.2003 for W. for certain purposes and 30.3.2004 for W. in so far as not already in force) by Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (c. 15), ss. 74(7)(a), 181(1); S.I. 2002/1912, art. 2(c); S.I. 2002/3012, art. 2(c); S.I. 2003/1986, art. 2; S.I. 2004/669, art. 2
S. 2(7) excluded (E.W.) (27.9.2004) by Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (c. 15), ss. 34, 181(1), Sch. 3 para. 4(1)(a) (with s. 63); S.I. 2004/1832, art. 2
(1)Subject to the provisions of sections 1 and 2, the form of the memorandum of association of—
(a)a public company, being a company limited by shares,
(b)a public company, being a company limited by guarantee and having a share capital,
(c)a private company limited by shares,
(d)a private company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital,
(e)a private company limited by guarantee and having a share capital, and
(f)an unlimited company having a share capital,
shall be as specified respectively for such companies by regulations made by the Secretary of State, or as near to that form as circumstances admit.
(2)Regulations under this section shall be made by statutory instrument subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament.
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C3S. 3 excluded (E.W.) (26.7.2002 for E. for certain purposes and 30.9.2003 for E. in so far as not already in force, 1.1.2003 for W. for certain purposes and 30.3.2004 for W. in so far as not already in force) by Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (c. 15), ss. 74(7)(a), 181(1); S.I. 2002/1912, art. 2(c); S.I. 2002/3012, art. 2(c); S.I. 2003/1986, art. 2; S.I. 2004/669, art. 2
S. 3 excluded (E.W.) (27.9.2004) by Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 (c. 15), ss. 34, 181(1), Sch. 3 para. 4(1)(a) (with s. 63); S.I. 2004/1832, art. 2
Where the company’s memorandum states that the object of the company is to carry on business as a general commercial company—
(a)the object of the company is to carry on any trade or business whatsoever, and
(b)the company has power to do all such things as are incidental or conducive to the carrying on of any trade or business by it.]
Textual Amendments
F5S. 3A inserted (4.2.1991) by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 110, 213(2)
(1)A company may by special resolution alter its memorandum with respect to the statement of the company’s objects.
(2)If an application is made under the following section, an alteration does not have effect except in so far as it is confirmed by the court.]
Textual Amendments
F6S. 4 substituted (4. 2. 1991) by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40), ss. 110(2), 213(2)
(1)Where a company’s memorandum has been altered by special resolution under section 4, application may be made to the court for the alteration to be cancelled.
(2)Such an application may be made—
(a)by the holders of not less in the aggregate than 15 per cent. in nominal value of the company’s issued share capital or any class of it or, if the company is not limited by shares, not less than 15 per cent. of the company’s members; or
(b)by the holders of not less than 15 per cent. of the company’s debentures entitling the holders to object to an alteration of its objects;
but an application shall not be made by any person who has consented to or voted in favour of the alteration.
(3)The application must be made within 21 days after the date on which the resolution altering the company’s objects was passed, and may be made on behalf of the persons entitled to make the application by such one or more of their number as they may appoint in writing for the purpose.
(4)The court may on such an application make an order confirming the alteration either wholly or in part and on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit, and may—
(a)if it thinks fit, adjourn the proceedings in order that an arrangement may be made to its satisfaction for the purchase of the interests of dissentient members, and
(b)give such directions and make such orders as it thinks expedient for facilitating or carrying into effect any such arrangement.
(5)The court’s order may (if the court thinks fit) provide for the purchase by the company of the shares of any members of the company, and for the reduction accordingly of its capital, and may make such alterations in the company’s memorandum and articles as may be required in consequence of that provision.
(6)If the court’s order requires the company not to make any, or any specified, alteration in its memorandum or articles, the company does not then have power without the leave of the court to make any such alteration in breach of that requirement.
(7)An alteration in the memorandum or articles of a company made by virtue of an order under this section, other than one made by resolution of the company, is of the same effect as if duly made by resolution; and this Act applies accordingly to the memorandum or articles as so altered.
(8)The debentures entitling the holders to object to an alteration of a company’s objects are any debentures secured by a floating charge which were issued or first issued before 1st December 1947 or form part of the same series as any debentures so issued; and a special resolution altering a company’s objects requires the same notice to the holders of any such debentures as to members of the company.
In the absence of provisions regulating the giving of notice to any such debenture holders, the provisions of the company’s articles regulating the giving of notice to members apply.
(1)Where a company passes a resolution altering its objects, then—
(a)if with respect to the resolution no application is made under section 5, the company shall within 15 days from the end of the period for making such an application deliver to the registrar of companies a printed copy of its memorandum as altered; and
(b)if such an application is made, the company shall—
(i)forthwith give notice (in the prescribed form) of that fact to the registrar, and
(ii)within 15 days from the date of any order cancelling or confirming the alteration, deliver to the registrar an office copy of the order and, in the case of an order confirming the alteration, a printed copy of the memorandum as altered.
(2)The court may by order at any time extend the time for the delivery of documents to the registrar under subsection (1)(b) for such period as the court may think proper.
(3)If a company makes default in giving notice or delivering any document to the registrar of companies as required by subsection (1), the company and every officer of it who is in default is liable to a fine and, for continued contravention, to a daily default fine.
(4)The validity of an alteration of a company’s memorandum with respect to the objects of the company shall not be questioned on the ground that it was not authorised by section 4, except in proceedings taken for the purpose (whether under section 5 or otherwise) before the expiration of 21 days after the date of the resolution in that behalf.
(5)Where such proceedings are taken otherwise than under section 5, subsections (1) to (3) above apply in relation to the proceedings as if they had been taken under that section, and as if an order declaring the alteration invalid were an order cancelling it, and as if an order dismissing the proceedings were an order confirming the alteration.
Modifications etc. (not altering text)
C4S. 6(3) applied (4.2.1991) by Charities Act 1960 (c. 58, SIF 19), s. 30A(3) (as substituted by Companies Act 1989 (c. 40, SIF 27), ss. 111(1), 213(2))
C5S. 6(3) extended (E.W.) (1.12.1991) by Statutory Water Companies Act 1991 (c. 58, SIF 130), ss. 12(6), 17(2)
S. 6(3) applied (E.W.) (1.1.1993) by Companies Act 1960 (c. 58), s. 30A(4) (as inserted (1.1.1993) by Charities Act 1992 (c. 41), s.40; S.I. 1992/1900, art. 4, Sch.3).
S. 6(3) extended (E.W.) (1.8.1993) by 1993 c. 10, ss. 64(4), 99(1)